World History Study Guide - Sem. 1 Final 2023 PDF
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2023
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This is a study guide for a World History exam. The document includes questions and answers about forms of government, the Enlightenment, and important historical figures. It is focused on the content from Semester 1.
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Name:________________________ Per:_____ Date:_______________ World History Study Guide: Sem. 1 Final OW TO STUDY: Answer the questions thoroughly. Be sure you know th...
Name:________________________ Per:_____ Date:_______________ World History Study Guide: Sem. 1 Final OW TO STUDY: Answer the questions thoroughly. Be sure you know the information contained in both the question H and the answer. Review your Power Point notes and chapter work to correctly answer the questions. You should also be familiar with the terms and names for these sections. F ORMS OF GOVERNMENT 1. In what form of government do citizens rule and make laws directly? In what form of government are governmental decisions made by elected leaders, or representatives of the people? - Direct Democracy - Republic . In what form of government does a king or queen hold all of the power within their country? What is the term for 2 the concept that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth?- Absolute Monarchy - Divine Right . What is a Constitution? What is a Constitutional Monarchy? 3 - Basic rules of a government→Defines the powersthe government has - A government where the king or queen rules with power limited by law HAPTER 5, SECTION 2 C 4. What is the name of the 1598 declaration of religious toleration in which King Henry IV promised that Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up houses of worship in some cities? Who later revokes it?- Edictof Nantes - Louis XIV . What is the term for the French government officials appointed by the monarch to collect taxes and administer 5 j ustice? How did their use contribute to the absolute power of Louis XIV? - Intendants - Took power away nobles and allowed Louis to have loyal officials who communicated regularly with him . Describe at leastthreeexamples of how Louis XIVwas an absolute ruler and how he glorified his 6 reign. - Revokes Edict of Nantes to force everyonei n France to practice his religion - Increases power of intendants and weakens nobility - Builds Palace of Versailles to glorify himself, to show off his wealth and power, and to move the nobility to where he could watch them. - Louis established art academies to control what kind of art was created - Louis used art as a propaganda to glorify himself and promote values supporting absolute rule . Describe the War of Spanish Succession? What were the main effects of this war? 7 - 1701-1714 War over who would inherit Spanish throne after the childless King Charles II names Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip, as heir. European countries form alliance against France to stop France’s expansion of power. - Results and Consequences: Philip remains king of Spain, but renounced claim to French throne; British Empire rises; France on brink of bankruptcy World History Study Guide: Sem. 1 Final 8. What were the positive effects of Louis XIV’s reign? The negative? - Positive: France number one in arts and military; strong colonial holdings - Negative: Staggering debt from wars and Versailles; tax burden on poor HAPTER 6, SECTION 2 C 9. What is the Enlightenment? What are some of its long-term effects? - An 18th-century intellectual movement that stressedreason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problemsORA European movement in which thinkersa ttempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society (reaches height in mid-1700s). - Long-term effects include a belief in progress, a belief that social problems could be solved using reason, emphasizing the importance of the individual, and scientific thinking began to replace superstition, fear, a nd intolerance→More secular outlook 0. Explain John Locke’s ideas of natural rights. What is his view on the role of government (e.g. social 1 contract)?- Believed people were born with thenaturalrightsof life, liberty, and property - The purpose of government is to protect the rights of its citizens and the people have the right to overthrow it if it fails to do so→social contract(agreement b/w theruled and their rulers) 1. What are the main beliefs of Voltaire? What are the main beliefs of Rousseau? 1 - Voltaire: Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech→Against intolerance,bigotry, a nd superstition→Écrasez l’infâme! - Rousseau was committed to individual freedoms→Believed that civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness (“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”)→Believed in asocial contractfor adirect democracy where people give up some freedom for the common good. 12. Describe the Enlightenment ideas of Montesquieu. Describe the Enlightenment ideas of Beccaria.- Believedi n s eparation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial→Checks and balances: Each branch checks the a ctions of the othersORMeasures designed to preventa ny one branch of government from dominating the others - He wanted to reform the justice system→Believedl aws were to keep order, not to avenge crimes. Argued for s peedy trials. Wanted to eliminate torture, the use of cruel and unusual punishments, and the death penalty. 3. Describe the typical Enlightenment view of women. What did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate?- Most 1 Enlightenment thinkers had traditional views on women and believed their role should mainly be in the home - Believed in equal rights for women and advocated for equal education for women. Advocated for full political equality for women inVindication of the Rights ofWomen. HAPTER 6, SECTION 4 C 14. How did the Seven Years War/French and Indian War contribute to the beginnings of the American Revolution? What is the significance of the Stamp Act (1765)? - Great Britain deep in debt from French and Indian War/Seven Years War and believed colonists should have to help pay because they benefited from the war→Leads toBritain taxing the colonists (e.g. Stamp Act) - Colonists boycott British goods until repealed b/c they believed this was taxation without representation→helps to layfoundation for American Revolution 2 World History Study Guide: Sem. 1 Final 15. List at least three of the significant events leading up to the start of the American Revolution.- Taxes such as S tamp Act imposed on colonists; Boston Massacre; Boston Tea Party; British close Boston port; First Continental Congress; Gunfire at Lexington and Concord; Second Continental Congress vote to raise an army and organize for battle under George Washington 16. Who wrote theDeclaration of Independencea ndwhat is its significance? How did John Locke influence it? - Thomas Jefferson - Declared independence of American colonies and gave reasons for break w/ Britain→Also establishes ideas of liberty and democracy - John Locke’s ideas ofnatural rightsof life, liberty,a nd property are reflected in the document→Also,j ustifying the colonists’ right to overthrow British rule reflected Locke’s ideas about thesocial contract 17. Describe the Articles of Confederation and its significance? What were the drawbacks?- It is thefirst c onstitution of the U.S. and it is significant because it established America as a democratic republic. It also created congress (legislative branch) - The drawback was that it created a weak national government by giving too much power to the states. The national government was unable to collect taxes and could only request contributions from the states 18. What is the significance of the Constitutional Convention (1787)? Describe the federal system and the three ranches of government. b - It is significant because they created a new national government→U.S. Constitution establishes a strong national government, the federal system, and three branches of government (legislative, executive, and judicial) - Federal System is when power is divided between national and state governments and the three branches of government are legislative, executive, and judicial 19. What is the U.S. Bill of Rights? List at least two specific rights included in the Bill of Rights and t he Enlightenment thinkers who influenced them. - It is the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution which outline citizens’ basic rights and freedoms - Freedom of speech, press, and religion (1stAmendment)→Voltaire - Right to speedy trial (6thAmendment) and no cruela nd unusual punishments (8thAmendment)→Beccaria HAPTER 7, SECTION 1 C 20. What is the Old Regime? Describe the characteristics of the First and Second Estates.- Th e pol i tica l a nd s oci a l s ystem that exi sted i n Fra nce before the French Revol ution where the popul ation wa s di vi ded i nto three cl a s s es ,or estates - First Estate: Clergy; about 1% population; owned 10% of land; paid very little in taxes - Second Estate: Nobility; about 2% population, but owned 20% of land; paid very little in taxes 1. Describe the characteristics of the Third Estate? Which specific groups made up this estate?- 97%of 2 population; paid high taxes, supported Enlightenment ideals (mainly among bourgeoisie); eager for change- Peasants, workers, and bourgeoisie/middle class 3 World History Study Guide: Sem. 1 Final 2. Discuss at least three factors or conditions that existed in 18th-century France that contributed tothe 2 beginnings of the revolution. Enlightenment ideas Debts from Seven Years War and American Revolution Heavy taxes & high cost of living Inequalities of Old Regime Crop failures→High cost of bread Influence of AmericanRevolution Weak leadership 23. Describe the conflict over voting at the Estates-General meeting in 1789. What was the National Assembly?- onflict over traditional way of voting (each estate has one vote, so 1st& 2ndcan outvote 3rd)→Thirdestate wanted C each delegate to have a vote→National Assembly created - New legislative (law-making) body representing people of France created during Meeting of Estates General 4. Describe the Tennis Court Oath and its importance. What is the Storming of the Bastille and why is it significant? 2 - Third Estate breaks into an indoor tennis court and pledged to meet until they made a new constitution for France→ Symbolicend of absolute monarchy - After Louis XVI’s army surrounds Paris and Versailles, a mob breaks into the French prison on July 14, 1789 to get gunpowder. The guards are killed and their heads placed on pikes. This is the beginning of the French Revolution. 5. What led to Louis XVI and his family being forced from Versailles to Paris? What is the significance?- The 2 Women’s March of 1789, where thousands of women riot over the price of bread in Paris and then march to Versailles - Louis and Marie never return to Versailles and this event signals the change of power and beginnings of radical reforms HAPTER 7, SECTION 2 C 26. What is the 1789 statement of revolutionary ideals called? What was the significance of this document?