Introductory Lecture Philosophy 101 (Logic) PDF

INTRODUCTORY LECTURE philosophy 101 (logic) PHILOSOPHY and the DEVELOPMENT OF Logic THE NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY.NOMINAL DEFINITION: Philosophy comes from the Greek words PHILO and SOPHIA which mean love of wisdom..REAL DEFINITION: explains the essence. Philosophy is the science of all that exist in t...

INTRODUCTORY LECTURE philosophy 101 (logic) PHILOSOPHY and the DEVELOPMENT OF Logic THE NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY.NOMINAL DEFINITION: Philosophy comes from the Greek words PHILO and SOPHIA which mean love of wisdom..REAL DEFINITION: explains the essence. Philosophy is the science of all that exist in their ultimate cause through the aid of human intellect alone. ---Elements in the Real Definition; 1.It is a science. 2.Of Beings. 3.In their Ultimate Cause. 4.Through reason alone. Elements in the Real Definition: 1.Science: a systematic body of knowledge which is not only based on opinions, hypothesis and theories, but on ideal knowledge. Science seeks facts, philosophy is on for ultimate knowledge. 2.Of Beings: everything that exists, anything knowable. Philosophy is the highest synthesis of all sciences dealing with man, God and nature. It is considered as the mother of all sciences, the matrix of all knowledge. 3.In their Ultimate Cause: its only about facts and proximate causes, but the deepest causes of things. It looks for sufficient reason of things. 4.Through reason alone: it is a product of one’s own thinking, not fantasy or faith. WHAT IS LOGIC? NOMINAL DEFINITION: Logic comes from the Greek word -logos, which means thought, word or speech. It focuses on the analysis of verbal expression of thoughts or ideas. Real Definition: Logic is order and consistency. It is the science of those principles, laws, and methods which the mind of man must follow in its thinking for the secure and accurate attainment of truth. Logic then is the science and art of correct thinking. Elements in the Real Definition of Logic: 1.It is a SCIENCE because it is a body of organized methods of tried and tested knowledge which is concerned with the rectitude of reasoning. 2.It is an ART because arguments in logic are done beautifully, that is with habitual validity, ease, clarity, correctness, objectivity and certainty. 3. Of CORRECT THINKING, because it conforms to the rules of correctness, in an argument, premises have sufficient grounds as basis for conclusion. IMPORTANCE OF LOGIC 1.It develops the habit of clear thinking. It is only when we learn to think clearly or when others commit mistakes or errors that we can pinpoint and correct. 2.It is a guide in the process of drawing conclusions. The knowledge of logic will instruct us to understand more because most of the confusion is due to carelessness in the assignment of words. 3.It emphasizes the importance of definition. Clarity and precision in the use of terms will train us in the art of argumentation. Effective reasoning is brought by clear grasp and use of terms as verbal expressions of ideas. Exercise 1, on Definition of terms: Give the real definition.. 1.Judiciary 2.Democracy 3. CHED 4. IPs 5.UNSC 6.Family 7.CBA-NDMU 8.Logic 9.Post Modernism 10. Syllogism IMPORTANCE OF LOGIC 4.It helps us to interpret facts adequately. Logic will train us in analyzing, classifying, defining, describing, precising, and interpreting facts- for truth to be attained. 5.It cultivates the habit of looking for the assumption presupposed in reasoning. Examination of causes of incorrect reasoning puts us on guard against errors both in our thinking and thinking of others. 6.It trains us in the technique of determining implications. 7.It helps us detect fallacies, avoid self-deception and combat sophism. It enhance our gift of common sense or natural logic. IMPORTANCE OF LOGIC 8.It helps us persuade and convince others. To love ourselves is to acknowledge and share life with others esp. with the truth the we hold. We should produce belief that does not run counter with the truth. 9.It stimulates scientific thinking and love for truth. The aim of logic is truth and by truth, we mean absolute truth. It seeks a statement or argument of a quality which can assert itself for credence or acceptance. 