Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems PDF

CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM ✓ Respiration involves the intake of oxygen and its delivery to the cells of the different parts of the body and the ✓ removal of carbon dioxide. This happens in humans through the ✓ process of breathing. The cardiorespiratory system include...

CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM ✓ Respiration involves the intake of oxygen and its delivery to the cells of the different parts of the body and the ✓ removal of carbon dioxide. This happens in humans through the ✓ process of breathing. The cardiorespiratory system include the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs and the alveoli.  Main Parts of the Cardiorespiratory System NASAL CAVITY NASAL CAVITY NOSTRILS are the opening in to the nasal passages that are line with hairs. Nasal vibrissae are hairs found within the nostrils; it prevent dust from penetrating deeper in our trachea. Cilia are microscopic hairlike projections in the nasal cavity; it filter the pathogens and microbes. Main Parts of the Cardiorespiratory System PHARYNX PHARYNX An organ which serves as the common passageway for food and air. It is also known as the throat. It is composed of epiglottis. An epiglottis is a thin plate of flexible cartilage in front of the glottis that folds back over and protects the glottis during swallowing. The epiglottis opens to allow the entry of air and closes to prevent food from entering the windpipe.  Main Parts of the Cardiorespiratory System LARYNX LARYNX Also known as the voice box. The vocal cords vibrate as air passes through them; then allows us to produce sound and voice Main Parts of the Cardiorespiratory System TRACHEA Is also known as windpipe. TRACHEA It is made up of muscles and elastic fibers and supported with rings of cartilage and also lined with cilia that filters the air we inhale.  Main Parts of the Cardiorespiratory System BRONCHI and BRONCHIOLES The large tubes that connect to your trachea (windpipe) and direct the air you breathe to BRONCHI your right and left lungs. BRONCHIOLES Smallest tubes BRONCHIOLES Branch off into alveoli Main Parts of the Cardiorespiratory System ALVEOLI Grapelike structures at the end of the bronchioles. They have thin walls that are equipped with tiny blood vessels known as capillaries where gas exchange occurs.  Main Parts of the Cardiorespiratory System LUNGS Are located in the chest cavity surrounded by the rib cage Main organs of the respiratory system It is where the exchange of gases occurs through the aid of alveoli It is the site where oxygen is taken into and carbon dioxide is expelled out It is covered with pleural membrane DIAPHRAGM A dome-shaped muscle that controls breathing. When we inhale, the diaphragm contracts and pulls air inward and it relaxes when we exhale, thus, the air rich with carbon dioxide DIAPHRAGM  BREATHING DURING INHALATION The diaphragm contracts or moves down which causes the chest cavity to expand. Allowing air to move into the lungs. DURING EXHALATION The diaphragm relaxes and returns to its normal resting position. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM CARDIO refers to the heart VASCULAR refers to the channel or passage through which blood passes The body’s transport system It is composed of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood. FUNCTIONS Responsible for distributing nutrients, oxygen and other essential substances to all parts of the body. It also takes away carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the different excretory system Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System HEART The pumping organ of the cardiovascular system. It is located at the center of the chest slightly tilted to the left. It beats around 3 billion times during an average lifetime. It keeps blood moving throughout the body. It is composed of cardiac muscles which are considered as involuntary muscles. Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System HEART Approximately the size of a closed fist It is enclosed in a protective sac called pericardium. Beneath the pericardium is the heart wall called the myocardium. The myocardium has a definite cycle of contraction and relaxation (heartbeat)  Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System HEART CHAMBERS The heart is divided into four chambers: the left and right atria and the left and right ventricles. The atria (upper chamber) are responsible for receiving blood coming from all parts of the body. The ventricles (lower chamber) are the pumping chambers of the heart.  Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System HEART CHAMBERS ATRIA much smaller and have thinner walls than the ventricles Act as reservoirs for the blood entering the heart. The right atrium holds the blood from other parts of the body and the left atrium holds the blood from the lungs  Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System HEART CHAMBERS VENTRICLES Bigger and have thicker walls They function in pumping blood The right ventricles pumps the blood to the lungs as the left ventricles pumps the blood to all parts of the body. A thin wall called SEPTUM divides the heart into its left side and right side  Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System HEART CHAMBERS VALVES Flap of muscles that prevents the backflow of the blood It ensure that blood flows only in one direction. Tricuspid valve divides the right atrium from the left ventricle Mitral valve divides the left atrium and left ventricle. Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System HEARTBEAT The average heartbeat is 60 to 100 times per minute. The pulse is the rhythmic stretching of the artery caused by the pressure of the blood within as the ventricles contract. HEART SOUNDS lub dub The sound lub is produced by the vibrationof the ventricles when they contract Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System BLOOD VESSELS A network of tubes which serves as the passageway of blood that brings blood to different parts of the body. It includes the arteries, veins and capillaries. Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System ARTERIES Blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart. It has thick elastic middle layer to withstand high pressure of blood as it surges from the heart with each beat. AORTA is the largest artery found in the heart. Arterioles are the smallest. Arteries carry oxygenated blood, with the exception of the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood. Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System VEINS Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. VENA CAVA is the largest vein VENULES are the smallest vein. Veins are blood vessels which carry deoxygenated blood, with the exception of the pulmonary vein which carries oxygenated blood. Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System CAPILLARIES The smallest blood vessels Serves as the connection between arteries and veins.  Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System BLOOD Referred to as the “red river of life” because it delivers vital nutrients and essential things such as oxygen to the parts of the body and it carries away wastes products like carbon dioxide and excess water for excretion. It also carries white blood cells that protect the body from diseases and infection. It controls body temperature by cooling active parts muscles such as the heart, and warming the less active parts like the toes. It transports hormones and other substances needed for stimulating body processes.  Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System ❖ PLASMA The liquid part of the blood which is straw-yellow in color. It is made up of 90% water and the remaining 10% includes proteins, nutrients, wastes, hormones and dissolved electrolytes  Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System ❖ RED BLOOD CELLS (erythrocytes) Produced in the red marrow of the bone It carry oxygen from the lungs and transport it to all body tissues and sequester carbon dioxide and other wastes. It contains HEMOGLOBIN, a substance which is rich in iron and gives the blood a red color when it combines with oxygen  Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System ❖ WHITE BLOOD CELLS (leucocytes) Bigger than red blood cells but are fewer in number There is about 1 wbc for every 500 rbc They are said to be the soldiers of the body because they protect and defend the body against diseases and infection. TWO TYPES Phagocytes get rid of bacteria and worn out cells Lymphocytes make antibodies that help fight infection  Main Parts of the Cardiovascular System ❖ PLATELETS (thrombocytes) Relatively smaller and irregular in shape Play important role in blood clotting BLOOD CIRCULATION PULMONARY CIRCULATION The movement of deoxygenated blood from the heart and into the lungs. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION The movement of oxygenated blood from the heart going toward the different parts of the body.  DISORDER AND DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1. COMMON COLD a viral infection of your nose and throat (upper respiratory tract). 2. PNEUMONIA An infection of one or both lungs which is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It causes the alveoli and smaller airways in the lungs to become inflamed and filled with fluid  DISORDER AND DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 3. TUBERCULOSIS A contagious disease of the lungs, it spreads through the air 4. BRONCHITIS An acute inflammation of the air passages within the lungs  DISORDER AND DISEASES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1. STROKE Occurs when a blood clot is formed and blocks the arteries to the brain. 2. LEUKEMIA Overproduction of immature white blood cells in the bone marrow.  DISORDER AND DISEASES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 3. RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE It is caused by repeated throat infection by bacteria. The bacteria go down to the heart. 2. ANEMIA A decrease of hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Less hemoglobin means less supply of oxygen to the cells  KEEPING THE CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM HEALTHY 1. Do regular exercise. 2. Eat a well-balanced diet. 3. Live in a clean environment. 4. Do not smoke cigarettes and avoid going near smokers. 5. Observe proper hygiene 6. Consult a doctor for any sign of ailment NERVOUS SYSTEM ✓ The nervous system is the control center of the body. ✓ The nervous system is responsible for vital processes such as movement, response to stimuli, cognition, thinking, emotional processes, even the programmed release of different hormones that are intended for growth and development. ✓ Without the nervous system, we will not be able to carry out different biological processes. ✓ It is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves. ✓ Our Nervous System receives signals or stimuli from inside of our body as well as outside of our body. ✓ Stimulus is an agent or factor that triggers response in our body. It can either be external or internal. An external stimulus comes from the outside of the body: light, temperature, pressure, sound, touch, and other related stimuli. An internal stimulus comes from inside the body which the brain sends signals to a specific gland to release specific hormones. The table below shows the different responses of organisms such as human beings to different stimuli. STIMULI RESPONSES Light phototaxis Water hydrotaxis Chemical chemotaxis Temperature thermotaxis Touch thigmotaxis  Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It controls and coordinates the activities of the whole nervous system.  THE BRAIN The primary organ of the CNS. It receives and interprets countless signals. It makes us conscious, emotional, and capable of thinking. It is the control center for movement, sleep, hunger, thirst, and every vital activities necessary for survival It controls all human emotions like love, hate, fear, anger, elation, and sadness. It is protected by the skull and three layers of tissues called meninges. It is made up of approximately 100 billion nerve cells or neurons. An adult human brain is approximately 1.3 kg mass of pinkish gray material. It is composed of folds: sulci and gyri. The wrinkles: sulci (wrinkles) The ridges: gyri (ridges)  PARTS OF THE BRAIN CEREBRUM The largest part of the brain. Its is responsible for higher thought: PARIETAL LOBE topmost part of the controlling speech, memory, FRONTAL LOBE brain front part of the emotions, intelligence, reasoning, brain OCCIPITAL LOBE thinking, and sensations. back of the brain TEMPORAL LOBE It is divided into left and right below the parietal lobe hemispheres that are connected to each other by the corpus callosum.  