- The Declaration of the Rights of Man andof the Citizen - Establishes the equality of all males, establishes rights and freedoms, and it is adopted as the beginning of the new French constitution 27. What changes were made by the revolutionary government in regards to the Catholic Church? How did many f the peasants react to these changes? o - State takes control of Catholic Church, seize Catholic lands, and restricts practice. - Many peasants who were devout Catholics are upset at these changes and stop supporting the reforms of the Revolution 8. Describe the change that takes place to the French government with the constitution of 1791. What political 2 factions existed within the Legislative Assembly and what were their overall views? - France goes from being an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy - Radicals (opposed monarchy and wanted drastic changes in government such as getting rid of the monarchy a ltogether), moderates (some changes), and conservatives (believed in limited, or constitutional, monarchy and wanted small changes in government) 9. Describe some of the major events that take place in France in 1792 leading up to another new government. 2 - War with Austria and Prussia - Louis XVI and his family imprisoned - September Massacres (radicals kill 1,200 prisoners who were royalists, clergy, and nobility) - Deposed the king (removed him from power) 4 World History Study Guide: Sem. 1 Final 30. What type of government was established with the National Convention in 1792? Who were the Jacobins and hy were they significant? w - The National Convention establishes France as a Republic - A radical left political organization who wanted major changes in the government. They gained power in the French government and were responsible for many of the violent acts of 1792. Also, some of their members, such as Jean Paul Marat and Maximilien Robespierre, helped usher in the Reign of Terror. 1. Describe the Committee of Public Safety. Who is Robespierre and what is the Reign of Terror? - The 3 Committee was created to protect the Revolution from its enemies→They wanted to build a “republic of virtue” by wiping out every trace of the Old Regime. - Maximilien Robespierre becomes the leader of France and rules as a dictator. The Reign of Terror is the period of rule from July 1793-July 1794 where Robespierre has thousands of people executed. It ends when Robespierre is beheaded. 2. What is the Directory? What led to the creation of the Directory? 3 - The Directory was a new government with an executive body made up of 5 men - After the Reign of Terror people did not want a radical government, so public opinion shifts to the right→Becomes more moderate/conservative HAPTER 7, SECTION 3 C 33. Why were the people of France willing to support an authoritarian ruler like Napoleon (list at three examples)?- Incompetence of Revolutionary leadership - Desire for stability and strong ruler after chaos of Revolution and Reign of Terror - Napoleon was a military hero - Napoleon was popular after he protected the Revolutionary government from royalists 34. How did Napoleon come to power in 1799? Describe the plebiscite in 1800 and its significance.- Napoleon c ame to power after he participates in a coup d’état, or sudden seizure of power, to overthrow Directory - The plebiscite, or vote of the people, was when people voted to approve the new French constitution→gave Napoleon a ll of the real power→l egitimizes Napoleon’s rule 35. How does Napoleon change the economy and government? What does the concordat with Pope Pius VII do?- ith the economy, Napoleon creates a fairer tax code and creates a national bank to stabilize the economy. For the W government, he fires corrupt officials, sets up lycées (government-run schools) open to all males, and hires people based on merit→Leads to a more efficient and stablegovernment. - The government recognized the influence of the Catholic Church and now Catholics were able to practice religion freely. In return, the Pope recognized Napoleon as leader which helped legitimize his power. 6. What is the Napoleonic Code? What are the positives and negatives of the Codes? 3 - A comprehensive system of uniform laws that Napoleon establishes. - The positives are that it brought stability to France, it eliminated many injustices, and gave male citizens equality under the law. The negatives were that it restricted women’s rights, limited liberty, restored slavery, and promoted order and authority over individual rights. 5 orld History Study Guide: Sem. 1 Final W 37. Describe what happens in Saint Domingue during Napoleon’s reign. Why does Napoleon want to sell the L ouisiana Territory? - Napoleon reinstates slavery in the French colonies and slaves in Saint Domingue revolt against French colonists. Napoleon sends 23,000 soldiers to stop the revolution, but the French forces were devastated by disease. - Napoleon decides to cut his losses and sell off territories in North America to gain money for military conquests i n Europe and to punish Britain by making the U.S. stronger 8. What was the Battle of Trafalgar? What were two major results of this battle? 3 - Major naval battle in 1805 where Napoleon was defeated by British commander, Horatio Nelson. - Napoleon had to give up his plans for invading Britain and the British establish their naval supremacy for the next 100 years. Also, much of the French fleet is destroyed 9. Describe Napoleon’s French Empire in Europe up until 1812. 3 - By 1812, Napoleon has expanded the borders of France and set up family members as rulers of other nations. Through his direct control or alliances, Napoleon controls almost all of Europe. 0. How was Napoleon a positive leader for France? How was he a negative leader? 