SCMN 3720 Exam 3 (1) PDF

SCMN 3720 Exam 3 15. Railroads & Intermodal 1. What are the current trends in railroad safety? -​ Train fatalities, injuries, and accidents have all gone down over the past 20 years. -​ Manline accidents have dropped 44% since 2000 2. What are some examples of recent safety innovations in t...

SCMN 3720 Exam 3 15. Railroads & Intermodal 1. What are the current trends in railroad safety? -​ Train fatalities, injuries, and accidents have all gone down over the past 20 years. -​ Manline accidents have dropped 44% since 2000 2. What are some examples of recent safety innovations in the rail industry? -​ Track Monitoring -​ Positive Train Control (PTC) -​ Inspection portals -​ Wheel bearing heat sensors 3. Which type of railcar is used the most? -​ Boxcar : Standardized roofed freight car with sliding doors on the side used for general commodities (plain); can be specially modified (equipped) for specialized merchandise, such as automobile parts -​ Hopper car: A freight car with the floor sloping to one or more hinged doors used for discharging bulk materials -​ Covered hopper (used most): A hopper car with a roof designed to transport bulk commodities that need protection from the elements -​ Flatcar: A freight car with no top or sides used primarily for TOFC service, and movements of machinery and building materials -​ Refrigerated car: A freight car with refrigeration equipment for temperature control -​ Gondola: A freight car with a flat bottom, fixed sides, and no top used primarily for hauling bulk commodities -​ Tank car: Specialized car used for the transport of liquids and gases 4. What is rail intermodal? -​ Rail intermodal is the long-haul movement of shipping containers and truck trailers by rail, combined with a truck or water movement at one or both ends. 5. What do TOFC and COFC stand for? And how have they helped rail compete with TL Carriers? -​ Trailer on Flatcar (TOFC): -​ Transports highway trailers on railroad flatcars. -​ Combines line-haul efficiencies of rail with the flexibility of motor transport. -​ On-time deliveries, regularly scheduled departures, and fuel efficiency major reasons for growth -​ Container on Flatcar (COFC): -​ Transports shipping containers on railroad flatcars. -​ Land-bridge operations key component of international trade. -​ Double-stack container trains greatly improves rail equipment and train productivity 6. What percentage of revenue does intermodal represent for major US railroads? -​ Intermodal accounted for approximately 30% of revenue for major U.S. railroads, more than any other single rail traffic segment 7. What are the key milestones of intermodal growth?  -​ Piggybacking: Also known as “circus style,” “piggybacking” of wagons was pioneered in 1872 by P.T. Barnum’s circus. Barnum developed a crossover plate that allowed horses to pull circus wagons onto and off trains via a single ramp. -​ Container Intermodal Service: Starting in 1956, Malcom McLean and his new company, Sea-Land, began working with maritime shippers, freight railroads and truckers to develop a common standard, allowing containers to be easily transferred across modes of transport. -​ Double Stacking: Early rail uses of shipping containers were inefficient since only a minimal amount of cargo could be loaded on a single railcar or train. In 1977, Malcom McLean partnered with the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) to create and test the first double stacked intermodal rail car. 8. What are the benefits of intermodal rail? -​ Fuel-efficient: On average, railroads are 3 to 4 times more fuel-efficient than trucks. Because greenhouse gas emissions are directly related to fuel consumption, moving freight by rail instead of truck reduces GHG emissions by up to 75%, on average. -​ Easing Street Congestion: One intermodal train can carry up to several hundred containers and trailers, which removes that many trucks off the road and helps shippers eliminate wasted time and fuel from their trucks sitting in traffic. -​ Trade Connector: Intermodal helps U.S. firms connect with the rest of the world. About half of the U.S. rail intermodal volume consists of imports and exports. -​ Relieving Truck Driver Shortages: Hiring and retention is a constant challenge for trucking companies. Truck driver shortages are less of a problem when rail intermodal is used because intermodal rail service takes millions of trucks off our highways each year. 9. What is forced switching and why is it a concern for Class I US railroads? -​ Forced Switching: a proposed rule that would require railroads to provide switching services to competitors at below-market rates -​ It is a concern because it can compromise rail safety, increase emissions, delay freight operations, increase shipping costs, and disrupt the supply chain. Tophat Questions: 1.