ScienceA.P-Reviewer-1stQuarter.pdf

I.3 Plate boundaries, processes & landforms along with conver- Science Reviewer 1st Quarter gence of plates I.I are the lines...

I.3 Plate boundaries, processes & landforms along with conver- Science Reviewer 1st Quarter gence of plates I.I are the lines at the edges of the different pieces of Lithosphere 1. Volcanoes: have all opening called "crater" that release ash, TWO TYPES OF CRUST/TECTONIC PLATES magma, lava, rocks, etc. a. Continental Crust: the outermost layer of Earth's lithosphere It is typically conical in shape (thicker and less dense) floats over the top of oceanic crust -Active (currently erupting, erupts regularly, or has the poten- since it is more buoyant. tial to erupt in the future.) b. Ocean Crust: The part of the Earth's crust that makes up the -Dormant volcanoes (not currently erupting but could erupt in seafloor. It's thinner, denser, and younger compared to Conti- the future) nental crust. Sinks due to its lower buoyancy 2. Mountain Range: closest to the volcanoes. It is arranged in 1. Mantle, a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer a line connected by high ground. core, lies between Earth's dense, super-heated core and its thin outer layer 7 LARGE PLATES (African, Antarctic, Eurasian, North & South America, Indo-Australia Plate, Pacific Plate) 2. Lithospheric plates = solid, outer parts of Earth. The solid -The world's earthquakes are not randomly distributed over part of the earth is gradually moving to form different geologic the earth's surface. They tend to be in narrow zones, such as events such as earthquakes and volcanoes. near the edges of continents. 3. Asthenosphere = The upper layer of the earth’s mantle, below the lithosphere. It is solid, but can be pressed and molded. I.2 Earthquake Epicenters (Differences in temperatures within the outer and inner parts of 1. Geophysical Hazard Maps - gives the location of areas that the asthenosphere allow CONVECTION to occur.) are susceptible to dangerous geological events. Geological 4. Convection = forms the foundation of tectonic plates. hazards include earthquakes, volcanoes 5. Subduction = process by which a plate dives under a less 2. SEISMOLOGY & SEISMOLOGIST: study of the earthquakes dense plate and seismic waves that moves through and around the earth // when the older plate is forced under the younger one. -The world’s earthquakes are not //Thinner, denser, and more flexible oceanic plate sinks beneath DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES the thicker, more rigid continental plate. 1. Body waves- can travel through earth’s inner layers TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES 1. Convergent boundaries: occur when plates move towards a. Primary wave - compressional shortening motion and a each other and collide. dilational expanding motion that both lie along the line. (travels the fastest) a. Convergence of Oceanic and Continental Crustal Plates b. Secondary wave- second wave that moves in a direction - The oceanic plate sinks beneath the continent, forming a deep perpendicular to the direction that the energy in traveling in. ocean trench. 2. Surface waves- can only move on the surface of the planet -can lead to the occurrence of SUBDUCTION ZONE that give (low frequency) rise to the formation of volcanic arcs, earthquakes, and trench- es. EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER: it is a point in the earth’s surface directly above the focus. b. Convergence of Two Continental Crustal Plates Focus: it is a point where the movement occurs first. - It ceases Subduction zone, creating Mountain ranges and Shal- FAULTS: cracks on the ground low earthquakes. formula: D= Td x100 km (ex. The Himalayan Mountains) 8 seconds td (time difference in the arrival of P-wave and S-wave) Triangulation method: locates the epicenter of an earthquake Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): measures the relative explo- siveness of volcanic eruptions AP 1st Quarter KO N T E M P O R A RYO N G I SY U – m g a n a p a p a n a - h o n g p a n g yaya r i n a m a a a r i n g g u m a g a m b a l a , n a k a - KONTEMPORARYONG ISYU – mga napapanahong pangyayari kaapekto at maaaring makapagbago sa kalagay- na maaaring gumagambala, nakakaapekto at maaaring makapag- an ng tao at sa lipunang kanyang ginagalawan. bago sa kalagayan ng tao at sa lipunang kanyang ginagalawan. ONDIZ AT RODITO - ayon sa kanila, ang disaster manage- KATOTOHANAN – nagsasaad ng totoong pahayag o pang- ment ay tumutukoy sa iba’t-ibang Gawain na dinisenyo upang yayari na pinatutunayan sa tulong ng mga aktwal na datos. mapanatili ang kaayusan sa panahon ng sakuna, kalamidad, at hazard. LIPUNAN- mga taong sama-samang naninirahan sa isang organisa- NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FRAMEWORK - dong komunidad na may iisang batas, tradisyon at pagpapahalaga. binibigyang-diin nito ang pagiging handa ng bansa at komunidad sa panahon ng mga kalamidad at hazard. PAGTUKOY SA PAGKILING(BIAS) – ang pag-aanalisa ng mga im- COMMUNITY BASED-DISASTER AND RISK MANAGEMENT pormasyon na may kaugnayan sa agham panlipunan ay kinakailan- - ang pagbuo ng disaster management plan ay dapat nagtutu- gang walang kinikilingan. lungan ang pamahalaan, private sector, business sector, NGO’s at higit sa lahat ay ang mga mamamayang naninirahan sa komu- PRIMARYA AT SEKUNDARYANG SANGGUNIAN – pinagmumulan nidad. ng impormasyon ay mga orihinal na tala ng mga pangyayaring isinu- TOP-DOWN APPROACH - ang lahat ng gawain sa pagpaplano lat. na dapat gawin sa panahon ng kalamidad ay iniaasa sa mas nakakataas na ahensya ng pamahalaan. SOLID WASTE – mga basura na nagmumula sa tahanan at komer- syal na BOTTOM-UP APPROACH - pangunahing kailangan para sa CLIMATE CHANGE -establisimyento at mga pabrika. grassroots development ang pamumuno ng local na pamayanan. dahilan ng dumadalas, lumalakas na pagkakaroon ng natural na ka- DISASTER REHABILITATION - pagsasaayos ng mga nasirang lamidad na nararanasan sa Pilipinas. pasilidad at istruktura at mga naantalang pangunahimg serbisyo BIODEGRADABLES – pinakamalaking porsyento ng basurang itinat- DISASTER RESPONSE - pagsasaayos ng mga istruktura na na- apon sa bansa. salanta ng kalamidad. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS - tumutukoy sa mga hakbang o dapat gawin bago at sa panahon ng pagtama DEFORESTATION – matagalan at permanenteng pagkasira ng kagu- ng kalamidad. batan dulot ng Gawain ng tao o natural na kalamidad. FARM CONVERSION – isa sa dahilan ng pagkasira ng yamang lupa. DISASTER PREVENTION AND MITIGATION - tinataya ang 3 KILO – nahuhuling isda bawat araw mula sa 10 kilo dahil sa pagka- mga hazard at kakayahan ng pamayanan sa pagharap sa iba’t- sira ng yamang tubig. ibang suliraning pangkapaligiran. DISASTER MANAGEMENT – nakasalalay ang pagiging ligtas ng isang komunidad kung may mahusay na disaster management. HAZARD MAPPING - pagtukoy sa mapa ng mga lugar na DISASTER - mga pangyayari na nagdudulot ng panganib at pinsala maaaring masalanta ng hazard. sa tao, kapaligiran at mga gawaing pang-ekonomiya. LOSS - pansamantalang pagkawala ng serbisyo at pagkawala HAZARD - mga banta na maaaring dulot ng kalikasan o gawa ng tao. ng produksyon. RESILIENCE – kakayahan ng pamayanan na harapin ang mga epek- NEEDS - mga pangunahing pangangailangan tulad ng damit, to ng kalamidad. pagkain, tahanan at gamot. VULNERABILITY – tumutukoy sa mga tao, lugar, at imprastruktura VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT – tinataya ang mga kahinaan na may mataas na posibilidad na maapektuhan ng hazard. o kakulangan ng isang tahanan o komunidad na harapin o bu- mangon sa isang kalamidad. MAMAMAYAN – may pinakamahalagang partisipasyon at pinaka- HAZARD ASSESSMENT – tumutukoy sa lawak, sakop at pinsa- mataas na posibilidad na makaranas ng epekto ng hazard at kalami- la na maaaring danasin ng isang lugar sa panahon ng hazard. dad.  3. Plate Tectonic Theory c. Convergence of Two Oceanic Crustal Plates - The earth’s lithosphere, the crust & upper mantle is - Lead to the occurrence of subduction zone that gives rise to the for- broken up into several pieces called plates that move mation of volcanic island arc, earthquakes and trenches. If one of the slowly. leading edge suddenly flicks upward, it generates harbor waves (tsuna- It explains how the massive plates move along the mi) different types of plate tectonic boundaries (divergent, convergent, transform) where they interact and the 2. Divergent Boundaries: occur when two tectonic plates separate / geologic events, geologic features that occur at their move away from each other. boundaries. -Lead to the formation of Mid-Ocean ridges, Rift Valleys, and shallow earthquakes. Mid ocean ridges (continuous range of underwater volcanoes that wraps around the globe.) A mid ocean ridge is underwater, a rift valley is on land. A rift valley will often become a mid ocean ridge once it splits apart enough to allow the ocean to enter the valley. 3. Transform Fault Boundary: causes a fault between two plates of the lithosphere, which slides past one another (opposite sides); this creates fault lines and rift valleys. ex. San Andreas Fault, California; Anatolian Fault I.4 Earth’s Mechanisms & Evidence of Plate Movements Theories of Earth’s Movements 1. The Continental Drift Theory - The Pangaea (Permian period), started to break into two smaller super- continents called (Triassic period) Laurasia and Gondwanaland during the Jurassic Period. These smaller superconti- nents broke into the continents, and these have separated and drifted apart since then. -Scientists used rocks, fossils and climates to support the continental drift theory - Continental fit, matching of rocks, fossils of ancient organisms, coal deposits - Geological “fit” evidence is the matching or large scale geological features on different continents. It has been noted that the coastlines of South America and West Africa match up. The rocks of separate continents confirm as well. Alfred Wegener is credited with the idea of this. 2. Sea floor spreading theory - Process that forms and moves new oceanic crust. - Hot, less dense material from below the Earth’s crust rises towards the surface at mid-ocean ridge. This material flows sideways, carrying the seafloor away from the ridge, and creates a crack in the crust. The mag- ma flows out of the crack. cools down and becomes the new sea floor. - An evidence of sea floor spreading consists of molten magma con- stantly erupting, drilling samples of rock & magnetic stripes. CAPACITY ASSESSMENT - tinataya ang kakayahan ng komunidad na harapin ang iba't-ibang uri ng hazard. PILIPINAS - pangatlo sa mga bansa sa buong mundo na nagtata- pon ng plastic na basura sa karagatan. 3 KILO - ang nahuhuling timbang ng isda sa Pilipinas mula sa 10 kilo kada araw. CBDRM - Community-Based Disaster Risk Management. ABARQUEZ AT ZUBAIR - nagsaad na mahalaga ang partisipasyon ng mga mamamayan sa CBDRM Approach upang maging handa, maligtas ang maraming buhay at mabigyan ng karampatang solusy- on ang mga suliraning pangkapaligiran.