4 - Positives:(bolded are most important to know) Napoleonic Code: Equality for all men; stability and order; religious freedom Lycées: Government-run schools open to all males→Leads to more opportunities for male population Government: Fires corrupt officials and hires people based on merit→More efficient and stable government Economy: Fairer tax code and national bank→Stabilizeseconomy Concordat: Allows Catholics to practice freely in France again Louisiana Territory: Sells land for $15 million to help finance military operations in Europe European Empire: Napoleon makes France the most powerful country in Europe at the time - Negatives:(bolded are most important to know) Napoleonic Code: Restricted women’s rights; limited liberty and freedoms won during French Revolution; and promoted order and authority over individual rights Slavery: Restored slavery in French colonies = brutal treatment and deaths of many→slave revolt = deaths Coup d’etat/Plebiscite: Essentially gave Napoleon dictatorial powers evolt in Saint Domingue: Napoleon tries to stop slave revolt leading to death of thousands of soldiers R Louisiana Territory: Loses valuable land and territory after failed attempt to stop revolt in Saint Domingue Battle of Trafalgar: Defeat by British results in loss of men and ships→Guarantees supremacy of Britishnavy Continental System: Weakens French economy and other European countries angered by decision Peninsular War: Results in around 300,000 casualties which greatly weakens Napoleon’s military power Russian I nvasion: Around 400,000 soldiers lost→only about10,000 soldiers left fit to fight→Destroys military European Empire/Napoleonic Wars: Results in possibly millions of deaths and huge expenses for France CHAPTER 7, SECTION 4 1. What was the Continental System? What were the results of the blockade? 4 - Napoleon set up a blockade to try to prevent trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, which was i ntended to make continental Europe self-sufficient and destroy Britain’s economy. - The results were that the blockade wasn’t tightenough, some allies disregarded the blockade, and Britain creates its own blockade→France’s economy/power weakened. 6 World History Study Guide: Sem. 1 Final 2. Explain what happens during the Peninsular War. What were the effects of the Peninsular War?- Because 4 Portugal was ignoring the Continental System (blockade), Napoleon sends troops through Spain to get to Portugal i n 1807. Napoleon inflames Spanish nationalism by replacing Spanish king w/ his brother. Spanish used guerilla warfare tactics (ambushing) against French. - Napoleon’s army suffers 300,000 casualties which greatly weakens Napoleon’s military power. 3. Discuss the cause and course of Napoleon’s invasion into Russia. How did the Russians respond?- Russia 4 was ignoring the Continental System (blockade) so Napoleon invades w/ huge army. Russia uses scorched earth policy (burning crops and killing livestock) while drawing French army deeper into Russia until they reach Moscow. 4. Describe Napoleon’s retreat from Moscow. What were the consequences of the invasion into Russia?- After 4 waiting for weeks in Moscow for Russia to surrender, French soldiers retreat→The French army marched through freezing temperatures with little food→thousandsdied from hunger, exhaustion, cold, and attacks by Russian raiders. - When Napoleon makes it out of Russia, he only has 28,000 soldiers left (with only 10,000 fit to fight)→l eaves France vulnerable for attack 5. What is the significance of the Battle of Leipzig? What was the Hundred Days? 4 - The Battle of Leipzig is significant because the coalition of European countries were able to defeat Napoleon’s i nexperienced army and Napoleon is exiled to Elba - Napoleon’s last bid for power→Louis XVIII fleeswhen Napoleon returns to France and rules as emperor again for one hundred days 6. What was the Battle of Waterloo? What happens to Napoleon after Waterloo? 4 - The Battle of Waterloo is where the British and Prussian armies finally defeat Napoleon and his a rmy. - Napoleon is exiled to St. Helena where he lives until he dies. HAPTER 7, SECTION 5 C 47. What is the Congress of Vienna? Who is Klemens von Metternich and what was his role at the Congress? - A series of meetings to establish peace & stability after defeat of Napoleon. - Aristocrat and foreign minister of Austria who was against democratic ideals and was the most influential member of the Congress of Vienna (3 goals: containment, balance of powers, and legitimacy) 8. What was the goal of containment in regards to the Congress of Vienna? What was balance of powers?- The goal 4 of containment is to prevent future French aggression by surrounding it with stronger countries→Weaker countries around France made stronger - No country would be a threat to others→Francehas to give up territories Napoleon had taken 9. Describe the goal of legitimacy in regards to the Congress of Vienna. What is the Concert of Europe?- 4 Restore Europe’s royal families to the thrones they had held before Napoleon’s conquests. - The Concert of Europe is an alliance where the nations agreed to help one another if any revolutions broke out 0. What were the short-term effects of the Congress of Vienna? What was the long-term legacy?SHORT TERM: 5 I t was a victory for conservatives as they regained control of governments and establishment of Concert of Europe and/or Holy Alliance 7 orld History Study Guide: Sem. 1 Final W L ONG TERM: 1. Created a lasting peace; 2. Power of France decreases while the power of Britain and Prussia i ncreases; 3. Nationalism and democratic ideas continued to grow, laying the foundation for future revolutions. 8