​ Over the last 20 years has the occurrence of railroad accidents increased or decreased? -​ Decreased 2.​ Which type of rail car equipment is used the most? -​ Covered Hoppers 3.​ Intermodal accounts for approximately ____% of revenue for major U.S. railroads, more than any other single rail traffic segment. -​ 30% 16. Ocean Cargo 1. What is the difference between absolute and comparative advantage? -​ Absolute Advantage: Trade is beneficial if the cost of production for the same product differ between countries  -​ Comparative Advantage: Trade is also beneficial even if one country has lower cost of production than another country in multiple products if the opportunity cost is greater 2. Who is credited with inventing the modern intermodal shipping container? (1st video) -​ Malcom McLean 3. What are the strengths, limitations, and typical freight characteristics in Ocean and Air freight modes? -​ Ocean Freight: -​ Strengths: High Capacity, Low Cost, Commodity Flexibility -​ Limitations: Slow line-haul transit, In-country accessibility -​ Characteristics: Low-value raw materials and bulk commodities, containerized goods -​ Air Freight: -​ Strengths: Speed, Freight protection, flexibility -​ Limitations: Accessibility beyond airports, high cost, low capacity -​ Characteristics: High-Value, time-sensitive goods, small shipments 4. What are the three elements typically included in ocean carrier rates? -​ Basic rate (quoted by TEU or container), mandatory surcharges, and costs for extra services 5. How much has seaborne trade volume grown since 1990? -​ Nearly Tripled 6. What size container is 1 TEU? -​ 20’ x 8’ x 8’6” 7. What is the TEU capacity of the largest Triple E container ships? -​ 24,000 8. What are the two largest ports in the US in terms of TEU volume? -​ Los Angeles, CA and New York-New Jersey 9. Who are the top 2 ocean carriers/ship lines in the world? -​ Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) and APM-Maersk 10. What are ocean freight forwarders and what company is currently the largest? -​ International Freight Forwarders (IFFs) facilitate international cargo movement by: -​ Providing expertise and specialized services to deal with scale and complexity of transportation -​ Identifying and booking optimum routes, modes, and carriers -​ Consolidating freight to lower transportation rates -​ Providing other trade-related services -​ Ocean Freight Forwarders: -​ The majority of shippers book ocean moves using ocean freight forwarders -​ The forwarders do not own any assets (ships) -​ The forwarders purchase bulk capacity with the ship lines -​ Largest: Kuene+Nagel 11. Why can't US ports get automated? -​ Labor Unions, Hurdles in adding robots, including space constraints, the tough economics of getting a return on hefty investments, and, most prominently fierce opposition from organize labor 12. Describe the current situation at the Panama Canal. (video) -​ Very crowded and backed up, idle ships anchored, drought 13. Describe the current situation at the Suez Canal. (video) -​ Attacks by Yemen's Houthi militants on ships in the Red Sea are disrupting maritime trade through the Suez Canal. -​ Causing some vessels re-routing to a much longer East-West route via the southern tip of Africa. TopHat Questions: 1.​ The volume of global seaborne trade has almost ______ since 1990 -​ Tripled 2.​ How many ports in the world can handle Triple E 20,000 TEU ships? -​ 20 3.​ What's the biggest issue stopping US ports from becoming more automated? -​ Labor Unions 17. Air Cargo 1. Why do shippers use Air Cargo? -​ 1. Speed – For high-value, time-sensitive freight it is really the only alternative. Shipment can deliver anywhere around the world within 2-3 days -​ 2. Reliability - The predictability and stringency of arrival and departure schedules makes it very reliable and suitable for high-value goods. -​ 3. Security - Safety controls and protocols over air cargo are tightly managed and leave little room for theft or potential damage. 