10.It familiarizes us with the terminology and problems in philosophy. Categorical syllogism Today is Monday. Everything which is beautiful is happening today. Therefore, everything beautiful is happening on Monday. A categorical syllogism is composed of three basic terms- Major, Minor and Middle, and three basic propositions- major premise, minor premise and conclusion. ; Nature and structure of logic LOGIC AND THINKING -the object of knowledge involved in the science of logic is thinking. -CRITERIA FOR A MENTAL PROCESS TO BE CONSIDERED THINKING: a. When the objective is truth. -analysis (genus-specific difference), definition, and classification of the terms. b. When the truth we have becomes the nucleus of further knowledge. Thinking is process of drawing out conclusion or reasoning that follows the right procedure. Illustration on Thinking as object of logic 1.The object is truth. Example: Man is a rational animal. 2.The truth becomes the nucleus of further knowledge. Example: Man is culpable. Man creates civilization. Man is either right or wrong. Exercise: Illustrate the truth and the further truth of the given term/s. 1.ICC 11.Pope 2.Eugenics 12.Muslim 3.ILAGA of 1965 13.Rosary 4.Spy Balloon 14.Hajj 5. Encyclicals 15.Ancestral Domain 6.IPs 7.United Nations 8.Democracy 9.Senate 10.Regional Trial Court Natural logic and scientific logic.natural logic is common sense. -internal sense of what is logical. -we have learned from the moment of birth, through our personal experiences in the world and through our acquisition of language. -scientific logic is our natural logic trained and developed to expertness by means of well- established knowledge of the principles, laws and methods which underlie the various operations of the mind in the pursuit of and attainment of knowledge. STRUCTURE OF LOGIC -acts of the mind 1.Simple apprehension- the mind represents to itself one thing or many things, without either affirming or denying anything. CONCEPTS, the product of apprehension, are expressed by TERMS, or NAMES, WORDS. -Latin: prehendere- to seize or take hold of something mentally. It is a mental act of grasping on idea or concept that represents the essence, substance or nature of a concrete thing or reality. -it focuses on the essential characterics common to all class. Ideogenesis- intellectual evolution of concepts. example: concept of love, peace, self Acts of the mind 2.Judgment-enunciation: pronouncement, declaration, rendition. Presupposed that the mind has already formed an idea by example apprehension. The mind now compares this idea with another idea, then it pronounces or renders judgment whether one idea agrees with the other. For example: two ideas- DOG – ANIMAL we enunciate: A dog is an animal. THREE ELEMENTS OF JUDGMENT a- two ideas existing in the word, b-comparison of the two ideas by the word, and c- predication or pronouncement by the mind on the agreement or disagreement of the two ideas. Try this!  Given the three categorical terms, construct valid syllogisms: Major term-High Inflation Middle term-Philippine Economy Minor term- PBMM Administration Judgment -PROPOSITION: the external manifestation of the mental enunciation or pronouncement. It exposes the relation of affirmation or denial between two terms. Sensible expression of judgment. -classifications of propositions; a.categorical b.hypothetical c.modal Acts of the Mind 3. Reasoning- expressed in Syllogism 3.1.Categorical Syllogism- has three basic terms and three basic categorical propositions. Basic Terms: Major- Minor- Middle Terms Basic Propositions: Major Premise, Minor Premise and Conclusion 3.2.Hypothetical Syllogism: Conjunctive, Disjunctive and Conditional. The three acts of logic 1.Simple apprehension- the mind understands something without affirming or denying anything about it. CONCEPTS: ideas expressed in words or terms. They are the intellectual representations of things, the abstract representations, buildings blocks of knowledge. QUALITIES of CONCEPTS/IDEAS a.Has unity/ universal. b.Has permanence. c.Are invisible. TERMS -Word or group of words that has meaning. They signify something through the thoughts and ideas that are in our minds known as concepts. -They are conventional signs of ideas, concepts. -they vary from one society to anther. Uses of the terms 1.univocal- the application of two or more objects in the same sense. e. g: bird- parrot, maya, eagle. 