REVIEWER-MACRO.pdf

REVIEWER MACRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY WHAT IS TOURISM? Built burial tombs, pyramids which led to attracting large number of visitors Processes, activities and outcomes...

REVIEWER MACRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY WHAT IS TOURISM? Built burial tombs, pyramids which led to attracting large number of visitors Processes, activities and outcomes (1600-1200 B.C.E) arising from the relationships and the Tourist traits recognized: interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host ✓ Need to leave evidence of visit (graffiti) communities and surrounding ✓ Urge to acquire souvenirs (pygmy environment that are involved in the trained in native dances) attracting and hosting of visitors. ✓ Purchased bargains or specialties for their friends and relatives Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED DEFINITION: Comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places When Travelling: outside their “usual environment” for Ordinary people: sleep in the open, eat not more than one consecutive year for whatever they have since there were no leisure, business, and other purposes – commercial lodgings WTO Government officials: use temples and ORIGINS OF TOURISM-EARLY government depots as their resting places BEGINNINGS SUMMERIAN OR BABYLONIANS Invention and contribution of Sumerians: money, wheel, cuneiform writing, tour guide/guiding (Epic of Gilgamesh) EARLY ROADS Founders of Travel Business Wheel led to the development of heavy wagons, resulting to construction of roads Earliest recorded of the existence of carriage road was in 2050 B.C.E., as experienced by the King of Ur 2-lane roads flourished in Crete from 1600-1200 BCE 3 main groups of travelers: military, government officials, caravans EGYPTIANS Organized Cruises Queen Hatshepsut made the 1st journey to the land of Punt (east coast of Africa, 1480 B.C.E.) ROMANS Descriptions of the tour have been Romans made use of guidebooks, tour guides, recorded in the walls of the temple of left graffiti and bought souvenirs Deir el-Bahri at Luxor Guidebook of Greece – the only guidebook that survived the time, written by a Greek named Pausanias Built elaborate (measured, paved and contoured) roads around 150 B.C.E., wherein some are still in use Because of their roads, Romans traveled to see pyramids, monuments, Olympic 1 REVIEWER MACRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY games, medicinal baths, seaside resorts and festivals among others May have started the “early form of tourism” because of their desire to travel, road, wealth, leisure thus creating a demand for accommodation EARLY SHIPS and other tourist services Phoenicians (Lebanon) Master shipwrights Tubby, wooden craft with a single square sail Raw materials and finished goods such as linen and papyrus from Egypt, ivory SILK ROAD OR SILK ROUTE and gold from Nubia, grain and copper from Sardinia, olive oil and wine from Westbound (China to Greece) – furs, ceramics, Sicily, cedar and timber from their spices, day lily, peach, apricot ad rhubarb homeland, perfume and spices from the east Eastbound (Greece to China) – metals such as May have carried a few passengers gold and silver, gems, ivory, glass, perfumes, First creator of a maritime empire dyes, textiles, grapevine, alfalfa, chives, coriander, sesame, cucumber, fig and safflower ✓ An ancient trade route linking China with the west, that carried goods and ideas ✓ Not a road but a direction wherein the states traded with their neighbors ✓ Marco Polo became the 1st western Greeks explorer to compose a popular and Followed the Phoenicians with their lasting account of stories from the tales improved ships of traders Sometimes carried paying passengers, carrying with them their own servants, food and wine GREEKS Inns were very basic Polynesians Herodotus: Father of History, world’s 1st Small, dugout canoes, 40 feet long great travel writer Old navigation: observing the position Proxenos, or consul of the present, of sun and stars, ocean swells, clouds, helped the tourists bird flights Dangers when travelling: pirates and New navigation: sandglass to measure storms by the sea and bad roads, time, “log” line to measure distance and dismal inns and highway men by land compass for direction ✓ trade, commerce, religious purposes, festivals, medical treatment and education were the primary reasons for travel during 2000-500 BCE ✓ Main travelers: festival visitors, businessmen, the sick, advice seekers and tourists ✓ In 776 BCE, 4 national festivals emerged EUROPEANS resulting to getting together every 4 years: Olympic, Isthmian, Pythian and Dark Ages Nemean Games ✓ Parthenon and other new buildings Pleasure travel and tourism was a atop Acropolis were the tourist spots disaster in Europe Only the most adventurous travelled 2 REVIEWER MACRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY Migration Period or Early Middle Ages No Roman emperor in the west Collapse of Roman empire in 4th and 5th century BCE Dark because many suggest that there was little Latin literature, little scientific and cultural advancement It also refers to the movement of so- called “barbarian peoples” By the end of the Dark Ages, pilgrims travel to popular shrines in Canterbury ORIGINS OF TOURISM and Holy Land Americans 1388, King Richard II required pilgrims Spaniards explored North America in to carry permits, forerunner of the 16th century using horses passports