Student CH08-heart and lungs PDF

CHAPTER 8 Heart and Lungs at Work Kinesiology Books Publisher 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cardiovascular Anatomy Heart Peripheral Circulatory System Red Blood Cells Cardiovascular Physiology Transport of...

CHAPTER 8 Heart and Lungs at Work Kinesiology Books Publisher 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cardiovascular Anatomy Heart Peripheral Circulatory System Red Blood Cells Cardiovascular Physiology Transport of Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Uptake Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology Structure Function Exercise Effects on Cardiorespiratory System Cardiac Output Capillary Supply Blood Volume Ventilation Exercise and Environments Altitude Temperature Kinesiology Books Publisher 2 Cardiovascular system Critical for performance ↳ for · life as well · gets of from the air and gets it to all cells · gets rid of Waste (carbon dioxide 3 Kinesiology Books Publisher 3 CARDIOVASCULAR ANATOMY Heart Peripheral Circulatory System Red Blood Cells Kinesiology Books Publisher 4 HEART Pumps blood through the human body ↓ Double pump Kinesiology Books Publisher 5  STRUCTURE 3 layers: 1. Endocardium (innermost) termly /2. Myocardium (middle) ↳ lining of heart chambers ↑ 3. Epicardium (outer) attached ↳ muscle ↳ thin protective covering Pericardium ↳Protective sac the heart sits within 6 Kinesiology Books Publisher 6  Pericardial cavity 2. Myocardium bac -outer Pericardium (outer) 1. Endocardium Pericardium (inner) 3. Epicardium 7 Kinesiology Books Publisher 7 STRUCTURE: CHAMBERS AND VESSELS Pulmonary vein Atria /Enters) Right atrium Via superior/inferior ava or vena cava a c peri v e n r/ s u Left atrium o e ri Via pulmonary vein Inf Left atrium Right atrium Kinesiology Books Publisher 8 STRUCTURE: CHAMBERS AND VESSELS Ventricles Cleaves) tery Right ventricle r nary a Aorta Via pulmonary artery Pulmo Left ventricle Via aorta Left ventricle Right ventricle Kinesiology Books Publisher 9 STRUCTURE: VALVES Atrioventricular valves 1.Tricuspid valve: right - side of the heart between Atrium/ ventricle 2.Bicuspid / mitral valve: - left side of heart between Atrium/ventricle 1 1 2 2 10 Kinesiology Books Publisher 10 STRUCTURE: VALVES Semilunar valves (Always leave 1.Pulmonary valve: · leaving from right ventricle 2.Aortic valve: · leaving from left ventricle 1 1 2 2 11 Kinesiology Books Publisher 11  Pulmonary Artery Pulmonarein - 1 vena was 3 ↑ 1 3 Atrium Atrium 2 2 ventricle ventricle aorta Kinesiology Books Publisher 12 FUNCTION Heart contracts in a constant rhythm ↑ controls Rhythm Sinoatrial (SA) node Atria 1st,ventricles 2nd ↳ found in the wall of atrium right ↳ Generates action potentials ↳ Atrium contracts first/ventricles second 13 Kinesiology Books Publisher 13  ↑ BLOOD PRESSURE · contract = blood pressure Relaxation = blood pressure ↓ · 1. Systolic BP blood leaving the heart > - During ventricular contraction (systole) Normal: 120 mm Hg 2. Diastolic BP (Peripheral) During heart relaxation (diastole) Normal: 70-80 mm Hg 14 Kinesiology Books Publisher 14  15 Kinesiology Books Publisher 15  CARDIAC OUTPUT Amount of pretty blood the heart moves per minute ↳ At rest is low ↳More movement COT how many times your heart beats Stroke Heart Cardiac volume rate output how much blood (ml/beat) (beat/min) (ml/min) comes out per pump more you workout the more blood amount can be pumped. 