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‫‪Seeds‬‬ ‫ﺮ(‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻘ‬‫ﻪ )ﻋ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻟﻲ ﺻ‬ ‫ﻪ او‬ ‫ﻨ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻮب‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻮف د‬ ‫ﻘﻄ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﺞ ا‬ ‫د‪.‬ار‬  Seed What IS a seed? A seed covers the embryo of a young plant and its food supply. Th...

‫‪Seeds‬‬ ‫ﺮ(‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻘ‬‫ﻪ )ﻋ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻟﻲ ﺻ‬ ‫ﻪ او‬ ‫ﻨ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻮب‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﻮف د‬ ‫ﻘﻄ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﺞ ا‬ ‫د‪.‬ار‬  Seed What IS a seed? A seed covers the embryo of a young plant and its food supply. There are many designs for seeds, but they share common structures: - an embryo (shoot/hypocotyl and root/radical) - a food supply - cotyledons, or the beginning of the first leaves. - a seed coat Seeds develop from fertilized eggs in the ovary of a flowering plant. Fruits are the mature ovaries.  Linseed S.N :Linum usitatissimum, Family: Linaceae. Comen name :flax growing countries are India, Canada, China, USA and Ethiopia These seeds come in two colours: a reddish brown and golden, from a nutritional point of view there is no difference between the two. Linseeds are high in omega 3 fats, which play a role in maintaining normal cholesterol levels  Macroscopical characters: The seeds are ovate, flattened and obliquely pointed at one end; about 4-6 mm long and 2- 2.5 mm broad. The testa is brown, glossy and finely pitted. Linseed has a very slight odour and mucilaginous oily taste  Microscopical characters: Examination of testa shows a mucilage- containing outer epidermis; one or two layers of collenchyma; The outer epidermis is composed of cells, rectangular or five sided in surface view, which swell up in water, shows an outer solid stratified layer and an inner part yielding mucilage. The cells of endosperm and cotyledon are polygonal with some what thickened walls and contain numerous aleurone grains and globules of fixed oil.  Chemical composition (oil, protein, carbohydrate, phenolic acids and cyanogenic glycosides) 30 to 40 % of fixed oil. The oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids oleic acid (39%),linoleic acid (15%) and a-linolenic acid(30-60%). Linoleic acid (Omega-6-fatty acid), (Omega-3 fatty acids) are essential fatty acids 25% of protein 3-6% of mucilage Small amount of a cyanogenic glycoside (linamarin) Unripe seeds contain starch but the ripe seeds are free from starch.  Chemical test: Crushed seeds, moistened with water + a strip of filter paper moistened with Na picrate (yellow), cork the flask at water bath 37◦ C for 30 minutes the yellow colour will turned to brick- red colour due to the liberation of H CN gas  Harvesting Maturation Linseed is harvested for fiber production after about 100 days, or a month after the plants flower and two weeks after the seed capsules form. The bases of the plants begin to turn yellow. If the plants are still green, the seed will not be useful, and the fiber will be underdeveloped. The fiber degrades once the plants turn brown.  Medicinal uses Omega-3 fatty acids are anti-inflammatory.Thus,used in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.They cause a significant reduction of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL),and low density lipoproteinm(LDL).They may be used to reduce the blood pressure, especially in hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension.They offer protection against angina and thrombosis as they reduce the blood viscosity. As a laxative in habitual constipation, due to its mucilage. (crushed seeds). The laxative action is due to increase in the volume of the intestinal bowel contents and stimulation of peristalsis (bulk laxative). Linseed is used as antitussive due to its cyanogenic glycoside content. Flaxseed, most frequently used as a laxative, is also used for conditions such as high cholesterol, menopause, and breast cancer,  ‫اﻟ ﺠﻮز اﻟﻤ ﻘ ﺊ‬Nux-vomica Nux-vomica also known as Kochila Family- Loganiaceae Botanical name- Strychnos nuxvomica  Geological distribution of Nux-vomica: It is found mostly in India. It is also seen in South East Asia, and Northern Australia. The plant grows well in dry, humid. Constituents: Nux vomica usually contains about 1.3- 5.3 % of indole alkaloids strychnine and brucine plus 3% fixed oil. Strychnine is much more physiologically active than brucine  Macroscopical characters: Nux vomica seeds are extremely hard, greenish-gray, disc- shaped, The seeds are odourless when dray, but if soaked in water and left for a day or two, they develop a very unpleasant odour; they have a very bitter taste  Microscopical characters: 1. Testa: Hairy epidermis: Single layered; each epidermal cell forms a lignified trichomes comprising of a pitted bulbous base and a projection which is narrowly elongated and slightly bent beyond the base. The trichomes of all epidermal cells run parallel in one direction giving the testa of the seed a silky appearance. Collapsed parenchyma: Two layered collapsed parenchymatous cells with yellowish brown contents. 