Seafood value addition.pdf

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SEAFOOD VALUE ADDITION ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Indian Council of Agricultural Reasearch Willingdon Island, Matsyapuri P.O., Cochin 682 029, Kerala Training Manual on SEAFOOD VALUE ADDITION...

SEAFOOD VALUE ADDITION ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Indian Council of Agricultural Reasearch Willingdon Island, Matsyapuri P.O., Cochin 682 029, Kerala Training Manual on SEAFOOD VALUE ADDITION Organised by The Marine Products Export Development Authority 0LQLVWU\RI&RPPHUFH ,QGXVWU\*RYWRI,QGLD In association with ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology :LOOLQJGRQ,VODQG0DWV\DSXUL32&RFKLQ Venue: ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin 'XUDWLRQ²6HSW Course Director Dr K. Ashok Kumar Co-ordinators Sreelakshmi, K.R., Elavarasan, K., Mohan, C.O.  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