2. What are the typical air cargo commodities hauled? -​ Retail & E-Commerce, Automotive, Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Electrioncs, Food & Beverage 3. Describe the intermodal (across modes) and intramodal competition (within mode) competition for air carriers. -​ Intermodal Competition: -​ Limited competition from other modes for time-sensitive, long distance (800+ miles) trips. No other mode can match the speed. -​ Intramodal Competition: -​ Intense competition among air carriers in terms of rates and service as driven by: -​ New entrants in selected routes (markets) -​ Market coverage expansion -​ Excess capacity 4. Describe the constraints and strengths of the air cargo industry. -​ Air Cargo Strengths: -​ High terminal-to-terminal speed -​ Reliability (dependable transit times) -​ Low damage rates -​ Ideal for high value to volume shipments, or high opportunity value emergency shipments  -​ Air Cargo Constraints: -​ High rates -​ Limited accessibility -​ Reduced frequency of flights -​ Hub-and-spoke approach = congestion & limited slot availability at hubs -​ Added access and terminal time and cost significant for short distances (under 800 5. How do air carriers pay for the use of the airports? -​ Landing fees -​ Rent and lease payments for space -​ Taxes on fuel -​ Aircraft registration taxes 6. Describe the breakdown of variable and fixed costs for air carriers. -​ Variable Cost (80%): -​ Airport and airways usage fees are variable in nature. -​ Labor costs (32.3%) and fuel costs (17.7%) are major elements of operating costs. -​ Operating costs vary by different types of aircraft used. -​ Fixed Cost (20%): -​ Low fixed-cost structure is attributable to publicly provided airways and terminals 7. What two areas represent the highest costs for air carriers? -​ Fuel and Labor 8. What is the benefit of a hub network for air carriers? -​ Contributes to operating efficiency: -​ Operating ratio = (Operating expense / Operating revenue) -​ Load factor = (total weight shipped / maximum weight capacity) 9. What is the projected growth of Air Cargo traffic over the next 20 years? -​ 4% per year 10.Who were the top 3 cargo airlines in 2023? -​ Federal Express, Qatar Airways, United Parcel Service (UPS) 11.What is an air freight forwarder? And who were the top 3 in 2023? -​ Air Freight Forwarder: -​ typically do not own any assets (aircraft) -​ arrange all the movements, from pickup to final delivery, using many service providers along the way. (they contract with the air carriers – not the shipper) -​ Top 3: Kuehne+Nagel, DHL, DSV 12.What is the projected growth of the global air freighter fleet over the next 20 years? -​ 60% Net Fleet Growth 13.What is a ULD and how is it used in air cargo? -​ Unit Load Devices: storage devices to transport cargo in Planes TopHat Questions: 1.​ Air Cargo has intense competition from other modes for time-sensitive, long distance (800+ miles) trips  -​ False 2.​ (True or False) The Air Transport Industry has high fixed and low variable costs. -​ False 3.​ Global air cargo is projected to grow at _____% per year over the next 20 years. -​ 4% 18. Transportation Management 1. What is Transportation Management? -​ Managing the Outbound and Inbound Transportation for an organization 2. What portion of US Business Logistics Costs does transportation represent? -​ 69% 3. What are the 3 main components of Transportation Management and what is included in each? -​ Tactical: -​ Mode Selection -​ Shipment Planning -​ Load Consolidation -​ Carrier Scheduling -​ Shipping Operations -​ Dock & Yard Mgt -​ Shipment Monitoring -​ Issue Resolution -​ Financial: -​ Freight Invoice, Audit & Payment -​ Internal Allocation of Freight Costs -​ Freight Claims Processing -​ TMS Rate Load & Maintenance -​ Carrier Integration Monitoring -​ Strategic: -​ Carrier Sourcing & Contracting -​ Carrier Performance Analytics - Carrier Scorecards -​ Spend Analysis - Freight Cost Reporting -​ Customer Freight Cost Reporting -​ Proactively identifying cost and service improvements 4. What are the 4 main areas of improvement driving cost benefits from a carrier management program? -​ 1. Procurement Savings (Carrier Rates) -​ 2. Increased Usage of Preferred Carriers -​ 3. Collaboration with Carriers -​ 4. Better Analytics 5. What are the keys to successful Transportation Management? -​ Create Global Ownership -​ Consistent and relevant global KPIs -​ Create global standards and processes  -​ Hold carriers accountable -​ Fully Leverage a TMS -​ Provide enriched analytics and solutions 6. What are some of the key activities of a Carrier Performance Management Analytics Team? -​ Data-driven group working to provide reports and analytics on carrier performance and costs -​ Carrier RFP & contract process -​ Schedules and conducts monthly & quarterly reviews with carriers -​ Ensures audit, proper financial GL coding and processing of freight payments. -​ Processes claims, documents carrier issues -​ TMS Support for rate load and maintenance as well as owner of TMS user work-flow and carrier data timeliness 7. What are the three key areas for Transportation KPIs and what do they measure? -​ 1. Costs – Measure your current costs and identify opportunities for savings. -​ 2. Quality – Measure the percent of total shipments that deliver to your customers damage free without issue. -​ 3. Service – Measure your carrier on time pickup and delivery. 