2. Endosperm: They form the bulk of the seed. Outermost layers of the endosperm below the collapsed parenchyma appear palisade like whereas the inner layers contain cells which are polyhedral. The cells of endosperm also contain aleurone grains and oil droplets.  Harvesting: The tree comes to flower after about three years of planting. Flowering starts in the month of August and fruits ripen during October. Fruits starts falling on the ground when they mature. Fruits are harvested by plucking, when they start falling on the ground. Fruits are dried and seeds are taken out from the fruits. Before filling a gunny bags the seeds are dried and kept in dry and clan place and there after sold in the market.  Medicinal use of Nux-vomica Uses: (i) Spinal cord stimulant. (ii) In cases of neurasthenia (excessive fatigue of neurotic origin). (iii) As a circulatory stimulant. (iv) Nerve and sex tonic (v) Bitter stomachic (strengthening of stomach and promoting its action).  Fenugreek Family: Fabaceae (bean family) Botanical name: Trigonella foenum graecum Common Name(s): Fenugreek , methi Geological distribution Fenugreek is an herb native to southeastern Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, but is widely cultivated in other parts of the world  Chemical composition Carbohydrates, mucilaginous fiber (galactomannans), proteins (high in lysine and tryptophan), fixed oils pyridine -type alkaloids (such as trigonelline, choline, gentianine, and carpaine), flavonoids such as apigenin, luteolin, orientin, quercetin, vitexin, and isovitexin, free amino acids, such as 4-hydroxyisoleucine, arginine, histidine, and lysine; calcium and iron; saponins, glycosides (yielding steroidal sapogenins such as diosgenin, yamogenin, tigogenin, neotigogenin on hydrolysis), cholesterol and sitosterol, vitamins A, B1, C, and nicotinic acid, and volatile oils  Harvesting If you are harvesting the plants for leaves, cut the stem a few cm above the base when the plants are up to 25 cm tall. The larger white flowered variety will not regrow after flowering so needs successional sowing whereas the yellow variety can be cut a number of times and should be cut regularly to prevent it seeding and keep it productive. They will generally be ready by 6 weeks after sowing depending on the weather. The quality of leaves will decline once flower buds start to appear so try and harvest before then.  Medicinal uses Fenugreek is a medicinal food plant that has the beneficial effect of lowering blood sugar. The bitter seeds called methi in India, are used as a condiment and the leaves are used in teas. Fenugreek contains potent antioxidants that have beneficial effects on the liver and pancreas, making it useful in the treatment of diabetes, high cholesterol, and digestive disorders. fenugreek is thought to promote digestion, induce labor, and reduce blood sugar levels in diabetics++++++ Fenugreek seeds have been used for loss of appetite and anorexia due to their ability to increase appetite and improve nutrient absorption and digestion.  Medicinal uses  Fenugreek seeds consist, up to 50%, of mucus-containing fibers that add a protective layer on the intestinal membranes and can give relief from ulcers, heartburn and irritation and inflammation of the stomach and intestine.  The fiber may also help relieve constipation  used as a traditional herbal remedy to promote hair growth both in women and men.  Fenugreek has been used for skin irritation, such as ulcers, boils, eczema, dandruff and cellulite.  leaves and seeds are used as a remedy for kidney stones  Strophanthus Botanical: Strophanthus Kombé (OLIV.) Family: Apocynaceae Geographical source: Wild in the forest of East Africa near lakes of Nyasaland and Tanganyika. Portuguese East Africa at present cultivated in Cameroon.  Constituents.The seeds contain, in addition, about 30 per cent, of fixed oil, together with kombic acid, strophanthic acid, choline, and trigonelline ,Cardioactive steroid glycosides: (cardenolides, 4.0 – 4.5%, the mixture known as Strophanthin – K) chief glycoside K – strophanthoside (60 – 80%), erysimoside (15 – 25%), strophoside (10 – 15%). Saponins (0.2%). Fatty oil (35%).  Macroscopical characters: (i) Shape: Lanceolate and acuminate (ii) Size: 1.3-1.8 cm length and 3-5 cm broad. (iii) Colour: Silvery grey to yellowish green and pale brown. (iv) Endosperm: Narrow, oily, white below the seed coat. (v) Fracture: Short. (vi) Taste: very bitter. (vii) Odour: slight, Characteristic.  Microscopical Characters.