Psychology 2B: Study Guide PDF

The session guides are meant to help focus your studying and help you consolidate and integrate the information learned this in this unit. However, it is not a comprehensive guide of all test questions. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Narcissistic Persona...

The session guides are meant to help focus your studying and help you consolidate and integrate the information learned this in this unit. However, it is not a comprehensive guide of all test questions. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Narcissistic Personality Disorder | | | (DSM-5) | | | | | | 5 or more of the following: | | +===================================+===================================+ | 1 | Has a grandiose sense of | | | self-importance (e.g., | | | exaggerates achievements and | | | talents, expects to be recognised | | | as superior without commensurate | | | achievements). | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2 | Is preoccupied with fantasies of | | | unlimited success, power, | | | brilliance, beauty, or ideal | | | love. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3 | Believes that he or she is | | | "special" and unique and can only | | | be understood by, or should | | | associate with, other special or | | | high-status people (or | | | institutions). | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4 | Requires excessive admiration. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5 | Has a sense of entitlement (i.e., | | | unreasonable expectations of | | | especially favourable treatment | | | or automatic compliance with his | | | or her expectations). | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6 | Is interpersonally exploitative | | | (i.e., takes advantage of others | | | to achieve his or her own ends). | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7 | Lacks empathy: is unwilling to | | | recognise or identify with the | | | feelings and needs of others. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8 | Is often envious of others or | | | believes that others are envious | | | of him or her. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9 | Shows arrogant, haughty | | | behaviours or attitudes. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Prevalence is *up to* 6.2% *in | | | community samples* | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)** is a pervasive pattern of behaviors that impacts all areas of life and functioning +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **How is narcissism also | | | understood as a personality | | | dimension or trait?** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Narcissism as a personality | | | dimension or trait exists on a | | | continuum rather than as a Fixed | | | PD. It includes a range of | | | behaviours and attitudes related | | | to self-importance and | | | grandiosity as well as the need | | | for admiration. | | | | | | - Grandiosity: Feeling superior | | | and needing to be recognized | | | for it. | | | | | | - Need for Admiration: Seeking | | | excessive praise and | | | validation from others. | | | | | | - Lack of Empathy: Difficulty | | | in understanding or caring | | | about others\' feelings. | | | | | | **Relationships** (Social): High | | | narcissism can lead to challenges | | | in personal relationships, often | | | causing conflicts due to | | | self-centred behaviour. | | | | | | *Different types of narcissism, | | | such as overt (more openly | | | grandiose) and vulnerable (more | | | sensitive and insecure), showing | | | that it can manifest in various | | | ways. While excessive narcissism | | | can be harmful, some traits may | | | help individuals succeed in | | | certain situations, like | | | self-confidence.* | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Name 5 narcissistic | **...and give your own example** | | behaviours...** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Fantasise and overestimate own | | | abilities** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Shift blame for failure, | | | compete with and dominate | | | others** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Need to be centre of | | | attention** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Exaggerate closeness and | | | associate with high status | | | people** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Take advantage and manipulate | | | others to achieve own needs** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Narcissism and wellbeing:** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Describe research findings | **Campbell, Foster, & Finke | | related to narcissism and | (2002) found:** | | romance** | | | | - Narcissists prefer a "ludic" | | | (game-playing) love style | | | | | | - They demonstrate low | | | commitment in dating | | | relationships | | | | | | - They satisfy their (low) | | | intimacy needs by selecting | | | or marrying admiring partners | | | | | | - Narcissists experience | | | relatively high couple | | | wellbeing within such | | | relationships | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Why would someone want to be in | come across as very charming and | | a relationship with a | flattering, and like to make | | narcissist?** | others feel special...but this is | | | purely in the name of | | | self-interest, and over time | | | become manipulative and | | | domineering over romantic | | | partners | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Narcissism involves:** - Self-absorption  - A preoccupation with maintaining a positive self-image and gaining others' approval - Sensitivity to criticism *It is categorised into 2 forms, but they have different importances.