8. What are the 4 current challenges in transportation management we discussed in class? -​ Lowering Freight Costs -​ Fuel Prices -​ Re-identifying Partner Carriers -​ Attracting & Retaining Transportation Talent TopHat Questions: 1.​ The payload capacity of a Boeing 777 cargo aircraft is equal to how many railcars? -​ 1 2.​ Transportation is ____% of US Business Logistics Costs -​ 69% 3.​ Rank the Keys to Transportation Management in order of importance -​ Create Global Ownership -​ Consistent and relevant global KPIs -​ Create Global standards and processes -​ Hold Carriers accountable -​ Fully Leverage a TMS -​ Provide enriched analytics and solutions 19. Transportation Technology 1. What is a Transportation Management System (TMS)? -​ A technology platform used to help a shipper plan, execute, and monitor both inbound and outbound shipments 2. What are the key functionalities of a TMS? -​ Plan, Execute, Settle, Carrier Sourcing, Carrier Management 3. What are the top 3 factors motivating organizations to invest in a TMS? -​ 1. Reducing operating and support costs  -​ 2. Enhancing decisions making -​ 3. Customer expectations or demands 4. What is the top key benefit of a TMS and what is the typical savings? -​ Planning and optimization; 5%-15% 5. What are the typical freight savings percentages from the implementation of a TMS? -​ 75% of people see a savings between 5% and 15% 6. According to Gartner, what are the top 2 TMS systems available? -​ Oracle & Blue Yonder 7. What are some examples of fuel savings modifications that can be made to trucks and trailers and what level of savings can they drive? -​ Aerodynamic devices, Integrated sleeper cab roof fairing, cab side flares, flares or tails, or a skirt underneath a trailer to make a trailer to make a trailer more aerodynamic causing a 5% savings if at least one is used on upwards of 9% with the use of two or more 8. What are ELDs and how are they used in trucking? -​ Electronic Logging Devices (ELDs): -​ a hardware device that connects to a commercial vehicle’s engine and allows a driver to easily log his activities and track his hours of service (HOS) compliance -​ Simplifies HOS complianca 9. What level of reductions in CO2 emissions have been achieved through innovations in heavy truck engines in the last 15 years? -​ 30% 10. What is the key issue driving the need for the innovation of autonomous driving commercial vehicles? -​ Zero emissions – improved health -​ Lower operating costs -​ Improved safety -​ Driver shortage 11. What are some of the key challenges of further advances in autonomous driving commercial vehicles? -​ Technological, Risk/Liability, Political TopHat Questions: 1.​ We talked about three key areas of what transportation KPIs should focus on. Which of the following is not one of those key areas? -​ Efficiency 2.​ Most organizations (approximately 75%) see an average operational cost savings between 5% and 15% after implementing a TMS. -​ True 20. Role of Government in Transportation 1. Who are the key Federal agencies involved in transportation and what do they do?  -​ Department of Transportation (DOT): responsible for planning and coordinating federal transportation projects. It also sets safety regulations for all major modes of transportation. -​ Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): DOT agency responsible for the regulation of the civil aviation and U.S. commercial space transportation, maintain and operate air traffic control and navigation systems for both civil and military aircrafts, and develop and administer programs relating to aviation safety and the National Airspace System. -​ Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA): DOT agency responsible for regulating and providing safety oversight of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs). -​ Federal Railroad Administration (FRA): DOT agency responsible for the safe, reliable, and efficient movement of people and goods on rail -​ Surface Transportation Board (STB): Independent federal agency responsible for the economic regulation of various modes of surface transportation, primarily freight rail. The STB exercises its statutory authority and resolves disputes in support of an efficient, competitive, and economically viable surface transportation network that meets the needs of its users -​ Federal Maritime Commission (FMC): Independent federal agency responsible for regulating the U.S. international ocean transportation system for the benefit of U.S. exporters, importers, and the U.S. consumer. 