Science 10 3rd Mastery Test PDF

Science10 3rd Mastery Test ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - does not require union 1. Binary Fission - Is a process where a cell divided into 2 genetically identical daughter cells without the exchange of genetic material between organisms. 2. Bu...

Science10 3rd Mastery Test ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - does not require union 1. Binary Fission - Is a process where a cell divided into 2 genetically identical daughter cells without the exchange of genetic material between organisms. 2. Budding - A new organism develops from a bud, or outgrowth on the parent organisms. The beid receives nutrients from the parent until it is fully grown & then detaches - Ex. Coral 3. Fragmentation - A new organism splits into fragments, and each fragments develops into a new, fully grown organism that is a clone of the original. 4. Spore Formation - It involves the productio of spores. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - requires union Additional Info: 46 chromosomes: 23 from mother, and 23 from father Sex cells: sperm & egg Somatic cells: (i-search nalang bhaha) Secondary sex organs: essential to reproduction - Male: ducts, glands, penis - Female: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina MALE REDUCTIVE SYSTEM - is composed of 2 testes, glands, & an organ that transfer sperm to the female's body. Parts: 1. Testes - oval organs about the size of large olives (4-7cm in length & 20-25 mL in volume) that lie in the scrotum, secured at either end by a structural called the spermatic cord - it produces sperm cells which developed from germ cells in the seminiferous tubule - It secrets testosteron by interstitical (laydig) cells. 2. Penis  - a soft, tubular organ that hangs front of the body & is external sexual organ of the male through which the sperm are delivered into the female's body. - consists of 3 circular chambers which are made up of special-sponge-like tissue. - 3 chambers: pair of corpora cavernosa & согрus spongiosum 3. Scrotum - a pouch of skin that hangs behind the penis, houses the testes, & protects the sperm by keeping the temperature of the testes slightly lower than the normal body temperature. 4. Epididymis - a single coiled microscopic tube that measures almost 20ft (6m) in length that lies against each testis. - is located at the back of the testis & connect it to the vas deferens. - the storage site of sperm cells it absorbs about 90% of the fluid secreted by the testis. Sperm remain stored here for 40-60 days & are absorbed if not ejaculated.. 5. Chetra - the tube that passes through the penis to the outside of the body, urine carries urine & sperm. 6. Vas Deferens - a firm tube (about a size of a strand of spaghetti) it runs from the testes to the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. The tube that receives sperm from the epididymis of each testicle. - It transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation. 7. Seminal Vesicle - located above the prostate, joins with the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts which travel through the prostate. - Produce a fluid that makes up semen, which is released during ejaculation. 8. Prostate Gland - lies under the bladder & surrounds the urethra. - It is walnut-sized in young men & enlargez with age. - Its primary function is to produce the fluid that nourishes & transports sperm (seminal fluid). 9. Bulbourethral gland - a pair of exocrine gland, roughly the size of peas (AKA Cowper's Gland) located beneath the prostate gland & lateral to urethra - they add fluids to semen during the process of ejaculation. 10. Seminiferous Jubules - are clusters of hundreds of compartments with many corided tubes inside the testes. - are the site of sperm atogonesis where germ cells develop into spermatozog Semen (seminal Fluid) - The fluid expelled during orgasm  - It is a mixture of secretion from epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbouretinal gland. Fructose - produced by the seminal vesicles - provides a source of energy for the sperm Spermine - base that reduces acidity of the female vagina - increasing the survival rate of sperm. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Parts: 1. Ovaries - Organs that contain ova (plural: ovum) & produce hormones (estrogen & progesterone) that cause body changes, ovulation, & menstruation. - Ova are offe referred to as egg cells. - During puberty, the ovaries usually produce & release one ripened egg every 28 days. This is called ovulation. 2. Uterus - Pear-shaped & muscular reproductive organ - Which women mestraute & where a pregnancy develops 3. Cervix - Neck of the uterus - Part of uterus that includes the opening between the uterus and vagina. 4. Fallopian Tubes - Small tubes that carry the egg from the overies to uterus. - Where sperm will join with or fertilize an egg. 5. Vagina - A passage that connects the uterus & the outside of the body. - Serves as the birth canal & a passageway from menstrual fluids to leave the body. - Used for sexual pleasure. 6. Vulva - Woman's external sex organs. - Includes the clitoris, urethra, both side of labia, & the opening to the vagina. 