2.equivocal- the words have the same spelling but entirely different meanings. e.g: pen- a writing device, enclosure for animals 3.analogous-the words are different though somehow related. There’s partial shift of the meaning of the terms. e.g: shepherd- an herd man, a bishop. Exercise on the uses of terms:.In your triad answer the following as asked. Construct Two sentences for each term to show the equivocal or analogous use of terms. 1.hound-analogous 2.Tattoo-analogous 3.Fix-equivocal 4.tongue-equivocal 5.Scavenge-analogous 6.Tomahawk-equivocal Identify the usage of the term that is common in two sentences. Do this in your pair/triad. 1.Queen Elizabeth II rails UK’s monarchy into its grandeur for 70 years. The spectators stood by the rail as the Queen’s coffin is transported to Royal family’s residential palace in Edinburgh, Scotland. 2.The death of the Queen left a void in the hearts of the British people. The marriage of Prince Charles and Princess Diana was a void. 3.The label of the Queen gave her a nominal leadership in the kingdom. The Britons label the Queen as the essential head of their monarchy. 4.The cold weather in Scotland gave a morose ambiance to the mourning populace. The morose disposition of the Scottish was due to the queen’s demise. Identify the usage of the common word in the two sentences in each number. 5.The DENR bans the importation of mammoths in the country. The DPWH constructed a mammoth structure in the facade that will facilitate the commercial activity of the cooperative. 6.I fixed the shoe lace of Ex. I lace her food with chocolates. 7.Her actions brought redress to the controversy. I redress her by my sorry. 8.I was assigned to square the scarce resources. I square the argument with the truth. Comprehension and Extension of Ideas 1COMPREHENSION- the sum total of all the notes or thought elements that constitute an idea. It is the sum of the characteristic notes of a concept. E.g. school supply, mammal, institutions 2EXTENSION- the sum of the objects to which a concept applies. E.g. ballpen, dog, school Exercises: Comprehension- extension of ideas a.Determine which term has greater comprehension(20pts). 1.fiction-literary piece 2.feline-cat 3.isosceles-triangle 4.triangle-polygon 5.Strong soft cheese-cheese 6.cognac-beverage 7.zoroaster-god 8.family-institution 9tabloid-news site 10.broadsheet-Philippine Daily inquirer a.1. Determine which term has greater comprehension(15pts) 1.racket-scheme Freezing 2.scheme-fraud 12. Egg Freezing- 3.quality-racy Population Improvement 4.quorum-number 13. Medicine – 5.quixotic-quality Regenerative Procedures 6.disgust-nausea 14.Stem Cell therapy- Sheep Cells 7.iconoclasm-movement 15. Stem cell Therapy- 8.character-identity Moral Dilemma 9.flourinate-combine 10.lie-falsehood 11. Gene Eng’g- Egg a.2.Identify which term is Extensive(10pts) 1.Delta Variant-Corona Virus 2.60% more transmissible-1 person infected infects 8 more. 3.Delta Variant from India- spreads in the NCR plus areas of the Philippines. 4.Preventive Measures for Delta Variant spread- Travel Ban. 5.Delta Variant- Globally Dominant Covid - 19 Virus. b.Arrange the terms in the set from the most comprehensive to the least. (15pts) 1.flagellation, sacramentals, forms of worship, Catholic Church, Folk Religiosity, Catholic Folk Religiosity, Filipino Folk Religiousity. 2.Softcheese, dairy products, strong soft cheese, limburger, milk derivative, cheese. 3.vehicle, mode of transportation, public transportation, Yellow Bus Line, Air- conditioned Bus, Executive Air-conditioned bus. ARRANGE THE TERMS IN THE SET FROM THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE TO THE LEAST. 4.Juvenile Delinquency, immaterial culture, institution, social deviation, deviation, drug addiction, marijuana addiction 5.Democracy, Political system, Executive Body, EJK, PDEU, Drug Trade, PDEA 6.United Nations, Kalahi Cidds Foundation, DSWD, International Organization, European Union, Comprehension and Extension of ideas-arrange the terms in the set: 7.Immaterial Culture, Culture, Social Change, Disease, Covid-19, Pathology, Social Aberration, Delta Variant, Pandemic, Society. 8.Allowing Someone to die, Euthanasia, Natural Law Ethics, Law of Nature, Putting off of the ICU Apparatus. 9.Rehabilitation Program, Rules of Engagement, War, Defensive War, Just War, UN Security Council, IOs, Truce, No Murder Order. 10.UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors, UN, UN Secretary General, Celebrity Diplomats, Diplomatic Environment Identify which of the concept/s is/are displaced.. 