2. What is the role of economic regulation? -​ Transform monopolistic industries into competitive ones by: -​ Determining if a firm can enter an industry -​ Determining which market(s) a firm can serve in that industry -​ Determining the prices that a firm can charge customers 3. Which transportation mode is still under economic regulation, under which federal agency, and why? -​ Rail, as a result of the Interstate Commerce Commsion Termination Act (ICCTA) of 1995, regulated by Surface Transportation Board (STB) 4. What is the role of safety regulations? -​ Establishes minimum level of safety for public and the environment 5. What are the FMCSA Big 5 Compliance items? -​ Fleet legalization -​ Driver qualification -​ Driver drug and alcohol testing -​ Maintenance and inspections -​ Driver hours of service 6. What is the purpose of the Hours of Service (HOS) Regulations for commercial drivers and what are the rules? -​ Hours of Service (HOS): the maximum amount of time commercial drivers are permitted to be on duty including driving time, and specifies the number and length of rest periods, to help ensure that drivers stay awake and alert -​ Rules: -​ 11-Hour Driving Limit: May drive a maximum of 11 hours after 10 consecutive hours off duty.  -​ 14-Hour Limit On Duty Driving: May not drive beyond the 14th consecutive hour after coming on duty, following 10 consecutive hours off duty. Off-duty time does not extend the 14-hour period -​ 30-Minute Driving Break: Drivers must take a 30-minute break when they have driven for a period of 8 cumulative hours without at least a 30-minute interruption. The break may be satisfied by any non-driving period of 30 consecutive minutes (i.e., on-duty not driving, off- duty, sleeper berth, or any combination of these taken consecutively) -​ 60/70-Hour Limit: May not drive after 60/70 hours on duty in 7/8 consecutive days. A driver may restart a 7/8 consecutive day period after taking 34 or more consecutive hours off duty. (Moving window) -​ Short-Haul (Local Driver) Exception: A driver is exempt from the requirements of §395.8 and §395.11 if the driver operates within a 150 air-mile radius of the normal work reporting location, and the driver does not exceed a maximum duty period of 14 hours. Drivers using the short-haul exception in §395.1(e)(1) must report and return to the normal work reporting location within 14 consecutive hours, and stay within a 150 air-mile radius of the work reporting location 7. What are the benefits of public/government promotion for each mode (modal promotion)? -​ Air Benefits: -​ Air traffic control system -​ Subsidies to serve low-traffic cities -​ Terminal development and construction -​ Motor and Highway benefits: -​ Highway development, design, improvement, construction, and safety -​ Motor carrier vehicle safety -​ Regional infrastructureimprovements -​ Rail Benefits: -​ Rail line abandonment subsidies -​ R&D in rail technology and safety -​ Amtrak appropriations -​ Domestic Water Benefits: -​ Army Corps of Engineers river and port channel dredging, lock and dam construction, operation and maintenance -​ USCG navigation aids and systems 8. What are the three types of user charges? Explain and give examples of each. -​ 1. Existence Charge: -​ A charge made against the person or tangible item unit regardless of the extent of use made of the services (e.g., driver’s license and auto registration fees) -​ 2. Unit Charge: -​ Fee assessed for use of a facility or resource, variable according to use, but does not distinguish between passengers or freight within each unit (e.g., tolls and fuel mileage taxes) -​ 3. Relative Use:  -​ Fees assessed according to the investment of cost incurred by the agency to provide the service (e.g., increased vehicle registration fees for heavier tractor-trailers) 9. How is the cost of the interstate highway system funded? -​ The federal government pays 90 percent of the construction costs for the interstate system and 50 percent of the construction costs for all other federal-aid road 10. What are the four uses of user charges? -​ 1. To compensate the public for assistance during modal conception and encouragement -​ 2. To finance construction (e.g., federal fuel tax on gasoline, diesel, and barge fuel tax) -​ 3. To cover operating costs (e.g., airport landing fees, road tolls, and state fuel tax applied to road maintenance) -​ 4. To equalize intermodal competitive conditions (e.g., when right-of-way costs were borne by the public and not by transport carriers or modes) 11. What is the average state gasoline tax in the US? -​ $0.57 per gallon TopHat Questions: 1.