Plant Morphology PDF

# Lecture (1) ## Plant Morphology - Pedicel -> Stalk - Receptacle -> Swollen end [on which leaves are inserted] ### Flower whorls - Calyx -> Green sepals - Corolla -> Colored petals - Androecium -> Stamen -> Anther [Bursts and liberate P.G.] - Gynoecium -> Carpel -> Stigma -> Style -> Ovary ## Polli...

# Lecture (1) ## Plant Morphology - Pedicel -> Stalk - Receptacle -> Swollen end [on which leaves are inserted] ### Flower whorls - Calyx -> Green sepals - Corolla -> Colored petals - Androecium -> Stamen -> Anther [Bursts and liberate P.G.] - Gynoecium -> Carpel -> Stigma -> Style -> Ovary ## Pollination - It is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of the same species. ### Types of pollination: - Wind -> Most common type - Water -> Water plants - Biotic -> Insect -> Animal -> Human # Lecture (2) ## Habitats & Habits of Plants - The difference between: - Habitat -> It's the natural home or environment. - Habit -> Behavior of the plant. ### Habitats of some Plants 1. Mesophytes -> Fairly & continuously moist conditions. 2. Xerophytes -> Dry conditions & rare water 3. Hydrophytes -> Extreme moist conditions - a. Free Floating - b. Fixed - c. Submerged 4. Halophytes -> Grow in salt marshes OR saline soils 5. Mangroves -> They have "pneumatophores" 6. Epiphytes -> Cling to another object for support 7. Parasites -> Draw nourishment from other living organisms. 8. Saprophytes -> Obtain food from non-living organism 9. Carnivorous/Insectivorous -> Feed on flesh of animals. ## Habits of Plants 1. Annuals -> Live for one year/season; they flower only once 2. Biennials -> Last for two seasons: - First season -> Vegetative growth - Second season -> Seeds production 3. Perennials -> Live for more than two years - a. Herbs -> No woody part - b. Shrubs -> Woody plants; not exceed 5 feet high - c. Trees -> Woody plants with unbranched trunk at the base ### Notes - **Epiphytes:** - They aren't parasitic. - They have clinging roots & absorbing roots. - Covered by special tissues Velamen. - **Parasites:** - Have special organ Haustoria. - Total parasite -> Byaakhad kul al-haajaat. - Semi parasite -> Byaakhad maaya wa-amlah faqat. # Double Fertilization - Egg cell + 1 male nucleus -> Zygote (2N) - 2 polar nuclei + 1 male nucleus -> Endosperm (3N) - Endosperm -> Source of nourishment ## Seed Germination - Ovary -> Fruit - Ovule -> Seed - * Dust like* -> Orchids - * Huge Seeds* -> Coconut - * Seed* -> Seed coat [Testa] -> Embryo -> Storage tissue - * Function of Testa* -> Protection of embryo and stored food. # Testa Types - Leathery -> Broad bean - Hard brittle/Sculptured -> Castor oil seed - Fleshy -> Magnolia - Membranous/Easily detached -> Arachis - Woody -> Apricot - * Embryo consists of* -> Plumule -> Radicle -> Cotolydon - If seed is devoid of Endosperm, Food is stored inside [Cotolydon] - * Micropyle* -> Between Hilum & Radicle - Micropyle may be -> Hidden [Castor oil seed] -> Absent [Maize] - Exendospermous -> Vicia Faba -> Phaseolus vulgaris - Endospermous -> Ricinus communis -> Gossypium Barbadense # Some Definitions - Plumule -> Upper portion of embryo axis - Radicle -> Lower portion of embryo axis - Epicotyl -> Small portion of plumule above Cot. Stalk - Hypocotyl -> Small portion of Radicle below cot. Stalk - Monocot -> Corn & Palm - Dicot -> Bean & Castor oil seed ### Note - Seed germination -> Seedling - Summer seed -> Maize & cotton - Winter seed -> Wheat & clover # Conditions Necessary for Germination - Internal -> Vitality -> Physiological - Light -> Dormnancy -> Physical - Water -> Morphological - Oxygen - Temp. # Dark Seeds - Viscum album -> Aldabq # Indifferent Seeds - Cereals & Legumes - *Complex and insoluble transformation, simple and soluble* ### Changes occurring during seed germination: 1. Physical - Swelling up the embryo - Rapture of the testa 2. Biochemical - Transformation - Hydro lysis - Consumption - Combustion 3. Biotic - Hypogeal germination -> Below Ground - Epigeal germination -> Above ground