16 Kinesiology Books Publisher 16 PERIPHERAL CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Consists of blood vessels made up of layers of tissue Kinesiology Books Publisher 17 ARTERIES away from heart -. Arterioles has elastic muscular walls · large Capillaries ↳ exchange of O2/CO2 nts ri e t n, u Arteriole O2 ct s u Ar d pro y- te ,b CO 2 ry Capillary 18 Kinesiology Books Publisher 18 VEINS ↳. returns blood to heart · cannot recoil Venules ↳. small veins Valves ↳ one way values Arteriole Capillary 19 Kinesiology Books Publisher 19 Kinesiology Books Publisher 20  21 Kinesiology Books Publisher 21 RED BLOOD CELLS Blood: 1. Plasma (fluid) 2. Platelets (form clots) 3. White blood cells light infection) 4. Red blood(Transport (02) O2 RBCs Most abundant cell type in blood 45% of blood volume = hematocrit Ired blood cells) Kinesiology Books Publisher 22 HEMOGLOBIN = Molecule in red blood cells Protein and iron molecule Partial pressure of O2 (PO2) Determines hemoglobin-oxygen binding Reticulocytes Tightly controlled by erythropoietin (EPO) /Hormone that controls the amount of RBC produced 23 Kinesiology Books Publisher 23 CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY Transport of Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Uptake Kinesiology Books Publisher 24 TRANSPORT OF CO2 Tissues à blood à lungs à air Helps regulate body’s: Ionic equilibrium (chloride shift) pH balance (bicarbonate) Kinesiology Books Publisher 25 CO2 by-product of aerobic 10% CO2 free in plasma Free CO2 released metabolism 20% CO2 as Haldane effect: CO2 Diffuses to blood carbaminohemoglobin in unbinds from hemoglobin RBCs Low partial pressure of 70% CO2 as bicarbonate in CO2 (PCO2) converts plasma bicarbonate to CO2 Kinesiology Books Publisher 26  27 Kinesiology Books Publisher 27  28 Kinesiology Books Publisher 28 O2 UPTAKE aerobic power ↓ VO2 ↳ maximal amount of of you can use in I min varies through genetics andtraining · Amount of O2 consumed due to aerobic metabolism Limit: Maximal aerobic power (VO2max) Varies with genetics and training Kinesiology Books Publisher 29 FACTORS AFFECTING O2 DELIVERY & UPTAKE Cardiac output a-v O2difference VO2Max Central Peripheral component component Amount of O2 Amount of O2 delivered extracted By cardiovascular By skeletal system muscles · stroke volume + heart rate · improve and adapt with training 30 Kinesiology Books Publisher 30 FACTORS AFFECTING O2 DELIVERY Cardiac output Amt of blood pumped by the heart Hematocrit Concentration of red blood cells ↳ more red blood cells allow for more o transportation 31 Kinesiology Books Publisher 31 FACTORS AFFECTING O2 UPTAKE O2 extraction Ability of tissues to extract O2 Bohr effect: O2 released from Hb under high CO2 https://encrypted- ↳ Amount Mitochondria (traing of tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSq5Rvv0lCM9XlaFkSX8qBDRaPXByeDxLlaexI amount) increase · training · rNN9WtWIiOVeSGw myoglobin more - can store more enzymes - Capillarization Number of capillaries in tissue ↳ · More surface area more gas exchange = with aerobic training Capillary beds · we create more 32 Kinesiology Books Publisher 32 RESPIRATORY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Structure Function Kinesiology Books Publisher 33  Respiratory system (Plate) Pharynx outlet for Oc to enter ↓ · laranx ↓ trachea ↓ bronchus ↓ bronchioles ↓ terminal bronchiole ↓ Alveolar Sac (site of gas exchange Kinesiology Books Publisher 34 STRUCTURE Lungs + passageways allow air flow Muscles move air in and out lungs Chest cavity houses lungs 1. Conduction zone - Areas where we move O 2. Respiratory zone - Area of gas exchange Kinesiology Books Publisher 35 branch FUNCTION Respiration 1. Ventilation Inspiration Expiration 2. Gas exchange Between air and blood Between blood and other tissue 3. Oxygen utilization At the tissues Cellular respiration Kinesiology Books Publisher 37 VENTILATION Movement