1.The Philippine Constitution, 1987 Phil. Constitution, The Family Code of the Phils., Nymphomania, Ground for Annulment, Psychological Incapacity. 2.Ground for Annulment, Annulment Jurisprudence, STD/I, AIDS, HIV Infection. 3.Pregnancy, Abortion, Indirect Abortion, Appendectomy to a Pregnant, Expulsion of Fetus, Termination of Pregnancy. 4.Eugenics, Racial Improvement, 20thc. Medical Explorations, Sterilization. The Ten Categories: the ten supreme genera under which a term comes as extension. 1.Substance- the most basic of the ten. e.g. dog, man, ndmu. 2.Quantity- the substance spreads out in space, having parts extended outside parts. e.g.how much, how big,how many? 3.Quality- the accident tells what thing or sort of a thing a substance is. e.g.good, beautiful, excellent. 4.Relation- one thing is related to another by reason of the reference it bears to the other. e.g.my uncle, my friend. 5.Action- the substance does the action. e.g. The boy hits the dance floor. The Ten Categories 6.Passion- the substance receives the action. E.g. The boy is hit by the car. 7.Time- the order of the past, present and future events. E.g. Today is Monday. 8.Place- it locates the substance in place with respect to surrounding bodies. e.g.Ndmu is the wellspring of wisdom of the youth. 9.Posture- characterizes the substance to the relation of its parts in space. e.g.he is kneeling. 10. Attire-determines the substance with respect to apparel, costume or accessories, equipment. e.g. She does the fashion show in bikini. Construct sentences to show the categories of the concept 1. POGO -Action -Attire -Quantity 2. Alice GUO identity -Quality -Passion -Position Construct the categories of the given concepts  PIEC- Php 18B BSP Budget Quality Passion  PIEC-the ASEAN Quantity Substance  Identify the CATEGORY of the capitalized terms in the statements. 1.Stockton Rush was the Ocean Gate CEO killed in the Titanic tourist submarine. 2.Stockton Rush was WARNED about the submersible dive along Titanic wreckage site. 3.A submersible dive arranged by Ocean Gate ended in the TRAGIC death of all five passengers. 4.US proposal for Philippines to host Afghan refugees is CLOTHED with criticisms. 5.Philippine asylum for Afghans is a DONE-DEAL between the Marcoses ( with cases in the US) and the Biden Administration. 6.Ex-Pres. Duterte is AGAINST the proposal of making the Philippines as the processing center of Afghan refugees for US migtration. 7.PBbM statement that the Afghan asylum seekers have a safe place in the Philippines received COUNTRYWIDE resistance. Identify the categories in the predicate of the sentences. 1.DOTr employees are guilty in the cash swallowing scandal. 2.DOTr probe finds four employees in trouble with cash swallowing issue. 3.GSIS launches new lending program with longer repayment terms. 4. House camouflaged 2023 budget with confidential fund issue. 5.Lala Sotto’s MTRCB processes on nootime shows are clouded with biases. 6.House has P5.7T 2024 budget. 7.The P5.7T budget has a national coverage. 8.AI sportscasters is a threat to the Philippine media. 9.The Philippine media is threatened by the AIs. 10. Threat has engulfed the Phil. Media because of AI sportscasters Identify the category of the predicate in relation to the subject in the sentence. 1.Uk has Monarchy as a government. 2.UK’s superpower has a global clout. 3.Ukraine and Russia have a toxic relationship. 4. Biden is facilitating Russian truce with Ukraine. 5.The Biden administration is welcomed by the Ukraine’s peace panel. 6. The world is witnessing the funeral of the Queen of UK today. 7.Putin has camouflaged Russia’s reputation in the UN with his lies. 8.QEII was the longest reigning queen of UK for 70 years. 9. Russia is banned to the wake of the Queen. 10. The Queen’s funeral is clothed with grief. Exercise on ten categories  Construct sentences showing the categories of the given substance. a.Philippine Sugar Shortage e. British Imperial Crown 1.action 1. quantity 2.passion 2.position 3.attire b.IATF on the use of masks 1.passion 2.quantity c.Crown King Charles 1.relation 2.time d.Silid Lms 1.quality IDENTIFY THE CATEGORY DESCRIBED BY THE PREDICATE OF THE SENTENCE in relation to its subject: 1.Russia has the supremacy over the world’s economy because of its rich oil reserve. 2.US and Europe weigh plan for Ukrainian government in exile. 3. Ukraine’s civilians were assaulted by Russian troops. 4.The number of Ukrainian civilians killed during shelling of evacuations is 8. 