Microbiology and Immunology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of memory lymphocytes in the immune system?

  • To prevent autoimmune diseases
  • To eliminate all commensal microorganisms
  • To initiate immediate responses to pathogens
  • To generate a rapid response upon re-infection (correct)

Which of the following correctly describes dysbiosis?

  • A balanced state of microbiome with no inflammation
  • A genetic error in immune function
  • An increase in the number of red blood cells
  • A state leading to immunoactivation and potential inflammation (correct)

What is the role of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the immune system?

  • They store memory lymphocytes
  • They are essential for generating all red and white blood cells (correct)
  • They do not contribute to any blood cell formation
  • They only produce myeloid cells

Which type of cell is least abundant in the total leukocyte count in healthy individuals?

<p>Basophil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?

<p>Presence of memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is immunity defined as?

<p>The state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did humans first appear in the evolutionary timeline in relation to other organisms?

<p>0.2 million years ago (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT included in the topics related to adaptive immunity?

<p>Innate immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vaccination in the immune system?

<p>To prepare the immune system to combat an infectious agent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does post-infection memory in the immune system provide?

<p>Protection against future illnesses from the same pathogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does sickness contribute to the immune system?

<p>It provides protection against future illnesses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is involved in the development of antigen receptors and MHC?

<p>Adaptive immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following members is NOT listed in the teaching staff?

<p>Dra.Judy Owen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage reduction in cases of smallpox was observed post-vaccine?

<p>100% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is characterized by a rapid reaction to infections?

<p>Innate immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases had the highest annual cases before vaccination?

<p>Measles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of tolerance in the immune system?

<p>To prevent destruction of host tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which response does the immune system adapt to become more effective with each subsequent infection?

<p>Secondary response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathogens is a type of fungus?

<p>Candida albicans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is true about the adaptive immune response?

<p>It is diverse and adapts during the response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases had a post-vaccine annual case count of 1?

<p>Tetanus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune system component is primarily involved in the adaptive response?

<p>B and T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the innate immune response?

<p>It has a fixed response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between dysbiosis and the immune system?

<p>Dysbiosis is linked with immunoactivation leading to inflammation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the response of memory lymphocytes upon re-infection?

<p>They provide a faster and more significant immune response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly defines the role of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in immunity?

<p>HSCs are a source for all red and white blood cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition does immune dysfunction present as a result of a primary genetic loss of function?

<p>Immunodeficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a consequence of intentional immunodeficiency in medical practices?

<p>Facilitation of transplant acceptance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the immune system protect against?

<p>Foreign pathogens or substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary timeline position do humans occupy compared to other organisms?

<p>Humans appeared recently in relation to other organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of vaccination in the immune system?

<p>To prepare the immune system for future infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is retained by the body after post-infection?

<p>A memory of the pathogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the course focuses on the immune system's connection to microbiology?

<p>Introduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is NOT associated with sickness in relation to the immune system?

<p>Weakens the immune response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about adaptive immunity is correct?

<p>It involves antigen receptors and MHC. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT form part of the course structure?

<p>Practical exams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage reduction in cases of measles was observed post-vaccine?

<p>99.98% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease had a post-vaccine annual case count of 964?

<p>Pertussis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of the adaptive immune response as compared to the innate immune response?

<p>Ability to adapt and improve with repeated exposures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a feature of immune tolerance?

<p>Prevents anti-self recognition molecules from circulating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen type is categorized as a parasite?

<p>Filaria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does immunity interconnect the innate and adaptive systems?

<p>Innate immunity provides immediate barriers that improve adaptive responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a similarity between the primary and secondary immune responses?

<p>Both result in memory cell formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response is characterized by cellular and soluble components working together?

<p>Systemic immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases saw a complete cessation of cases due to vaccination?

<p>Rubella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of random rearrangements in the immune system?

<p>To create diverse B and T cell receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Immune System

The body's defense mechanism against foreign pathogens and substances (antigens).

Pathogen

A disease-causing microorganism.

Antigen

A substance that triggers an immune response.

Vaccination

A method of inducing immunity to a disease before exposure by introducing a harmless form of the disease-causing pathogen.

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Innate Immunity

The body's immediate, non-specific defense mechanisms.

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Adaptive Immunity

The body's acquired and specific defenses against pathogens.

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Immunity

The state of being protected from a disease.

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Post-infection memory

The body's ability to remember a pathogen and effectively defend against a future infection.

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Immune Memory

The ability of the immune system to remember previous encounters with pathogens, leading to a faster and stronger response upon re-infection.

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Immune Dysfunction

A disruption in the normal functioning of the immune system, leading to either overactivity (e.g., allergies) or underactivity (e.g., immunodeficiency).

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Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)

Stem cells in bone marrow that can differentiate into all types of blood cells, including red blood cells and white blood cells.

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Dysbiosis

An imbalance in the microbiome (the community of microorganisms in the body), and is often linked with immunoactivation and inflammation.

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CBC in Healthy Individuals

A complete blood count (CBC) shows the different types and amounts of cells in the blood, providing information on the health and function of the blood system, including immune cells.

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Vaccination effectiveness

Vaccination drastically reduces or eliminates the occurrence of diseases like smallpox, diphtheria, measles, etc.

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Smallpox eradication

Smallpox was completely eradicated post-vaccination.

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Classes of pathogens

Pathogens can be viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites.

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Immune response tailoring

The immune system adapts its response to the unique pathogen.

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Immune response phases

An immune response has 'local' (first) and 'systemic' (later) steps.

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Immune tolerance

The immune system avoids attacking the body's own tissues.

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Tolerance's role

Tolerance prevents the immune system from attacking healthy cells.

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Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity

Innate responds immediately (minutes-hours), while Adaptive immunity takes days and is more targeted.