The right hemisphere controls the left side of your body while the left hemisphere controls the right side of your body LEFT HEMISPHERE RIGHT HEMISPHERE Number skills Insight Written language 3D forms Reasoning Art Spoken language Music awareness Scientific skills Imagination Right hand control Left hand control  FRONTAL LOBE PARIETAL LOBE front part of the topmost part of the brain brain responsible responsible for thinking for with perception reasoning, of stimuli planning, such as parts of touch, speech and pressure, movement, temperature emotions and pain and problem OCCIPITAL LOBE solving TEMPORAL LOBE below the parietal back of the brain lobe responsible with responsible for recognition many aspects of hearing and smell of vision  PARTS OF THE BRAIN CEREBELLUM The second largest part of the brain. It is also known as the “little brain”. It is located toward the back and the bottom of the brain. It controls muscle coordination, maintains normal muscle tone and posture, and coordinates balance. CEREBELLUM  PARTS OF THE BRAIN BRAINSTEM The part of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. It controls involuntary activities: digestion, heartbeat, and breathing. It contains three parts: midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Midbrain contains centers for integration of sensory information. BRAINSTEM The pons regulates the breathing centers in the medulla. The medulla oblongata contains centers that control varying functions such as breathing, swallowing, vomiting and digestion.  PARTS OF THE BRAIN BRAINSTEM The upper end of the brainstem are two glands: hypothalamus and the thalamus. HYPOTHALAMUS Regulates homeostasis (maintains internal balance in the body Regulates areas of thirst, hunger, body temperature, water balance, and blood pressure. THALAMUS Serves as a central relay for incoming nervous messages. Also plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory.  NERVE CELL/NEURON The basic unit of the nervous system. The main function is to collect and carry nerve impulses. (Nerve impulses are relayed to the brain a sent back for proper action or reaction) Composed of three parts: dendrites, cell body, and the axon.  Dendrites are the short and highly branched part Synapse are small of the neuron that receive information from a space or gap between receptor organ or another neuron and transmit one neuron and the messages to the cell body. next one. Cell body contains the Axon is the long nucleus , and slender part mitochondria, of the neuron other cellular that conducts the organelles information away from the cell body  THREE TYPES OF NEURONS SENSORY NEURONS MOTOR NEURONS INTERNEURONS Carry messages from Receives information Found only in the receptor organs: skin, from the nerve CNS: brain, and eyes, nose, ears, and centers and transmits spinal cord. tongue to the nerve it to the effector They connect a centers. (brain and the organ such as the sensory neuron to a spinal cord) muscles or organs. motor neuron  SPINAL CORD It extends from the brain stem down to the buttock region. A bony vertebra that compromises the vertebral column. It allows signals to be sent from the brain to the other parts of the body. It also receives messages from the different parts of the body to the brain. It acts as the connection between the brain and other parts of the body  Structure and Functions of the PNS Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body. It contains all the nerves outside the brain and the spinal cord. It carries impulses from the sensory nerves to the CNS and from the CNS to the motor nerves.  There are two types of nerves that carry impulses: sensory nerves and the motor nerves. SENSORY NERVES carry impulses from the stimulus to the CNS for processing. MOTOR NERVES carry impulses from the CNS to activate the muscles in the body The PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM can be divided into two parts: the sensory division (afferent) and the motor (efferent) The Sensory Division (afferent) transmits impulses from the receptor sense organs to the central nervous system. The Motor Division (efferent) transmits impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands  The Motor Division is divided further into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. ❑ SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM includes all nerves controlling the muscular system and external sensory receptors. - It regulates the activities that are under conscious control. ❑ AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM consists of motor neurons that control internal organs. - It regulates activities that are automatic or involuntary. PARASYMPATHETIC -involved in “rest and digest” response. -the body's ability to relax SYMPATHETIC -involved in “fight or flight” response. -plays a critical role in how we deal with stress and danger in our environment  DISORDER AND DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. MENINGITIS The inflammation of the meninges due to bacteria or viral infection A person with meningitis experiences severe headache, fever, irritability and neck stiffness. 2. RABIES Also called hydrophobia An acute infection of the central nervous system caused by rabis virus. Among the symptoms are numbness, pain, and burning sensation in the infected area.  DISORDER AND DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 3. SLEEPING SICKNESS A disease caused by a parasite which attacks the nervous system. The tsetse fly is the carrier of this parasite. Symptoms are fever, swelling of lymph nodes, skin rashes, and weakness. 4. PARKINSON’S DISEASE A motor system disorder. Happens when neuron pathways of the brain is destroyed People with Parkinson’s disease manifest trembling in the hands, arms, legs, jaw and face, stiffness of the limbs, and slowness of movements  HOW TO TAKE CARE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Wear a seatbelt when you ride a car. 2. Wear a helmet when riding a motorcycle to protect your head from injury in case of accidents. 3. Avoid taking medicine that is not prescribed by a medical doctor. 4. Do not drink alcoholic beverages. 5. Avoid inhaling poisonous fumes such as those from glue or paint as they can harm the brain.