5.All western companies stand still for Ukraine by withdrawing business alliance with Russia. 6.Russian’s unprovoked attack on Ukraine spreads devastation all over the world. 7.Russian-American in New York were drawn to rally in support of Ukraine. Identify the genera/categories of the predicates in relation to the subjects in the sentences. 8.The PBBM administration is blemished by the controversy on sugar shortage. 9.The PBBM administration has bleached its image through the social media’s troll farms. 10. The PBBM administration is insipid from the viewpoint of the international economic environment. 11. The PBBM administration is a charlatan if we have to look back on what they had promised to the people. Identify the Category of the predicate terms.Pick out the term 1.Mariel Padilla is headlined by the gluta drip issue in husband’s Senate office. 2.Mariel Padilla is in the headline because of the gluta drip issue. 3.The COMELEC awards Php18-B deal with Korean-led IT group MARU. 4.The COMELEC is in the hot seat for awarding the 2025 election automation with Korean’s MARU. 5.WPS dispute with China is the leading issue of the 2025 mid-term election. Identify the category of the predicate terms 6.The Mindanao landslide victims were recipient of Php36-M EU donations. 7.The US Embassy is confident on Quiboloy’s prosecution for heinous crimes. 8.PBBM is adamant on the ICC probe into PH war on drugs. 9.The Duterte connection with Quiboloy’s gun- running engagement has catapulted them to the height of post-term controversies. 10.Quiboloy has his massive fanatics begged in US territories in the guise of his religious ritualism. The Five Predicables: the five ways by which concepts refer to concrete individual object. 1GENUS- the large class to which the thing belongs. It answers the question what kind is this object. E.g. Fear- emotion. 2SPECIES- the predicable which refers to the individual thing so as to give the complete essence. E.g. Emotion- fear. 3DIFFERENCES- the predicable that distinguishes the individual from other species under the same genus and places the individual in its proper species. E.g. Fear- mental agitation due to danger. The Five Predicables 4PROPERTY- the predicable which tells what flows necessarily from the essence itself. E.g. Fear-self defense, morally allowable acts follow. 5ACCIDENT- the predicable which expresses some characteristics which does not flow necessarily from the essence. e.g. Fear- my feeling right now, grave, strong. EXERCISE ON FIVE PREDICABLES A.Given the species, supply the four other predicables: 1.Impeachment 2. South Cotabato 3. CHED 4. NDMU 5. HIV 6. AIDS 7. Water 8. Pstr. Quiboloy e.SPECIES- CBA, GENUS- NDMU, DIFFERENCE-Business Administration Programs , PROPERTY-highly specialized business graduates, ACCIDENTS- CHED XII center of excellence. IDENTIFY THE PREDICABLE THE SECOND TERM HAS IN RELATION WITH THE FIRST 1. PHEIs’AUTONOMOUS STATUS-CHED PHILS 2. AUTONOMOUS STATUS- SOCIAL ENGAGEMENTS 3.AUTONOMOUS STATUS- EMPLOYABILITY OF GRADUATES 4.INTERNATIONAL LINKAGES- PBO, PHISMETS UNESCO MEMBERSHIP 5.TOPNOTCH GRADUATE BOARD PASSERS-TOP QUALITY EDUCATION INDICATORS 6.GRADUATE TRACER STUDY- EMPLOYABILITY OF GRADUATES 7.AUTONOMOUS STATUS –FREEDOM TO MANAGE, INNOVATE ACADEMIC PROGRAMS, No special Order for Graduates 8.AUTONOMOUS HEIs - NDMU 9. CHED- Com. PROSPERO DE VERA 10.CMO 7, S.2024 - CHED IDENTIFY THE PREDICABLE OF THE SECOND TERMS 1.Gov’t Think Tanks-Philippine Inst. On Dev’t Studies 2.PIDS- Government Think Tanks 3.Social stratification 2024-Social Category 4.Social Categorization- Social Stratification 5.Social Stratification – Education, wealth, work 6.Upper Middle Class- Middle Class 7.Middle Class- Middle Middle Class 8.Iphone, Nmax, Premium Liqour- Middle Middle Class 9.Middle Middle Class- P48,000 up to P82,000 10.Middle Middle Class- NDMU Senior Faculty Given the Species, supply the the genus, difference property, accident 1.Mercy-killing 2.NDMU 3.Democracy 4.Martial Law 5.Post-modernism 6.DDB Advertising 7.Legislative Exercise on five predicables B. State the predicable the second term/s has/have in relation to the first(10pts): 1.iconoclasm- breaking the icons 2.iconoclasm-atheistic thought 3.Carton – container 4.carton- cardboard container 5.cardboard container-carton 6.putrid-odor 7.putrid- rotten cadaver 8.Rain spout-roof stuff 9.Rain spout- pipe 10.felony- treachery to the government State the predicable the second term/s has/have in relation to the first: 1.Wood –combustibility 2.horse-black 3.tribe-lumads 4.lumads-indigenous people 5.lumads-techie 6.chair-wooden 7.chair-classroom fixture 8.crow-black 9.tanduay-intoxicating 10.man-rational 11.man-responsible 12.man-covid 19 victim EXERCISE:Identify the Predicable the second Term/s has/have in relation with the first. 