ANPH 111 Reproductive System Final Topic PDF

ANPH 111 & GZOO 111 Reproductive System Prepared by Robert D. Unciano  Introduction Gonads—primary sex organs Testes in males Ovaries in females Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones Sperm—male gametes Ova (eggs)—female gametes ANATOMY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ...

ANPH 111 & GZOO 111 Reproductive System Prepared by Robert D. Unciano  Introduction Gonads—primary sex organs Testes in males Ovaries in females Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones Sperm—male gametes Ova (eggs)—female gametes ANATOMY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  TESTES Each testis is connected to the trunk via the spermatic cord which houses: Blood vessels Nerves Ductus deferens TESTES Coverings of the testes Tunica albuginea—capsule that surrounds each testes Septa—extensions of the capsule that extend into the testis and divide it into lobules Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tubules Tightly coiled structures Function as sperm-forming factories Empty sperm into the rete testes THE DUCT Epididymis Highly convoluted tube 6 m (20 ft) long SYSTEM Found along the posterior lateral side of the testes Temporary storage site for immature sperm Sperm mature as they journey through the epididymis During ejaculation, sperm are propelled to the ductus deferens Vas Deferens Runs from the epididymis via the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal and arches over the urinary bladder Moves sperm by peristalsis into the urethra THE DUCT SYSTEM Ampulla—end of the ductus deferens, which emptiesinto the ejaculatory duct Ejaculatory duct—passes through the prostate to merge with the urethra Vasectomy—cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes prevents transportation of sperm (form of birth control) Ejaculation—smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus deferens create peristaltic waves to squeeze sperm forward THE DUCT SYSTEM Urethra Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis Carries both urine and sperm Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct 1. Prostatic urethra—surrounded by prostate gland 2. Membranous urethra—prostatic urethra to penis 3. Spongy (penile) urethra—runs the length of the penis to the external urethral orifice Accessory Organs and Semen Seminal Glands (Vesicles) Located at the base of the bladder Produce a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of semen) that contains: 1. Fructose (sugar) 2. Vitamin C 3. Prostaglandins Duct of each seminal vesicle joins that of the ductus deferens on each side to form the ejaculatory duct  Prostate Encircles the upper (prostatic) part of the urethra Secretes a milky fluid Helps to activate sperm Fluid enters the urethra through several small ducts Bulbourethral Gland Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate Produce a thick, clear mucus Mucus cleanses the spongy (penile) urethra of acidic urine prior to ejaculation Mucus serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse  Semen Milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions Components of accessory gland secretions Liquid portion acts as a transport medium to dilute sperm Sperm are streamlined cellular “tadpoles” Fructose provides energy for sperm cells Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina Semen inhibits bacterias. Accessory Organs and Semen  Scrotum Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that houses the testes Viable sperm cannot be produced at normal body temperature Maintains testes at 3°C lower than normal body temperature Penis Male organ of copulation that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract Regions of the penis Shaft Glans penis (enlarged tip) Prepuce (foreskin) Folded cuff of skin around proximal end Often removed by circumcision  Penis Internally there are three areas of spongy erectile tissue around the urethra Erections occur when this erectile tissue fills with blood during sexual excitement Testosterone Production  During Puberty Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) begins prodding seminiferous tubules to produce sperm Luteinizing hormone (LH) begins activating the interstitial cells to produce testosterone Testosterone Most important hormonal product of the testes Stimulates reproductive organ development Underlies sex drive Causes secondary sex characteristics Deepening of voice Increased hair growth Enlargement of skeletal muscles Increased bone growth and density Female Reproductive System  Ovaries Produce eggs (ova) and hormones (estrogen and progesterone) Each ovary houses ovarian follicles consisting of: Oocyte (immature egg) Follicle cells—layers of different cells that