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Adaptive immunity's memory

Adaptive immunity remembers previous infections to respond more efficiently next time.

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Immune memory function

The immunological system's ability to quickly and effectively react to an encounter with the same pathogen again.

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Immune System

The body's defense against foreign invaders (pathogens).

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Innate Immunity

Immediate, non-specific defenses against pathogens.

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Adaptive Immunity

Acquired immunity, highly specific to pathogens.

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Pathogen

A disease-causing organism.

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Vaccination

Introducing a harmless form of a pathogen to build immunity.

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Immune Memory

The body's ability to remember previous infections.

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Post-infection Protection

Immunity developed after exposure to a pathogen.

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Antigen

A substance that triggers an immune response

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Immune Memory

The immune system's ability to remember past infections, allowing a faster, stronger response to future encounters.

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Immune Dysfunction

Problems with the immune system, either responding too strongly (overactivity) or too weakly (underactivity).

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Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Stem cells that create all blood cells, including immune cells.

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Dysbiosis

An imbalance in gut bacteria that can trigger inflammation and affect the immune system.

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CBC

A blood test that counts different blood cell types, including immune cells that combat infection.

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Vaccination effectiveness

Vaccinations significantly reduce or eliminate diseases like smallpox, diphtheria, measles, etc.

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Smallpox eradication

Smallpox was completely eliminated after vaccination programs.

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Classes of pathogens

Pathogens are categorized as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites.

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Immune response tailoring

The immune system customizes its response based on the specific pathogen.

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Immune response phases

Immune responses have local (at the site of infection) and systemic (throughout the body) phases.

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Immune tolerance

The immune system avoids attacking the body's own cells.

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Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity

Innate immunity responds quickly (minutes/hours), while adaptive immunity is slower (days) and more specific.

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Adaptive immunity's memory

Adaptive immunity remembers previous infections, reacting more strongly next time.

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Immune memory function

The ability of the immune system to effectively combat a pathogen in subsequent reinfections.

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Tolerance's role

Tolerance prevents the immune system from attacking healthy body tissues.

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Study Notes

Immune System Overview

  • The immune system protects against foreign pathogens (antigens).
  • Immunity is the state of protection against foreign pathogens (antigens).

Microbiology and Immunology Course Details

  • Course: Microbiology and Immunology
  • ECTS: 7
  • Theory sessions: (number varies, according to the data provided)
  • Seminars: (9)
  • Practical sessions: Immunology (4), Microbiology (4)
  • Teaching staff includes: Dr. Verónica Veses (Microbiology Theory), Dr. Chirag Sheth (Immunology Theory), Dra. Antonella Locascio (Microbiology Practicals), Dr. Slaven Erceg (Immunology Practicals and Seminars).

Topics

  • Introduction
  • Innate Immunity
  • Adaptive Immunity
  • Antigen receptors
  • MHC
  • Adaptive immunity development
  • Adaptive immunity effector responses
  • Sickness and health

Textbook Information

  • Kuby Immunology, Eighth Edition (2019)
  • Authors: Judy Owen, Jenni Punt, Sharon Stranford
  • ISBN: 9781464189784
  • Course Textbook

Session 1: Immune System and Microbiology

  • Focuses on the links between the immune system and microbiology.

Vaccination Effectiveness

  • Disease data shows significant reductions in cases following vaccination across various illnesses (e.g., Smallpox, Diphtheria, Measles, Mumps).

Pathogen Types

  • Viruses (e.g., Rotavirus)
  • Bacteria (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
  • Fungi (e.g., Candida albicans)
  • Parasites (e.g., Filaria)

Immune Response Adaptation

  • Immune responses are tailored to different pathogens and locations in the body.

Mammalian Immune Response

  • Recognition (Germ-line encoded, randomly generated)
  • First response (Barriers, chemical, cellular)
  • Second response (Cellular, soluble molecules)
  • Adaptation (Randomness, variation [directed and random])
  • Local (Cellular Barrier)
  • Systemic (Soluble components, complement)

Cellular Response in Immunity

  • Generation of diversity
  • Deletion
  • Clonal selection and expansion
  • Stem cell interactions

Immune Tolerance

  • Tolerance prevents the immune system from destroying host tissue.
  • Random receptor rearrangements can lead to anti-self recognition.
  • Tolerance keeps these anti-self recognition molecules from circulating.

Innate and Adaptive Systems Interconnection

  • Innate (Minutes to hours; same each time; limited, fixed; barriers, phagocytes; PRRs)
  • Adaptive (Days; more rapid, adapts; diverse; T- and B--cells, antibodies, specific receptors)

Immune Memory

  • Adaptive immunity possesses immune memory.
  • Memory lymphocytes are generated after encounters.
  • Re-infection leads to faster and greater responses.
  • Innate immunity does not have memory

Immune Dysfunction

  • Overactivity (Misdirected responses, allergies, autoimmune disease)
  • Immunodeficiency (Primary, Secondary)
  • Transplantation (Rejection prevention)
  • Cancer (Anti-self immune responses, overcoming tolerance)

Immunity and Microbiome

  • Commensal microorganisms contribute to metabolic homeostasis and immune homeostasis.
  • Dysbiosis links to immune activation & inflammation.
  • Microbiology and immunology are linked.

Session 2 Preparation

  • Questions for further study: Cytoplasmic signaling molecules function, functions of TNF, three principle transcription factors in antigen-dependent T-cell activation and their functions.

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The Power of the Immune System PDF

Description

This quiz explores the fundamentals of the immune system, covering key concepts such as innate and adaptive immunity, antigen receptors, and the development of immune responses. It is designed for students enrolled in the Microbiology and Immunology course, highlighting important topics from the Kuby Immunology textbook. Test your knowledge and understanding of how the immune system protects against foreign pathogens.

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