Seamanship 1 Week 1 PDF, University of Cebu

UNIVERSITY OF CEBU Maritime Education Program SEAMANSHIP 1 Course: BSMT -1 Topic: Principal Structural Parts of a Ship Period: 1st sem S.Y.2023-2024 Week: 1-4 Overview The discussion is all about the principal stru...

UNIVERSITY OF CEBU Maritime Education Program SEAMANSHIP 1 Course: BSMT -1 Topic: Principal Structural Parts of a Ship Period: 1st sem S.Y.2023-2024 Week: 1-4 Overview The discussion is all about the principal structural parts of the ship; specifically about the ship dimensions and forms, the structural members of the ship and its characteristics, various types of ships, functions of different bulkheads, bow and stern construction, rudder, thrusters and propellers Learning Outcomes LO 1.1 Explain the following main features and characteristics of the structural members of the ship: Location Functions and contribution to the maintenance of the ship's seaworthiness LO 1.2 Locate the following principal dimensions of all types of ships: LOA LPP/LBP Breadth Depth Introduction A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, load capacity and purpose. Ships have supported exploration, trade, warfare, migration, colonization, and science. Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce. The word ship has meant, depending on the era and the context, either just a large vessel or specifically a ship- rigged sailing ship with three or more masts, each of which is square-rigged. As of 2016, there were more than 49,000 merchant ships, totaling almost 1.8 billion deadweight tons. Of these 28% were oil tankers, 43% were bulk carriers, and 13% were container ships. The earliest historical evidence of boats is found in Egypt during the 4th millennium BCE. Topics Principal Structural Parts of a Ship Ship Dimension and Forms Structural Members Characteristics Various Types of Ships Functions of Different Bulkheads Bow and Stern Rudders, Thrusters, and Propellers Week 1 Topics 1.1: Various Types of Ships 1.2: Structural Members 1.3: Characteristics Various Types of Ships 1. Container Ships 2. Bulk Carrier Ships 3. Tanker Ships 4. General Cargo Ships 5. Passenger Ships 6. Roll-on Roll Off Container Ships As the name suggests, a vessel structured specifically to hold vast quantities of cargo compacted in different containers is called a container vessel (ship). The process of sending shipments in special containers is known as containerisation. Container Ships One of the most powerful methods of hauling goods is done by Container Ships. These ships have made it feasible to transfer high quantities of cargo at a time and have changed global trade efficaciously. Container ships are the cargo ships that carry most seagoing non- bulk cargoes. In today’s world, container vessels have around 90% of the world’s non-bulk cargo. One of the main ways of carrying ready goods worldwide is through Container Vessels. These containers are of a standardised size so that they can be easily transferred to various modes of transport. Anything can be carried on a Containership. Container Ships One of the most powerful methods of hauling goods is done by Container Ships. These ships have made it feasible to transfer high quantities of cargo at a time and have changed global trade efficaciously. Container ships are the cargo ships that carry most seagoing non- bulk cargoes. In today’s world, container vessels have around 90% of the world’s non-bulk cargo. One of the main ways of carrying ready goods worldwide is through Container Vessels. These containers are of a standardised size so that they can be easily transferred to various modes of transport. Anything can be carried on a Containership. Bulk Carrier Ships Bulk carriers are a type of ship which transports cargoes (generally dry cargo) in bulk quantities. The cargo transported in such ships is loose cargo, i.e. without any specific packaging and generally contains items like food grains, ores and coals and even cement. Bulk Carrier Ships One of the most powerful methods of hauling goods is done by Container Ships. These ships have made it feasible to transfer high quantities of cargo at a time and have changed global trade efficaciously. Container ships are the cargo ships that carry most seagoing non- bulk cargoes. In today’s world, container vessels have around 90% of the world’s non-bulk cargo. One of the main ways of carrying ready goods worldwide is through Container Vessels. These containers are of a standardised size so that they can be easily transferred to various modes of transport. Anything can be carried on a Containership. Tanker Ships Vessels that facilitate the supplying of mass quantities of liquefied freight are referenced as tanker vessels. Such liquefied freight can include both rock oil excavated from the underwater reservoirs and all other types of liquid freight like alcoholic beverages, hydrogen-based organic compounds, chemicals and even juices. They also carry liquefied gaseous substances.  