* **Describe what each is and give examples** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Grandiose narcissism** | **Vulnerable narcissism** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Definition:** Grandiose | **Definition:** Vulnerable | | narcissism is marked by an | narcissism is characterized by | | inflated sense of | insecurity, sensitivity to | | self-importance, a need for | criticism, and a defensive | | admiration, and a belief in one's | attitude. Unlike grandiose | | superiority over others. | narcissists, those with | | Individuals exhibiting this type | vulnerable narcissism may | | often display overtly confident | experience feelings of inadequacy | | and dominant behaviours. | and a strong fear of rejection. | | | | | **Characteristics:** | **Characteristics:** | | | | | - High self-esteem: They often | - Low self-esteem: They may | | have an exaggerated view of | have an unstable self-image | | their talents and | and often feel unworthy. | | achievements. | | | | - Hypersensitivity to | | - Desire for admiration: They | criticism: They react | | seek constant validation from | strongly to perceived slights | | others. | or negative feedback. | | | | | - Lack of empathy: They may | - Self-absorption: They focus | | struggle to recognize or care | on their own feelings and | | about others\' feelings. | issues, sometimes to the | | | detriment of others. | | - Arrogance: They may belittle | | | others to enhance their | - Shame and envy: They may feel | | self-image. | shame about their perceived | | | shortcomings and envy | | **Examples:** | others\' success. | | | | | - A CEO who constantly boasts | **Examples:** | | about their achievements and | | | expects employees to praise | - A person who avoids social | | their decisions without | situations because they fear | | question. | being judged, often | | | complaining about feeling | | - A social media influencer who | overlooked or undervalued. | | curates their online presence | | | to showcase a perfect life, | - An artist who critiques their | | demanding likes and comments | work harshly and reacts | | for validation. | defensively when others | | | provide constructive | | | criticism, viewing it as a | | | personal attack. | | | | | | **Previous research found:** | | | | | | - Dislike and avoid competition | | | due to desire to appear | | | empathic, responsive and | | | helpful (Luchner et | | | al., 2008) | | | | | | - Fear being perceived as a | | | failure (Russ et al., 2008) | | | | | | - Consciously experience | | | feelings of inadequacy and | | | incompetence (Miller et | | | al., 2013) | | | | | | - People with VN may try to win | | | others' attention and | | | affection by being "good" | | | people, and avoid competition | | | and "play it safe" to avoid | | | failure, criticism, and | | | rejection | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Define and explain** **Definition:** **Promotion-Framed:** A focus on achieving [positive] outcomes and aspirations, emphasizing growth and potential gains. **Prevention-Framed:** A focus on avoiding [negative] outcomes and ensuring safety, emphasizing risk reduction and loss prevention. **Regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997)** - Two systems for self-regulation exist within individuals: Promotion and Prevention - Any goal (e.g., finding a partner) can be framed in terms of either promotion (presence/absence of positive outcomes) or prevention (presence/absence of negative outcomes) **Explain the related research for each type of narcissism:** **Promotion focus self-regulation** **Self-esteem** --------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ **Grandiose narcissism** Strong, with a focus on achievement and external validation. High but fragile; reliant on external admiration. **Vulnerable narcissism** Weak, often hindered by anxiety and fear of failure. Low and unstable, characterized by feelings of inadequacy. **Slide 17...** **Important concepts related to correlation:** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Correlation** | a description of the relationship | | | (association) between two | | | variables | | | | | | measure and describe a | | | relationship between two | | | variables | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Direction** | Positive, Negative | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Strength** | How consistently do the data | | | points co-vary (or follow the | | | pattern)? | | | | | | Perfect, Moderate, No, Weak | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Form** |  Linear, curved, curvilinear, | | | exponential | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Draw dots to indicate two directions of correlation** -------------------------- -------------------------- **Positive correlation** **Negative correlation** -------------------------- -------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Would you expect a positive or negative relationship between number | | of successful shots (Y) and hours of practice (X)?** | | | | **Y** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Draw dots to indicate different strengths of correlation** **Moderate correlation** **Perfect correlation** -------------------------- ------------------------- **No correlation** **Weak correlation** **When you get to the section of the presentation related to different values for linear correlations, add values that might be associated with each above.** **What values are associated with the range of values for the correlation coefficient *r*?** +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | Strongest | -0.92 | +0.84 | +0.11 | -0.03 | Weakest | | | | | | | | | (r) | | | | | (r) | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ **Can you list these from highest (strongest) to lowest (weakest) degree of relationship?**  +0.84, +0.11, -0.92, -0.03 What is the coefficient of determination or *r^2^*? And how do you calculate *r^2^*? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- explains the proportion of variance in one variable that can be predicted from another variable. It is derived from the correlation coefficient r. Simply square the correlation coefficient r. We can say that the coefficient of determination is the effect size of the relationship. The percentage tells us how much of the variance accounted for is related to the variable measured. **Pearson's *r*** - Used to describe the linear relationship between two variables that are both interval and ratio variables; - The symbol for the Pearson correlation coefficient is *r*; - The underlying principle of r is that it compares how consistently each Y value is paired with each X value in a linear fashion. **Describing strength of weak relationship:**  .00-.19 "very weak".20-.39 "weak".40-.59 "moderate".60-.79 "strong".80-1.0 "very strong" **Common Measures of Correlation**