of air gases in and out lungs Respiratory muscle contraction Diaphragm diaphragm goes rest the up , inhale it pushes F - down Intercostal muscles - Movement of these change the shape of the lungs to allow for airflow Air pressure inside lungs changes 38 Kinesiology Books Publisher 38  Inspiration Muscles contract Cavity and lungs expands Lung pressure ¯ Air flows in contraction of diaphragm · Expiration Muscles relax Cavity and lungs shrinks Lung pressure ­ Air flows out · Passive 39 Kinesiology Books Publisher 39 GAS EXCHANGE IN LUNGS US = singular i = plural Alveolus Surrounded by pulmonary capillaries · only area that allows for gas exchange Gas diffusion possible due to: Alveoli structure Gas concentration difference 40 Kinesiology Books Publisher 40 41 EXERCISE EFFECTS ON CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM Cardiac Output Capillary Supply Blood Volume Ventilation Kinesiology Books Publisher 42 EXERCISE EFFECTS ON CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM To ensure Adequate supply of blood (and O2) Heat and waste removed /remand goes up) Kinesiology Books Publisher 43 CARDIAC OUTPUT left ventricle becomes stronger · ­ atria and ventricles size Wall thickness Kinesiology Books Publisher 44 CAPILLARY SUPPLY ­ number muscle capillaries and their blood flow (increase are ability to extractOf from the blood) Kinesiology Books Publisher 45 BLOOD VOLUME 1. ­ number of RBCs 2. ­ total blood volume erythropoiesis = formation in new red blood cells ↳ pick up more O Kinesiology Books Publisher 46 VENTILATION · health, lungs can preform far more then the body needs Exercise ­ breath depth ­ breathing rate Kinesiology Books Publisher 47 EXERCISE AND ENVIRONMENTS Altitude Temperature Kinesiology Books Publisher 48 * Ask hole in long Environments and exercise Two common environmental changes Altitude Temperature Kinesiology Books Publisher 49 ALTITUDE takeing Not in lot of Oz but exhale a lot of “Thin air” - a , CO2 ↳ this causes the balance to be ¯ O2 with each breath uneven Hyperventilation (immediate) ­ breathing rate ­ CO2 removal and acid-base balance changes Acute mountain sickness (headache à brain and lung swelling) ­ Heart rate (immediate) ­ O2 carrying capacity (long-term) ↳. People who live in high altitude have higher red blood cells highest benefits with people who live and train low. high · Kinesiology Books Publisher 50  51 Kinesiology Books Publisher 51 TEMPERATURE At rest Body heat radiates to the surrounding air During exercise Body heat must be released by additional means e g Sweating -. Kinesiology Books Publisher 52 EXERCISE IN THE HEAT ­ sweating Close fluid) ­ heart rate = increase peripheral vasodilation ¯ stroke volume hyperthermia ↳ into cooler environment go · a · re-hydrate with electrolytes Urine colour 53 Severely dehydrated Dehydrated Hydrated Kinesiology Books Publisher 53 EXERCISE IN THE COLD Body less capable to adapt to prolonged cold vs. heat exposure Hypothermia (significant ¯ body core temperature) Shivering (involuntary skeletal muscle twitching) ­ body’s metabolic rate and heat production Peripheral vasoconstriction ↳ blood vessels get smaller 54 Kinesiology Books Publisher 54 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER Cardiovascular and respiratory systems are made up of interconnected organs and deliver O2, CO2, and nutrients Respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange between air and blood Exercise has many beneficial effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems Environmental conditions increase stress on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems during exercise Kinesiology Books Publisher 55