Tanker Ships As mentioned earlier, the vessels designed for a particular purpose of transporting liquefied goods (such as crude oil; Petroleum; LNG; LPG; wine; bitumen etc.) in bulk are termed as tanker ships or tanker vessels or more commonly as TANKERS. Currently, due to advancement in technology, a large number of tankers for the transportation of liquefied freights came into existence. These tankers are equipped with modern technologies and available in many different sizes and capacities. This size variation ranges from small self-propelled barges to ultra large crude carriers. Out of the total merchant ships in the world, about 30% are tankers. General Cargo Ships General cargo or multi-purpose vessels are designed for flexibility and carry a huge variety of cargo. To get the most from a general cargo ship, it is important to minimise any time spent in port and optimise the efficient use of the vessel’s cargo carrying space. Get these elements right and your vessel will achieve its maximum earning capabilities. Passenger Ships It is an umbrella term which covers many aspects under itself, but in more or less general form passenger ships are the merchant ships generally employed for transportation of passengers or voyagers. So, these are the merchant ships which carries passengers on national or international voyages. They can be as small as yachts and as big as giant cruise ships. Passenger Ships Merchant vessels that are employed to aid in the transiting of voyagers and passengers through the medium of water transportation are referred to as passenger ships. The terminology, however, covers a lot of aspects under its umbrella, thus rendering a generalised nature to its nominal citation. The criteria for passenger vessels are governed as per stipulations set by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). These stipulations not only specify the minimum amount of surface area required for a dozen voyagers but also lay down the regulatory requirements to ensure the safety and security of passengers. Roll-on Roll Off RoRo or Roll on Roll off ship is a special type of vessel which is used for the transportation of automobile vehicles. Also known as car carriers, these vessels have special inclines (ramps) constructed so as to make the loading and the unlading of vehicles and cargo easier and more convenient. Roll-on Roll Off The inclines of a RoRo vessel are connected to the entrance either in the front (bow) or at the back (aft) of the vessel or at both. Vehicular traffic can thus pass through these doors without any complexity. Alongside transporting vehicular traffic between riverside harbours, these vessels have also become increasingly helpful in transiting vehicles across ports spread across seas. Over the years, several technological advancements have taken place in these car carrier vessels and resultantly, there have emerged into various types of RoRo ships. Structural Members of the ship Structural Members of the ship  Structural Members of the ship Monkey Island: Monkey Island is a sort of deck located at the topmost accessible height of the ship and just above the bridge. This part of a ship is sometimes also referred to as a flying bridge and, in the past, was used by the sailors for solar and stellar observations. In addition, it houses a magnetic compass. It is an integral part of ship and houses driving units such as VDR capsule, AIS Tx/Rx antennae, Radar scanner(s) attached to the radar mast, Sat C/F77 Tx/Rx antennae, communication equipment gear, various halyards connected to the yardarm to hoist flags, weather vane, and the masts leading up to the ‘Christmas Tree’ (navigation lights) and the ship’s aft whistle. Bridge: The ship’s bridge is the commanding station of a ship. It controls the ship movement through its navigational equipment. It controls important deck machinery, main engine and ship’s navigation system. Functions that are usually performed on the ship bridge are: controls the ship’s speed and direction (navigation), monitor weather and sea conditions, navigating and fixing the position of the ship, and facilitating internal as well as external communication. Funnel: A Funnel or Stacks is a chimney on a vessel used to discharge engine and boiler smoke. Lifting of the exhaust gasses, clear from the deck, is the constitutional purpose of the Funnel. Structural Members of the ship  Structural Members of the ship Accommodation: The accommodation area is the house for crews and lives. It has all the amenities, including offices, gym, crew cabins, hospital, salon, recreation room, common rooms, laundry, and galley. It is a key part of the ship and consists of the garbage disposal system, freshwater system, sewage treatment plant, refrigeration system (domestic) and air conditioning for the accommodation block. It is a necessary part of a ship and facilitates space for relaxing, medical facility and food courts. Funnel Deck: The funnel releases exhaust gases into the atmosphere from the engine exhaust room of the ship. It has a similar function to chimneys in factories. Nowadays, extra care has been taken in discharging shoot from the funnel to preserve the atmosphere from pollution. These funnels are never installed straight but inclined at a certain angle toward the aft so that the flue gases will not cause hindrance to the deck and navigation bridge. Boat Deck: The deck floor covers the ship hull structure. There can be multiple decks or deck sections on a ship. The deck at the top, which bears maximum exposure to weather, is the main deck or weather deck. Based on the position of a ship’s deck, decks are of six main types; main deck, poop deck, upper deck, lowers deck, weather deck and foredeck. The boat deck’s main function is holding the hull structure and providing the floor to work and standing and guard them against outside weather.  