The Power of the Immune System PDF

The Power of the Immune System Dr. Chirag C. Sheth microbiology and immunology 7 ECTS Teaching staff Dra. Verónica Veses – Microbiology Theory...

The Power of the Immune System Dr. Chirag C. Sheth microbiology and immunology 7 ECTS Teaching staff Dra. Verónica Veses – Microbiology Theory Dr. Chirag Sheth – Immunology Theory Dra. Antonella Locascio – Microbiology Practicals Dr. Slaven Erceg – Immunology Practicals and Seminars Timetable Theory Seminars (9) Practicals (4 Immuno + 4 micro) teaching guide Consult the guide online Structure Format Evaluations contact 01 email [email protected] office 02 343 Health Sciences building telephone 03 Extension 343 tutorial times 04 email for an appointment topics 1: Introduction 2: Innate Immunity 3. Adaptive immunity antigen receptors MHC 4. Adaptive immunity development 5. Adaptive immunity effector responses 6. In sickness and in health  Kuby Immunology - Eighth Edition ©2019 Judy Owen (Haverford College) , Jenni Punt (Haverford College) , Sharon Stranford (Mount Holyoke College) ISBN: 9781464189784 Course Textbook  session 1 The immune system and its links with microbiology Immunity is the state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances (antigens) Bacteria ≈ 3500 m.y.a. Plants ≈ 1300 m.y.a. Fish ≈ 440 m.y.a. Mammals ≈ 240 m.y.a. Humans ≈ 0,2 m.y.a.  induced protection Vaccination prepares the immune system to eradicate an infectious agent before it causes disease. sickness gives protection Post-infection, the body retains a memory of the pathogen. This provides protection against future illness. vaccination saves lives ANNUAL CASES/YR: CASES IN 2016: Disease Reduction (%) Prevaccine Postvaccine Smallpox 48,164 0 100 Diphtheria 175,885 0 100 Measles 503,282 79^ 99.98 Mumps 152,209 145* 98.90 Pertussis (“whooping cough”) 147,271 964* 99.35 Paralytic polio 16,316 0 100 Rubella (German measles) 47,745 0* 100 Tetanus (“lockjaw”) 1,314 (deaths) 1* (case) 99.92 Invasive Haemophilus 20,000 356* 98.22 influenzae 4 classes of Viruses pathogens 01 Rotavirus Bacteria 02 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Fungi 03 Candida albicans Parasites 04 Filaria Immune responses are quickly tailored to the type of organism involved and depend on the structure of the pathogen and its location Challenge time… Pathogen-Disease Activity  recognition adaptation Germ-line encoded Randomness understanding Randomly generated Variation (directed and random) the mammalian 1º response local Barriers / chemical Cellular immune Cellular Barrier response… 2º response systemic Cellular Soluble components Soluble molecules Complement the cellular response in immunity immunity is tolerant… Tolerance ensures that the immune system avoids destroying host tissue Many of the random rearrangements used to create B and T cell receptors could be anti-self Tolerance helps to keep these anti-self recognition molecules/cells from circulating in the bloodstream immunity interconnects innate and adaptive systems innate adaptive Minutes to hours Response Days time Same each time Repeat More rapid and effective infection with each exposure Limited and fixed Specificity Diverse; adapts to improve during response Barriers; phagocytes; Key players T- and B-cells; antibodies; PRRs specific receptors pattern recognition receptors Immune memory is present in adaptive immunity. Memory lymphocytes are generated after each encounter. Re-infection stimulates the memory and yields faster, more significant response. Memory is not present in innate immunity —immune memory  immune dysfunction overactivity immunodeficiency Misdirected responses Primary (genetic) loss of function Allergies Secondary (acquired) loss of Autoimmune disease function transplantation cancer We intentionally generate Anti-self immune response immunodeficiency required Rejection prevention Overcoming tolerance immunity and the microbiome Commensal microorganisms contribute to metabolic and immune homeostasis Dysbiosis is linked with immunoactivation leading to inflammation Microbiology and immunology are linked  session 1 Where can I find the immune system? innate cells of the adaptive immune system Coordination and regulation are key Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are pluripotent and rare HSCs 1:50,000 bone marrow cells They are the source of all red and white blood cells CBC in healthy individuals… Cell type Cells/mm3 Total leukocytes (%) Life span* Myeloid cells Red blood cell 5.0 × 106 120 days Platelet 2.5 × 105 5–10 days Neutrophil 3.7–5.1 × 103 50–70 6 hours to 2 days Monocyte 1–4.4 × 102 2–12 Days to months Eosinophil 1–2.2 × 102 1–3 5–12 days Basophil