— 1. Spermoderm, consisting of outer epidermis and several layers of more or less collapsed, thin– walled cells containing only an occasional crystal of calcium oxalate. Arising from the center of the outer surface of the epidermal cell (one from a cell) are thin– walled, unicellular, usually bent, non– glandular hairs which are slightly lignified and from 200 to 800 µm in length. 2. Endosperm of from 9 to about 30 rows of somewhat polygonal cells with slightly thickened walls, and containing strophanthin, aleurone grains and globules of fixed oil. When sections are transferred from water to 80 % sulphuric acid, the strophanthin gradually dissolves, imparting an olive– green to yellowish– green colour to the cells containing it. This colour gradually changes to blue, violet and red. 3. Two large wavy– convex cotyledons in the center, each showing a prominent epidermis enclosing numerous reserve parenchyma cells, each of which contains aleurone grains, oil and occasionally strophanthin. Plerome tissue extends through each cotyledon. Transverse section (x 20) of the seed of Strophanthus kombe: a – Seed coat; б – endosperm; в – embryo  Habitat and cultivation Strophanthus is indigenous to the eastern regions of Africa and this plant is also found growing in the wild in rainforests. In addition, strophanthus is also cultivated commercially. The seeds of this herb, which possess therapeutic properties, are collected when the pods ripen Uses: 1. In Acute cardiac failure. 2. Hypertensive. 3. Diuretic in cardiac edema.. ‫ اﻟ ﺨﺮدل‬Black Mustard and White Seeds Introduction Black mustard seed is a round, hard seed, slightly larger and slightly stronger in flavour than the Brown Mustard Seeds, with a brownish-black colour. White Mustard Seeds are much larger than the brown variety, but a lot less pungent. Its light outer. skin is removed before sale. It has a milder flavour and good preservative qualities. They are the European mustard seed, and grown across much of Europe and North America. This is the mustard seed mostly used in European cooking. They are also grown in India and used in Indian cuisine when a milder flavour is desired  Geographical source Mustards are native to Asia Minor, but these days cultivated as one of the main commercial crop in Canada, India, China, and temperate climates of the European region.. BOTANICAL NAME: black mustard seed : (Brassica nigra),, white mustard seed: (B. hirta/Sinapis alba). Plant family : Brassicaceae ​ (cab­bage family). Synonyms: white mustard :Brassica alba, Brassica hirta  Morphology of mustard seeds Mustard seeds are the small round seeds of various mustard plants. The seeds are usually about 1 to 2 millimetres (0.039 to 0.079 in) in diameter and may be colored from yellowish white to black  Chemical constituents Black mustard seeds (Brassica nigra, containing sinigrin glycoside). White mustard seeds ( Brassica alba, containing sinalbin glycoside). The two drugs are mentioned under drugs containing volatile oils as sinigrin glycoside on hydrolysis gives the volatile oil allylisothiocyanat Oil content mustard varies from 30 to 48%.. Oil content of white mustard varies from 25 to 33%. Morphology  Medicinal uses Mustard seeds and its oil has traditionally been used to relieve muscle pain, rheumatism and arthritic pain. In India, mustard oil is applied to the scalp and is believed to stimulate hair growth. Its ground seeds act as a laxative, stimulant to the gastric mucosa and increase intestinal secretion. white mustard Black mustard  ‫ﻫﺎل‬Cardamom seed BOTANICAL NAME: green cardamom: Elettaria cardamomum Black cardamom: Amomum cardamomum Plant family : Zingiberaceae ​ (genger family).  Description containing 15-20 aromatic seeds. The small, brown-black sticky seeds are contained in three double rows, with about six seeds in each row. The seeds are pungent, warm and aromatic  Composition The content of essential oil in the seeds is strongly dependent on storage conditions, but may be as high as 8%. In the oil were found α- terpineol 45%, myrcene 27%, limonene 8%, menth one 6%, β-phellandrene 3%, 1,8- cineol 2%, sabinene 2% and heptane 2%. Other sources report 1,8-cineol (20 to 50%), α- terpenylacetate (30%), sabinene, limonene (2 to 14%), and borneol. Cardamom seeds contain about 2% of fixed oil dominated by C16 fatty acids (oleic and palmitic acid).  Microscopical characters: 1. Testa: The entire is covered on the external side by thin colourless, flattened or collapsed parenchyma also called as membranous arillus. Testa can be broadly divided into outer and inner integuments. 