Structural Members of the ship Mast: The mast is a rangy spar arrangement that is elevated more or less vertically to the Centreline of a ship. It has several purposes, including carrying derricks and giving fundamental height to the navigation light, salient yards, radio or radar aerials, and scanners. Flying Bridge: It is an extended area on top of a weather deck or an open area of the superstructure, which provides an unobstructed view of the fwd and aft along with the vessel’s sides to the navigational officers. It also serves as an operating station for the officer and crew of the watch. It also contains a duplicate set of controls, which is vital for the master, ship’s officers, and pilot for berthing and unberthing the vessel. Stem: The front-most part of the boat or ship’s bow is termed as the Stem of the ship. The keel itself is extended up to gunwale to form the curved edge called the ship’s stem. These stems can be of two styles viz. raked and plumb stems, where the former is inclined at some angle to the waterline and later is perpendicular to the waterline.  Structural Members of the ship Mast: The mast is a rangy spar arrangement that is elevated more or less vertically to the Centreline of a ship. It has several purposes, including carrying derricks and giving fundamental height to the navigation light, salient yards, radio or radar aerials, and scanners. Flying Bridge: It is an extended area on top of a weather deck or an open area of the superstructure, which provides an unobstructed view of the fwd and aft along with the vessel’s sides to the navigational officers. It also serves as an operating station for the officer and crew of the watch. It also contains a duplicate set of controls, which is vital for the master, ship’s officers, and pilot for berthing and unberthing the vessel. Stem: The front-most part of the boat or ship’s bow is termed as the Stem of the ship. The keel itself is extended up to gunwale to form the curved edge called the ship’s stem. These stems can be of two styles viz. raked and plumb stems, where the former is inclined at some angle to the waterline and later is perpendicular to the waterline. Structural Members of the ship  Structural Members of the ship Forecastle: The forecastle is one of the foremost parts of the ship of length less than 7% of the total deck length. It was initially used in military vessels, in which the soldiers used forecastles to take defensive positions. But, today, forecastle serves many functions such as holding, anchoring and securing the major parts of the ship. Foredeck: The foredeck is the forward part of a weather deck, between the superstructure and the foc’sle superstructure. Basically, it is a part of the vessel forward of the mast. Bulbous Bow: It is a jut out bulb at the bow of the vessel just below the W/L. It cuts the water and tweaks the water flow around the hull, increasing the vessel’s speed, fuel efficiency and stability. 12-15% of better fuel efficiency is observed in the vessel with the bulbous bow. It also increases the buoyancy of the onward part of the vessel, which reduces pitching up to some extent. Structural Members of the ship  Structural Members of the ship Stern: The stern is an aft-end structure designed to provide low resistance, high propulsion efficiency, and avoid vibrations. It is the rearmost part of a ship that keeps the water out. Rudders and propellers are hanged to the stern. The stern can be shaped flat, canoe-like, tapered, sharp to serve the purpose of cutting the water in its way. Poop Deck: It serves as a roof to the cabin constructed in the aft of the ship. It facilitates the captain and helmsman to supervise the entire working crew. But in modern ships, the poop decks are provided either in the centre of the ship or on the starboard. Side Thrusters: These are somewhat like a propeller and fitted on either side of the bow of the ship. It helps in manoeuvring ships at a slow speed in congested waters near ports or canals. These are also referred to as tunnel thrusters. Side thrusters influence the total running cost of a ship to a greater extent. These are either hydraulically or electrically powered.  Structural Members of the ship Rudder: Without steering, we can’t move a vehicle in the desired direction, so the propeller propels the ship, and the rudder steers the ship. The rudder is a flat hollow structure housed in the aft of the propeller. It consists of the following parts: rudder trunk, moveable flap, main rudder blade, hinge system, links and rudder carrier bearing. Rudders are of three types: balanced type, semi-balanced type and unbalanced type rudder. As a vital part of the ship, the rudder is provided with a steering gear system that controls the rudder’s movement. It works on Newton’s Third Law of motion. Propeller: It is a mechanical device having blades fitted on a central shaft. These blades rotate, and their rotational energy is converted into pressure energy, and due to this, the propeller produces the thrust required for propulsion. It pushes the seawater backwards, and, in turn, the seawater helps the ship move forward. Engine, shaft and propeller together constitute propulsion unit. The propeller should be made up of aluminium, bronze, manganese etc., which are excellent corrosion resistant alloys. There can be one, two or three propellers. It is the most important part of the ship without which a ship can’t move. So, the main function of the propeller is to propel the ship in the forward direction by producing thrust on water. Its working principles are Newton’s third law of motion and Bernoulli’s theorem. Q&A Session Thank you for listening! Lesson Completed