​ Ricky Bobby just came off 10 hours off duty. He went on duty and had to wait 3 hours to pickup his load. Then he drove for 7 hours to Memphis to deliver the load. He had to wait 3 hours to be offloaded. Can he now drive the 2 hours to Nashville to pickup his next load before going off duty again to sleep? -​ No 2.​ A fee assessed for use of a facility or resource, variable according to use, but does not distinguish between passengers or freight within each unit is a: -​ Unit Charge 3.​ Weighed against other road infrastructure needs in the state - Do you think this should be a high priority project in the state? -​ No 21. Third Party Logistics 1. What is a 3PL? -​ Third-Party Logistics company: refers to a company – not the shipper and it’s customer – but a third party that that the shipper will utilize to perform the order fulfillment process 2. What industry and 3PL service offering fostered the growth of 3PLs? -​ Automotive industry closed loop feeder routes, outsourcing service 3. List the top 3 benefits and top 3 risks of using 3PL services. -​ 3PL Benefits: -​ Reduce operating costs -​ Allows buyer to concentrate on core business activities -​ Increase capabilities quickly – warehouse management, order management and tracking tools  -​ Scale fast - Increase space, through-put, and production capacity quickly with minimal startup costs -​ 3PL Risks: -​ Less control of resources and operations - emergency, extreme short notice orders are more difficult to execute -​ Risk not being a priority among vendor’s customers -​ Loss of integration between sales and supply chain 4. What are the 3 keys to any outsourcing decision? -​ 1. Fully understand your current and projected costs - including operational and facility costs as well as warehouse support costs, fleet maintenance, compliance, technology, and management overhead costs! -​ 2. Create a financial business case comparing all insource costs vs outsource costs – including one-time outsourcing implementation costs. -​ 3. Determine which option will most likely provide the best customer service and best value. 5. According to Gartner, who are the top two 3PLs in North America? -​ DHL & UPS 6. What are the differences (including pros and cons) of asset based providers vs. non-asset based providers? -​ Asset Based: Owns assets and labor force needed to run transport and logistics activities -​ Pros: Readily available capacity, permanent employees, and direct control of the customers’ freight -​ Cons: Potential for bias toward 3PL’s own internal resources in developing solutions for customers -​ Non-Asset Based: Contracts with other firms to provide services rather than owning required assets -​ Pros: More flexible vs. asset- based 3PLs, unbiased decision making -​ Cons: Subject to competition for capacity from external providers, more intensive relationship management required 7. Describe the 4 types (primary service) of 3PL’s based on their foundational service offerings. -​ Transport Based 3PL: Move freight, dedicated fleet, manage transportation operations, operate fulfillment centers, develop logistics solutions -​ Distribution Based 3PL: Focus on inventory management, warehousing, and order fulfillment, but may also provide transportation services -​ Forwarder Based 3PL: Arrange transportation services for LTL shipments, air cargo, and ocean freight; facilitate international freight movements using the broker/forwarder’s contracts -​ Freight Management: Carrier selection, shipment routing & scheduling, shipment monitoring, carrier performance management, freight bill audit & payment 8. What are the top 2 primary activities outsourced to 3PL’s in the U.S.? -​ Domestic Transportation & Freight Forwarding 9. Overall are shippers satisfied with the value that 3PLs bring to their supply chain? -​ Not all shippers are able to agree on the value that 3PLs can bring to their supply chain 10. What is a Dedicated Fleet? -​ Dedicated Fleet: a 3PL for- hire trucking company that provides committed capacity to a shipper, usually involving a multi-year contract -​ Most all liability and compliance risk are shifted to the 3PL 11. What are the top 2 strategic needs of 3PL users and are shippers satisfied with 3PL capabilities in those areas? -​ Strategic Innovation & IT (technology) capabilities, around 54% of shippers are satisfied 22. Logistics Industry Challenges & Careers 1. What is the projected future