surround the oocyte  Ovarian follicles Primary follicle—contains an immature oocyte Ovaries Vesicular (Graafian) follicle—growing follicle with a maturing oocyte Ovulation—the follicle ruptures when the egg is mature and ready to be ejected from the ovary; occurs about every 28 days. The ruptured follicle is transformed into a corpus luteum Ovary support Suspensory ligaments- secure the ovaries to the lateral walls of the pelvis Ovarian ligaments- anchor ovaries to the uterus medially Broad ligaments- a fold of peritoneum, enclose and hold the ovariesin place Duct System  Uterine (Fallopian) tubes Form the initial part of the duct system Receive the ovulated oocyte from the ovaries Provide a site for fertilization Empty into the uterus Little or no contact between ovaries and uterine tubes Supported and enclosed by the broad ligament  Uterine (Fallopian) tubes Uterine (fallopian) tube structure Infundibulum: Distal, funnel-shaped end Fimbriae: Fingerlike projections of the infundibulum Receive the oocyte from the ovary Cilia located inside the uterine tube transport the oocyte  Uterus Situated between the urinary bladder and rectum Size and shape of a pear, in a woman who has never been pregnant Receives, retains, nourishes a fertilized egg Uterus Uterine support Broad ligament- suspends the uterus in the pelvis Round ligament -anchors the uterus anteriorly Uterosacral ligament- anchors the uterus posteriorly Regions of the uterus Body—main portion Fundus—superior rounded region above where uterine tube enters Cervix—narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina Uterus Layers of the uterus Endometrium Inner layer (mucosa) Site of implantation of a fertilized egg 1. Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menstruation or menses) Myometrium - the middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts during labor Perimetrium (visceral peritoneum)- the outermostserous layer of the uterus  Vagina Passageway that extends from cervix to exterior of body and is located between urinary bladder and rectum Serves as the canal that allows a baby or menstrual flow to leave the body Female organ of copulation Receives the penis during sexual intercourse Hymen—partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured External Genitalia and Perineum Mons Pubis Fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis Covered with pubic hair after puberty Labia – skin folds Labia majora -Hair-covered skin folds -Enclose the labia minora -Also encloses the vestibule Labia minora—delicate, hair-free folds of skin External Genitalia and Perineum Vestibule Enclosed by labia majora Contains external openings of the urethra and vagina Greater vestibular glands One is found on each side of the vagina Secretions lubricate vagina during intercourse  Clitoris Contains erectile tissue Corresponds to the male penis The clitoris is similar to the penis in that it is: Hooded by a prepuce Composed of sensitive erectile tissue Swollen with blood during sexual excitement The clitoris lacks a reproductive duct  Perineum Diamond-shaped region between the anterior ends of the labial folds, anus posteriorly, and ischial tuberosities laterally Hormone Production by the Ovaries  Estrogen Estrogens are produced by follicle cells Cause secondary sex characteristics Enlargement of accessory organs of the female reproductive system Development of breasts Appearance of axillary and pubic hair Increase in fat beneath the skin, particularly in hips and breasts Widening and lightening of the pelvis Onset of menses (menstrual cycle) Progesterone Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum Production continues until LH diminishes in the blood Does not contribute to the appearance of secondary sex characteristics Helps maintain pregnancy Prepares the breasts for milk production MAMMARY GLAND Mammary Glands Present in both sexes, but function only in females Modified sweat glands Function is to produce milk to nourish a newborn Stimulated by sex hormones (mostly estrogens) to increase in size Mammary Glands Areola—central pigmented area Nipple—protruding central area of areola Lobes—internal structures that radiate around nipple Lobules—located within each lobe and contain clusters of alveolar glands Mammary Glands Alveolar glands—produce milk when a woman is lactating (producing milk) Lactiferous ducts—connect alveolar glands to nipple Lactiferous sinus—dilated portion where milk accumulates  Thank you! This is my final presentation for this sem! It is an honor to serve you Nursing Blk 2, 3, 7, 8, 10 & I am so proud of you all! Psych Blk 2! One of the best journey in my life I love you all Future Nurses & and I got to share it with you! Psychologists! Signing off! Robert D. Unciano