1.Schoology- efficient LMS 2. LMS- Schoology 3.Schoology- automatic assessment grade system 4.Schoology- Rex Bookstore Online LMS 5. Rex Bookstore- Schoology Predicables 1.Railroad-road 2.possessive- grammatical case 3.purse-prize 4.mince-cut 5.mineral-substance 6.mettle-courage 7.tetanus-bacterial disease 8.torment- extreme pain 9.failure-performance 10.psychedelic-mental state  ILLUSTRATION Species-Ilonggo Genus-Ethnicity Difference-tribe originated from Panay Island Property-Hiligaynon speaking, Baro’t saya Accident-settled in Mindanao, Tikalon OBJECTIVES: The students will be able to: 1.assess their understanding of the previous lesson, the five predicables through an exercise. 2.Describe the logical processes oppositions and divisions of concepts. 3.Explain their types and the rules that apply. 4.Identify the genus of contrary opposing terms. 5.Divide the terms/concept using the given basis. OPPOSITION OF CONCEPTS  THE INCOMPATIBILTY OF CONCEPTS.  CONCEPTS EXCLUDE ONE ANOTHER FROM THE SAME OBJECT. TYPES: 1.Contradictory - opposition between the being and the non-being of something. Eg. Metal- non-metal 2.Contrary – opposition between things which are included in the same genus. Eg.blue-red, good-bad, human-inhuman Oppositions of concepts 3.Privative-oppositon between the presence of something and its absence in a due subject. Eg: living-dead, sight-blind 4.Relative-opposition between things which mutually refer to one another, that is the meaning of one is always understood in relation to the other. Eg: teacher-student Exercise on oppositions of concepts Given are contrary opposing terms. State the genus. 1.big-small 2.reveal-conceal 3.neurotic-sound 4.sad-happy 5.more-less 6.fabled-natural 7.sturdy-weak 8.intramural-extramural 9.socialism- free market 10.calm-turbulent IDENTIFY THE GENUS OF THE CONTRARY TERMS: ½ cw. (Individual) 1.mechanical-manual 12.ignorant-innocent 2.original-counterfeit 13.hot-cold 3.boy-girl 14.brother-sister 4.Husband-wife 15.quack-scientific 5.yes-no 16. Catholic-Orthodox 6.true-false 17.polygamy-monogamy 7.north-south 18.Oligarchy- Democracy 8.first-second 19.House of Rep-Senate 9.right-left 20. PDI-Tempo 10.father-mother 21.Garish-Trite 11.male-female 22.Avocation-Vocation Oxymorons-combinations of contradictory or incongruous words.  Deafening silence  Organized crime  Systematized chaos  Old news  Small crowd  Living dead  Friendly fire  Withered flourishing flowers  Terribly well  Awfully good  Silent scream  Only choice  Loud whisper oxymoron  Advanced beginner  Alone together  Calculated risk  Cheerful pessimist  Genuine imitation  Cruel kindness  Definite maybe  Deliberate mistake  Eloquent silence  Cold fire  Brawling love  Minor crisis Think of possible situations/ Virtues maybe as GENERA of these Antitheses 1.Love is an ideal thing, marriage is a real thing. - Goethe 2.Folks who have no vices have very few virtues. –Abraham Lincoln 3.Man proposes, God disposes. 4.Beggars can’t be choosers. 5.Hope for the best, prepare for the worst. 6.Keep your mouth closed, your eyes open. 7.Speech is silver, but silence is gold. Think of situations as possible Genera of these Antitheses 8.It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. It was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. –Charles Dickens 9.Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice. –William Shakespeare 10.To err is human, to forgive is divine. – Pope Alexander 11.That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. -Armstrong DIVISIONS OF CONCEPTS  The resolution or an analysis of a given whole into its constituent parts.  Three Components: 1.whole-the unit to be analyzed. eg.institutions 2.parts-they are those which the whole is divided. Eg. NDMU, RMMC 3.basis-the reference to which it applies. eg.HEIs in RXII DIVISION of CONCEPTS  Types of Division of Concepts 1.PHYSICAL- the analysis of any natural or artificial whole into its actual or really distinct parts. Eg. House- roof, floor, walls. 