growth of freight activity in the U.S by 2050? -​ 50% 2. How much has congestion costs increased (2016 to 2021) in the trucking industry? (%) -​ 27% 3. Which port in the US had the greatest amount of congestion and delays? -​ Los Angeles 4. Which area needs the greatest investment by railroads to prepare for the projected volume growth by 2035? -​ Line Haul Expansion 5. What were the top 3 critical issues in the trucking industry identified in ATRI 2024 study? -​ Economy, Truck Parking, Insurance Costs/Availability 6. What are the top 2 management and technical skills needed in supply chain according to the Auburn Logistics 2030 study? -​ Management Skills: Decision Making, Critical Thinking -​ Technical Skills: Financial Management, Technology (TMS, WMS) 7. What are some of the key findings of the ASCM study? -​ Salary Surge (up 4%), education edge (professionals with degrees reported significant salary premium), APICS impact (individuals with certifications earn 18% more), Job satisfaction (60% of professionals rated carrer satisfaction 8/10 or higher) 8. What is the average salary for supply chain jobs with 1 year or less experience according to the ASCM study? -​ 2023 Salary: $65,000 -​ 2024 Salary: $70,000 9. According to the ASCM study, what percent of supply chain workers said their satisfaction with their job was an 8/10 or better? -​ 60% TopHat Questions: 1.​ Considering the proposed infrastructure improvements in rail capacity as per the slide discussion, which category represents the highest investment for Class I Freight Railroads? -​ Line Haul Expansion Memorization: -​ Maritime accidents have gone down how much since 2000: 44% -​ What percentage of revenue does intermodal represent for major US railroads: 30% -​ Rail reduces GHG emissions compared to trucks by: 75% -​ Variable cost for air carriers: 80% -​ Fixed costs for air carriers: 20% -​ Projected growth of Air Cargo traffic per year over next 20 years: 4% -​ Projected growth of global air freighter fleet over next 20 years: 60% -​ Percent of US Business Logistics Cost that transportation represents: 69% -​ _____ % of organizations see saving from TMS systems between _____: 75%; 5%-15% -​ Typical Savings of planning and optimization in TMS: 5%-15% -​ Fuel savings with one aero modification: at least 5% -​ Fuel savings with two or more aero modifications: at least 9% -​ Reductions in CO2 emissions from innovations in truck engines: 30% -​ Projected future growth of freight activity by 2050: 50% -​ Congestion costs increase from 2016 to 2021: 27% -​ What percent of supply chain workers rate it 8/10 or better: 60% -​ Federal government pays ___ % of construction cost for interstate system: 90% -​ U.S state average fuel tax: $0.57 per gallon -​ 2023 starting salary: $65,000 -​ 2024 starting salary: $70,000 -​ Credited with inventing the modern intermodal shipping container: Malcom McLean -​ Seaborne trade volume growth since 1990: nearly tripled -​ 1 TEU size: 20’ x 8’ x 8’6” -​ TEU Capacity of largest Triple E ship: 24,000 -​ Two largest US ports by TEU volume: 1. LA, 2. NY-NJ -​ Top two ocean carriers/ship lines: 1. Mediterranean Shipping Company, 2. APM-Maersk -​ Biggest issue stopping US port automation: Labor Unions -​ Two areas of highest costs for air carriers: 1. Fuel, 2. Labor -​ Top 3 Cargo airlines: 1. Federal Express, 2. Qatar Airways, 3. UPS -​ Top 3 air freight forwarders: 1. Kuehne+Nagel, 2. DHL, 3. DSV -​ Payload capacity of Boeing 777 to railcars: 1 railcar -​ Top 2 TMS Systems: Oracle & Blue Yonder -​ Driver may drive __ hours after __ consecutive hours off duty: 11 ; 10 -​ May not drive beyond the ____ hour after coming on duty, following __ consecutive hours off duty: 14th ; 10 -​ Drivers take a __ minute break when they have driven __ cumulative hours without a __ minute interruption. 30 ; 8 ; 30 -​ May not drive after _____ hours on duty in ___ consecutive days. Driver can restart ___ consecutive day period after taking __ or more consecutive hours off duty. 60/70 ; 7/8 ; 7/8 ; 34 -​ Top 2 3PLs in North America: 1. DHL, 2. UPS -​ Top 2 Primary activities outsourced to 3PLs: 1. Domestic Transportation, 2. Freight Forwarding -​ Top 2 strategic needs of 3PL users: 1. Strategic Innovation, 2. IT (Technology) capabilities -​ US port with most congestion and delays: LA -​ Area that needs greatest investment in railroads by 2035: Line-haul expansion -​ Top 3 critical issues in trucking: 1. Economy, 2. Parking, 3. Insurance costs -​ Top 2 management skills needed in SC: 1. Decision Making, 2. Critical Thinking -​ Top 2 technical skills needed in SC: 1. Financial Management, 2. Technology (TMS,WMS)