7. Clitoris - Small mound of skin containing many nerve cells; very sensitive to the touch. - Location: between labia at the top of the vulva. 8. Urethra - Tube that carries urine out of the body. 9. Labia Minora - Small lips covered with modified skin. 10. Labia Majora  - Large lips covered with pubic hair. 11. Vagina Orifice - Opening into the vagina. The role of hormones involves in female reproductive system: - The LH (Luteinizing Hormone) & FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormones) stimulated the ovaries to produce estrogen & progesterone. - Those hormones are responsible to produce ova/matured egg cells. Gland Hormone Function Testes (male) Testosterone It regulates the development of the male sex organs in embryo. It also controls sex drive & secondary sex characteristics at puberty. Ovaries (female) Estrogen It controls sex drive & regulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics at puberty. Ovaries (female) Progesterone Controls the development of endometrium (mucus membrane lining the womb) during menstrual cycle & maintain of uterus during pregnancy. Pituitary Prolaction LH - Stimulates the production of milk in the mammary glands in females it stimulates evaluation, maturation of egg cell, progesteroe production whereas in males, it stimulates sperm & testosterone production. DISEASES & DISORDERS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Sexually Transmitted Diseases or STD'S - are infections passed or transmitted from person to personal through sexual tout contact or intercourse 1. Chlamydia - is a common persually transmitted intection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.  - It can affect both men or women. - Transmission: sexual contact. - Newborns: passage through infected birth canal - Symptoms: - F: painful urination, abnormal discharge from the vagina, bleeding & abdominal pain - M: Usual watery discharge from penis, painful urination - NB: eye & lung infections. - Treated: Antibiotics & no sexual contact until cured 2. Genital Herpes - It is caused by herpes simplex virus - 2(HSU) 2 - Transmission: sexual contact wtih blisters with viruses shed by an intented person - Newborn: Passage through infected birth canal - Symptoms: - M/F: cluster of tender, painful blisters, swollen glands, fever, achy feeling - NB: Varies fron mild symptoms to brains darnage & death - Treatment: There's no cure 3. Sonorrhea - It is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Transmission: sexual contad - Newborn: Passage through birth canal - Symptoms: - F: Discharge from vagina on birth canal - M: abnormal pus discharge from penis, painful urination - NB: eye infection - Treatment: antibiotics & no sexual contacts until 4. Syphilis - Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum - Transmission: sexual contact - Symptoms: - 1st stage: pain/loss sore that goes away after about 1-5 week - 2nd: body rash, hair loss, flu-like symptoms, swollen glands - 3rd: Damaged skin, bones, eyes, teeth & lines - Treatment: Antibiotics & no sexual contacts until cured. 5. Acquired Immunodefiency Syndrome (AIDS) - caused by the human immunodifiency urines (HIV), which attacks & weakens the body's immune systems. - Transmission: It can be transmitted via the exchange of a variety of body fluids from infected people - Newborn: pregnancy & delivery. - Symptoms - initial-infection: people may expегience no symptoms or an influenza-like illness. including fever, headache, rash of sore throat.  - As the infection progressively weakens the immune system. - Treatment: HIV can be suppressed by combination Antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART does not cure HIV infection but suppresses viral infection OTHER DISEASES 1. Epididymitis: inflammation of the Epididymis - Causes - Gonorrhea & chlamydia - Other infection, trauma & TB infection - Symptoms: pain in the testes, redness or swelling of the scrotum, hardness/soreness in the infected testicle - Treatment: enoughs bed rest, antibiotics, hot bath to ease the pain & help relieve swelling 2. Prostate Cancer - It is a disease which cancer cells grow in the prostate. - Symptoms: can be detected through a digital rectal exam, frequent urination, pain/discomfort while tor urinating, blood in the urin/semen, back pain. - Treatment: Surgery & hormonal therapy, radiation therapy & chemotherapy 3. Male Infertility: the sperm cells die before they reach the egg cell. Minimal amount of sperm produced by the testes. Inherited condition. - Symptoms: inability to conceive, baldness. - Treatment: medication, litestyle change 4. Cervical Cancer: cancer cells grow in the cervix - Symptoms: bleeding, bleeding after sexual intercourse, increased vaginal discharge & pain after sexual intercourse. - Treatment: Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy Common Disorders (Female reproductive system) 1. Dysmenorrhea - characterized by severe pain during menstruation. 2. Amenorrhea - abnormal absence of menstruation (had previously but none for 3-6m) 3. Oligomenorrhea - abnormal & in frequent menstrual period (none for 6-8 months) 4. Sterility - unable to reproduce offspring 5. Vaginity - vaginal infection or irritation