2.LOGICAL/essential- a division denoting that something is essential to the whole. eg.book-preface, table of contents,cover 3.NON-ESSENTIAL-the basis is not essential to the whole. Eg. NDMU employees- color of hair. EXERCISE on the Division of Concepts Identify the whole, basis and which of the term does belong to the group. 1.sociology, mathematics, philosophy. 2.camote, squash, cassava. 3.otologist, internist, oculist. 4.NDMU, NDDU, ST. Alexius College. 5. Manila Bulletin, PDI, Bandera. 6.ABM, HUMMS, CAS. Identify the whole and basis of division and which term/s do/esnt belong to the group.. 7.Risk reduction, tsunami, efficient disaster response. 8.Loss of life, property damage, widespread loss of lives and damage of property. 9.Widespread material loss, massive environmental impact, socio-economic disruption. 10.Resistance to hazard, recovery from hazard, loss of life. Exercise on the division of terms IDENTIFY THE WHOLE AND BASIS OF THE GIVEN PARTS IN THE SET OF TERMS/CONCEPTS: 1.Atrazeneca, Sputnik5, Cinovac,Moderna. 2.Manila Bulletin, Phil. Daily Inquirer, Phil. Star 3.INC, El Shaddai, DaTING Daan 4.Murder, Genocide, Homicide. 5.Mercy Killing, Mercy Death, Allowing one to die. 6. Sex, Vital Statistics, Location, Education. 7.Emotional, Physiological, Social, Intellectual Self 8. Liberal Party, Hukbo ng Pagbabago, PDP Laban. 9.Democrat, Republican. 10.President, Vice-Pres., Senate President, Chief Justice of SC. DIVISION OF TERMS: Identify the basis of the given parts in the set of terms. 11.President, Vice-President, Cabinet Secretaries, Mayor, Governor 12. Senate, House of Representative, City Council, Provincial Council, Brgy. Council 13. Scape-goat, Sweet-lemonade, Sour-grape. 14.GSIS, SSS, ADBank,PCIC 15.Greenpeace Int’l, American Red Cross, Salvation Army, Amnesty Int’l 16.PACMAN, ACT-CIS, Bayan Muna 17.PDP-Laban, NUP, NP, NPC 18. Japan, UK, Denmark 19.SAUDI Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Jordan, Morocco Exercise:Given the whole and the basis, supply three parts. 1.Society: Immaterial Culture 2.Culture: Filipino ethnicity 3.Philosophy: Historical phases 4.NDMU: Collegiate groups 5.Catholicism: Indigenous Filipino religions 6.Catholicism: Sacramentals 7.Islam: Pillars 8.Man: Personality aspects 9.Philippine Archipelago: Topography 10.Social deviation: Juvenile delinquency 11.News Sites: Broadsheets Given the whole and the basis, give 3 parts. 12. Government: Constitutional Monarchy 13. Government: Absolute Monarchy 14. People / Group in the Phils : Liberal 15. People/Group in the Phils: Conservative 16. ISIS: Controlled Areas 17. Weaponry: WMD 18. Genetic Eng’g: Processes 19. Genetic Eng’g: Types 20. Philippines: Militia Groups 21.Pagcor: POGO Definitions of terms  DEFINITION: the formula expressing the essence of a term or the use of word.  It is a linguistic device that provides an explanation of unfamiliar term by using a familiar term.  It is a statement that gives meaning of a term.  The logical manifestation of the conceptual features of an idea, or the conceptual manifestation of the nature of an object.  Latin DEFINITE which means to enclose within limits or to mark the boundaries or limits of a field. DEFINITION OF TERMS  An analytical definition has two elements namely: DEFINIENDUM and DEFINIENS. However, the third element is added- DENOTATA.  Definiendum-term to be defined.  Definiens-a statement in phrase that explains or describes the defining property of definiendum. Contains the genus (large class) and differentia (specific features).  Denotata-provides the concrete samoles of the extension of the definiendum. e.g:Dogs are barking mammals like dalmatian, aspin, and bulldog. Types of definition of terms: 1.NOMINAL (definition nominis, a defintion of name), merely indicates that a thing is signified by a term without declaring the nature of that thing. 1.1.etymology- it defines a word by giving the meaning of the word from which it is derived. 1.2.synonym- it defines a word by giving the words with similar meanings. 1.3.description- it describes the thing signified by a term, not for the purpose of revealing its nature or essence, but merely to indicate what a thing is that being spoken. 