2.Outer integument: (i) Epidermis: Epidermis single layered, thick walled, narrow and axially elongated cells. (ii) Outer parenchymatous layer: 1 or 2 layers, tangentially elongated cells.. (iii) Oil cell layer: Single layered which however become 2. to 3 layered near raphe, large rectangular thin walled parenchymatous cells containing volatile oil. (iv) Inner parenchymatous layer: Several layers of thin walled often obliterated parenchyma 3. Inner integument: (i) Sclerenchymatous layer: Sclerenchymatous layer dark brown, single layered bowl shaped cells, radially elongated with anticlinal and inner walls very strongly thickened thus exhibiting a narrow lumen, in which are present nodules of silica (ii) Parenchyma: Single layered flattened cells. 4. Periderm: Several layered thin walled parenchymatous cells packed with starch grains and single prism of calcium oxalate. 5 Endosperm: Thin walled colourless parenchymatous cells containing masses of protein. 6. Embryo: Small cells containing aleurone  Uses: 1. Carminative (Relieve the excessive collection of gas in the stomach). 2. Flavouring agent. 3. Aromatic and stimulant. 4. Used in the preparation of compound cardamom tincture.  Calabbar beans seed Introduction Scientific Name:Physostigma venenosum Balf.. Family: Leguminosae Common Name: Calabar bean , physostigma , ordeal bean , chop nut , esere nut , faba calabarica  Description The seed pods, which contain two or three seeds or beans, are 6 or 7 inches (15 or 18 cm) in length; and the beans are about the size of an ordinary horse bean but much thicker, with a deep chocolate- brown color  Composition The seeds contain the alkaloid physostigmine (eserine) in a concentration of about 0.15%, along with the related alkaloids eseramine, physovenine, calabatine, and geneserine, among others..  Habitat and cultivation The name of the calabar bean is derived from the western region of Africa, in the area around present Nigeria once known as the Calabar, South America and in countries like India.  Uses and Pharmacology Physostigmine (usually as the stable salicylate salt) ( Antilirium ) is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and, therefore, prolongs the neuronal activity of acetylcholine. It is used clinically to contract the pupil of the eye, often to counter the dilating effects of mydriatic drugs, reverse the CNS toxicity of anticholinergic drugs, including tricyclic antidepressants, and to manage intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma. Physostigmine and related drugs have been investigated for their ability to increase cognition, particularly in demented patients,. Physostigmine and the related synthetic agent neostigmine (eg, Prostigmin ) have been used for the diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis.  Nutmeg seed Introduction ‫ﺟوز اﻟطﻴب‬ Scientific Name: Myristica fragrans.. Family: Myristicacea Common Name: Nutmeg, mace, magic, muscdier, nux moschata, myristica oil, muskatbaum Geographical source: It is Indigenous to Malacca Islands and cultivated in Indonesia. Caribbean islands and other tropical countries. In India, it is cultivated in Kerala and Tamil Nadu  Composition. This oil contains myristic acid, trymiristin, and glycerides of lauric, tridecanoic, stearic, and palmitic acids.. The essential oil contains myristicin, elemicin, eugenol, and safrole. Also present in the oil are sabinene, cymene, alpha-thujene, gamma-terpinene, and monoterpene alcohols in smaller amounts. Phenolic compounds found in nutmeg are reported to have antioxidant properties. Other isolated compounds include the resorcinols malabaricone B and C, as well as lignans and neolignans  Macroscopical characters: (i) Colour: Externally, the kernels are greenish -brown or brown. (ii) Odour: Strongly aromatic. (iii) Size: Kernel is about 20 to 30 mm in length and 20 mm broad (iv) Shape: Ellipsoidal (v) Taste: Pungent and aromatic.  Microscopic characters he microscopic structure of the nutmeg seed can be divided into layers of the shell and seed tissues, including a variety of cells from the spermoderm, perisperm, and endosperm.  Medicinal use Antimicrobial effects:The oils of mace and nutmeg and their individual components (trimyristin, myristic acid, myristin, mace lignan) have been assessed for in vitro activity, which has been shown against some oral microorganisms ; however, activity against other human pathogens has been demonstrated in vitro. A modulatory effect on the protein/toxins produced by some bacteria, but not on the microorganisms themselves,.. Antioxidant effects: Experiments have evaluated the antioxidant potential of the oils of nutmeg and mace and their chemical components. Eugenol and mace lignans, as well as the phenolic content, have been identified as components of nutmeg with antioxidant activity, and inhibition of nitric oxide production, NO-scavenging, Other effects: Screening and in vitro experiments in nutmeg components demonstrated ultraviolet-protectant effects and inhibition of melanin biosynthesis. Anti- inflammatory and analgesic activities of nutmeg have been recorded in mice, as well as antithrombotic activity. Other studies document hepatoprotective properties, effects on osteoblast differentiation, and reduced acidity and volume of gastric secretion.