Pregnant Mare Pregnancy Failure - 2023 PDF

Donor and Recipient synchronization OV ET D0 S M D8 T W T F S S M T D9 OV D8 OV OV D7 OV D6 D5 OV OV Recipient mare should be between D4-D9 for ET INDUCTION of ovulation must be done two days before!!! D4 W T Pregnant mares Pregnancy failure L. Segabinazzi 2023 Causes of embryonic death Mare MM Abou...

Donor and Recipient synchronization OV ET D0 S M D8 T W T F S S M T D9 OV D8 OV OV D7 OV D6 D5 OV OV Recipient mare should be between D4-D9 for ET INDUCTION of ovulation must be done two days before!!! D4 W T Pregnant mares Pregnancy failure L. Segabinazzi 2023 Causes of embryonic death Mare MM About 10 - 20 % of pregnancies diagnosed before 20 d are lost Most losses occur before 60 d Older mares more likely to lose pregnancy Before 6 d Especially before 14 d Defect appears to be in oocyte, rather than the uterus Embryo from old mares are more prone to die after ET Endocrine CL development (7-9 months of gestation Hypoxia of the fetus Speculum exam (secretion at the cranial vagina) Canisso et al., 2017 Mare Placentitis Caused by bacteria and fungus Most common bacterias Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Streptococcal abortion) Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Leptospira sp, Crossiella equi Streptococcus equisimilis, Amycolatopsis species Most common fungus Candida spp. Aspergillus spp. Canisso et al., 2015 Mare MM Placentitis Placentitis Ascending Hematogenous Canisso et al., 2017 Mare MM Placentitis Combined thickness of uterus and placenta (CTUP) Thickness of CTUP Allantoic Fetal fluid Amniotic Anechoic CTUP Mare MM Placentitis CTUP Mare MM Nocardioform placentitis Sporadic form of placentitis Hematogenous Gram-positive, filamentous, branching bacteria live in soil Crossiella equi and Amycolatopsis ssp. (85% of cases) Focal placentitis, especially uterine body and base of horns Mare MM Fetus wellbeing Fetal HR Heart rate varies Higher during activity Measure several times Prolonged deceleration indicates fetal stress Stage of gestation < 180 d 180 – 300 d 300 – 330 d 330 + d HR 120 – 180 bpm 80 – 140 bpm 70 – 110 bpm 60 – 100 bpm Mare MM Fetus wellbeing Clinical pathology analysis Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Nice indicator for placentitis Estrogens Ascending placentitis Focal mucoid placentitis Fedorka et al., 2021 Mare MM Treatment of placentitis Antimicrobials TMS, penicillin and gentamicin Ceftiofur* Anti-inflammatories Flunixin Pentoxifylline* Altrenogest 0.088 mg/kg (Double of the normal dose) Estrogen* Estradiol cypionate: 10-60 mg/mare Mare MM EHV-1 Late abortion Fetus fresh, within membranes Pulmonary edema Hepatic necrosis Isolation Vaccination (3, 5, 7, 9*) Leptospirosis Mare MM Late fall Mare rarely shows premonitory signs Aborted fetus – hepatic edema More abortions in a lot/herd Serovar Pomona type Kennewicki is the most important type associated with Leptospiral abortions in mares Skunks, raccoons, and deer A polymerase chain reaction assay on urine can identify animals that are shedding leptospires Equine vaccine Bovine vaccine? Canisso et al., 2015 Mare MM Mycotic abortion Sporadically Associated with bacterial placentitis Commonly associated with chronic extensive placentitis at the cervical star. Aspergillus fumigatus Candida spp. Typical lesions Placenta – Thickened, slightly leather-Y Baby – ringworm-Y lesions Mare MM Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome (MRLS) Spring 2001, Kentucky 20-30% of mares Eastern Tent Caterpillar Setae penetrate intestines Bacteremia Or setae enter circulation and penetrate placenta (Pregnant uterus receives about 15 % or Cardiac Output) Early and late pregnancy losses Non reproductive lesions: Uveitis, pericarditis, encephalitis Mare MM Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome (MRLS) Presence of echogenic fluid around the fetus Fetal death followed by expulsion of the fetus associated with the presence of abnormal echogenic fluid (cloudy and flocculent) around the fetus. Mares Fibrinous pericarditis Acute-onset unilateral, exudative endophthalmitis Variety of bacteria isolated* Mare MM Twins Embryonal-maternal exchange. Competition for nutrients Placentation in mares* - dependent on endometrial surface area Diffuse and epitheliochorial placenta Mare MM Cord torsion Normal cord is about 55 cm in length May be much longer Longer cords subject to torsion Normal cord has about 4 – 5 “twists” or spirals Pathologic with more than 7 (impaired circulation) Check for edema, hemorrhage, dilation of urachus. Umbilical cord structure Mare MM Uterine body pregnancy Embryo fixed in the uterine body If diagnosed early, terminate pregnancy with prostaglandin Placental insufficiency No shape of a normal placenta Conical placenta Chorionic horns are attenuated, often with partial obliteration of the lumen. Abortion at 8-9 months of gestation E V Mare MM Uterine Torsion Rare in horses Anatomy – Broad ligament Mid to late pregnancy Associated with colic Colic signs Diagnose by palpation Correct by standing flank laparotomy Can be corrected by rolling (!!) Mare MM Hydrops Rare in mares Slow development of very large abdomen Hydramnion Hydroallantois – Develops faster Manage Abdominal support bands Uncomfortable for breathing Help for parturition – uterus stretch beyond the limit Mare and baby can survive Mare MM Ruptured prepubic tendon Difficult to repair ACUTE CONDITION Salvage foal* Manage Abdominal support bands Help for parturition - Prevent straining by passing tracheal tube Mare MM Induction of abortion Daily injection of PGF2α 4 – 5 d (until abortion) PGE2 for cervical dilation Then give small dose of oxytocin Membrane puncture Transcervical Mare MM Fescue toxicosis Good to know for NAVLE Tall fescue is a high quality and high yielding forage Acremonium coenephialum (endophyte) contaminated fescue grass Thickened placenta Prolonged gestation No udder development Dopamine receptor agonists Low relaxin concentrations Dopamine receptor antagonist Sulpiride Domperidone (1.1 mg/kg, PO, once daily, beginning 15 d before expected parturition) Santangelo, 2020 In summary Mare Knowledge check 1.What is the difference between ascending and hematogenous placentitis? 2. During an ultrasound exam of a 9 month pregnant mare, you measured a 12 mm CTUP. What are the following steps of your exam? 3. What are your therapeutic options for this case? 4. You were called for a case of abortion. What are your next steps? Lorenzo Segabinazzi, DVM, MSc, PhD Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine THANK YOU VETERINARY.ROSSU.EDU [email protected] ©2021 Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine. All rights reserved.