1.4.example- it indicates an example of a thing signified by a term to be defined. Types of definition of terms 2.REAL DEFINITION (definition rei, definition of a thing), not only indicated that a thing is signified but also declares the nature/essence of that thing. It manifests the intelligible structure of the thing explicitly by the term that is to be defined..it is a statement explaining what a thing is in itself..it is an essential definition when it explains the essence or nature of a thing. WE DEFINE A TERM BY ITS PROXIMATE GENUS AND SPECIFIC DIFFERENTIA. The proximate genus includes within its comprehension all the essential elements of the genera above it. The specific differentia brings the distinctive element which separates this thing from all others of a similar nature. Types of definition of terms Real definition is a specification of the metaphysical necessary and sufficient condition for being the kind of a thing a word designates. John Locke spoke of this type as real essence. Other types of definition of terms (Copi, 1975). 1.Stipulative- those given brand new items introduced for the first time. It is prescriptive or recommendatory. E.g: commercial codes, scientific formula. 2.Lexical- those that try to lessen ambiguity or to increase one’s vocabulary of a term. It is dictionary definition. E.g: Prostitute-whore. 3.Precising- those that attempt to give a clear cut decision on vague and ambiguous terms starting from the established usage of the terms. e.g: juridical cases. Precising Definition 1.Therapeutic Abortion 2.Spontaneous abortion 3.Indirect Abortion 4.Parricide 5.Mercy-killing 6.Mercy-death Other types of definition of terms 4.Theoretical- those that attempt to state theoretical explanation of objects or happenings. E.g: philosophical and scientific theories. 5.Persuasive- those definitions intended to influence attitude. E.g: propaganda, commercial ads. 6.Enumerative 7.Definitions by cause and efficiency Rules of Definition 1.The definition must be clearer than the thing defined. Metaphorical expressions must be avoided. 2.The definition must not contain the idea to be defined. Don’t make a circular definition. e.g: Pretty-beautiful 3.The definition must be convertible with the idea defined. It must not be narrower or wider in comprehension than that of the defined term. e.g: Man is an organism. 4.The definition must be positive, not negative, whenever possible. Exercise: Define the terms by giving the synonym 1.Bucket 13.impediment 2.Hasten 14.infallibility 3.Novice 15.obscure 4.Fidelity 16.mince 5.Infant 17.precede 6.Institution 18.persevere 7.Edifice 8.Lumber 9.Liqour 10.Boat 11.Meal 12.sugar Exercise: construct the essential definition of the terms 1.Brother 11.spaghetti 2.Mince 12.sociology 3.Lumber 13.Pope 4.Son 14.Lumad 5.Parent 15.Ilonggo 6.Sampaguita 16.Pencil 7.Dog 17.Legislature 8.Meal 18.Proposition 9.Pepper 19.Term 10.Puto 20.Democracy Exercise: Do a persuasive definition of the terms 1.Taxation 2.Direct Abortion 3.Marital break up 4. Filipino Nationalism The second act of Logic:Judgment Judgment- the act by which the mind asserts something about the case, that something is true or not. Are the following judgment? 1.Marbel is the capital city of South Cotabato. 2.How are you today? 3.The politicians are corrupt. 4.Oh, my God! 5.Buy me a pair of shoes. Judgment Proposition- the verbal expression of judgment, it is a discourse that expresses either truth or falsity. CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION- the SCP form. S-subject, C- copula, P- predicate. e.g: Man is a rational animal.  REDUCE THE FOLLOWING INTO CATEGORICAL FORM: 1.The Comelec conducted the 2023 barangay-sk election. 2.Vote-buying became rampant during elections in the Philippines. 3.PBBM suspended the implementation of Maharlika Fund. 4.The Filipino politicians never missed to take advantage of the Philippine fund despite the Covid- 19 problem. 5.Filipino and Chinese vessels collided in WPS. Classifications of categorical propositions 1.Universal Affirmative- A ex: Man is a rational animal. 2.Universal Negative- E ex: No man is rational. Man is not rational. 3.Particular Affirmative- I ex: Some men are rational. 4.Particular Negative- 0 ex: Some men are not rational. Exercise on categorical propositions  CONSTRUCT THE A-E-I-O OF THE GIVEN SUBJECT-PREDICATE TERMS. 1.ISO21001:2018- NDMU 2.ISO21001:2018- CHED 3.46 Degrees C- Eastern Samar 4.Duterte and China Deal- WPS 5. Sen Angara- Opposition invasion in the Malacanang Construct Categorical Propositions using these S-P terms…  ICC probers-Barred from Philippines  9,533- active Covid 19 cases  US- Phils Troops- 2023 Balikatan Exercise  990 kg of Shbu- PNP NCR cover up