Early travel was done by walking or on Traveler’s guide gave the pilgrims horseback, while small boats or canoes directions and types of inns they would within the country pass Stagecoach travel and Ordinaries Innkeeping nearly disappeared, filthy (small hotels) became widespread and vermin-infested when roads were built Church monasteries and hospices Rail travel was popularized in 1870s offered accommodation and other Wells Fargo Company organized services American Express Company (1850), Later on, the poor and the rich were the that issued the 1st traveler’s cheque in only groups accepted while the middle 1891 and began other travel services class were sent to taverns, inns and (travel agents and arranged tours) wineshops SPAS, BATHS, AND SEASIDE RESORTS In 18th century, spas became (Church played an important role in the fashionable because of curative aspects, development of the hospitality industry during social events, games, dancing and this period) gambling offered Sea bathing became popular with most believing of the benefits from using saltwater treatment, this resulted to demand for 1-day seaside excursions Spas and seaside resorts became centers of entertainment, recreation, gambling, attracting the rich and fashionable with or without ailments, aside from health GRAND TOUR Travel for leisure purposes has evolved from an experience reserved for very few people into something enjoyed by many. Historically, the ability to travel was reserved for royalty and the upper classes. From ancient Roman times through to the 17th century, young men of high standing were encouraged to travel through Europe on a “grand tour”. THE FIRST TRAVEL AGENT Lasts 3 to 4 years ROBERT SMARTZ Traveling with money was dangerous, a letter of credit from 1882, announced London banks were presented in himself as the 1st steamship major cities, which may be the agent forerunner of traveler’s cheque Booked passengers on steamers to various Bristol Channel ports and to Dublin, Ireland 3 REVIEWER MACRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY THOMAS COOK Outbound July 5, 1841, ran a A resident of a country who visits special excursion train from another country (A Filipino from the Leicester to Loughborough Philippines visiting S. Korea) (England), a 12-mile trip, with 570 passengers, earning him the title 1st rail excursion agent. 1845, 1st commercial packaged tour with cost-effective railway tickets and a printed guide. THOMAS BENNETT (1814- 1898) 1st specialist in individual inclusive travel (basic function of a travel agent). Set up a “trip organizer”, provided tourists with itineraries, carriages, provisions, travelling kit. WHO ARE THE VISITORS? MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM ✓ Visitors are travelers who engaged in tourism. 1903 Wright Brothers usher in era of ✓ Travelers- any person on a trip between flight with the first successful 2 or more countries or between 2 or aircraft flight more localities within his/her country of usual residence. 1913 Westinghouse Corporation institutes paid vacation for its workers 2 CATEGORIES OF VISITORS 1914 Henry Ford begins mass production of the Model T 1. SAME DAY VISITORS 1919 First Schedule airline passenger flights debuts between London ✓ Visitor who does not spend the and Paris night in a collective or private accommodation in the country 1945 World War II ends and ushers in visited (a cruise ship passenger new era of prosperity, giving rise spending 4 hours in a port, day- to millions of people with the trippers visiting and attraction) time, money, and interest to travel for pleasure 2. TOURISTS 1950 Diners Club introduces the first credit card 1952 Jet Passenger service is ✓ Visitor who stays in the country inaugurated between London visited for at least one night – a and Johannesburg, South Africa visitor on a 2-week vacation 1950s Rapid expansion of hotel and motel chains in the US via TYPES OF TOURISTS franchise agreements 1978 Competition on routes and fares Domestic begins with signing of Airline Deregulation Act A person who travels to place of 1978 American Airlines expands attractions or participate in tourism access to electronic reservation activity within a country of residence systime, SABRE, to travel for at least a period of 24 hours but not agencies more than 265 days 1984 The State Council of China approves the organization of Inbound tours to Hongkong and Macao for mainland residents visiting A on-resident who visits a country relatives, which was the prelude (Chinese traveling to the Philippines) 4 REVIEWER MACRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY to the outbound tourism of Chinese citizens 1996 Expedia is founded as a division of Microsoft 2000 TripAdvisor is founded 2001 Dennis Tito launches the advent of space tourism as he pays $20 million for an eight-day vacation aboard the International Space Station 2001 Transportation Security Administration (TSA) in the US is created to ensure airline passenger safety in the wake of September 11 terrorist attacks 2002 The Euro currency is introduced, signaling the liberalization of travel among member nations of the European nation 2004 Mark Zuckerberg launches a social networking service, Facebook.com 2007 Air Bed and Breakfast (AirBnB) launched, signaling a new wave of new services such as Uber and an expanding sharing economy in tourism services 2011 Google provides an online flight- booking service, Google flights, to public -GOODLUCK, BSTM1A!! 5