Science Study Doc 24/25 PDF

Science Study Doc 24/25 Tissues: A tissue is a group of connected cells that have a similar function within an organism. The 4 basic types of tissue in the body of all animals make up the structure, all the organs, and other contents of the body. Epithelial tissue: Function: Protection: Skin pr...

Science Study Doc 24/25 Tissues: A tissue is a group of connected cells that have a similar function within an organism. The 4 basic types of tissue in the body of all animals make up the structure, all the organs, and other contents of the body. Epithelial tissue: Function: Protection: Skin protects from the sun and pathogens Secretion: Hormones, thyroid, pituitary, prostate, mammary glands and mucus Absorption/Exchange: Oxygen and carbon dioxide Sensations: Touch and feel Location: A dense population of cells connected by cell junctions. Sheets of cells, lining cavities, and covering surfaces. Epithelial tissue consists of vessels, outer skin, and internal organs. Connective tissue: Function: Structure Support Defense Transportation/Binding Substance/Structure: Composed primarily of an extracellular matrix and a limited number of cells consisting of 3 cell fibers: collagen, elastin, and ground material (water, fluid, and protein), but blood and lymph are specialized fluid-connective tissues without fiber. Types/Location: Cartilage buffers/cushions ends of bones Adipose body fat: energy and insulation Loose around/within vessels and organs Fibrous ligaments and tendons Blood transports gases (O2 and CO2) and nutrients throughout the body Bone provides structure, support, and protection Muscle tissue: Function: Movement: Of food, blood, and waste throughout the body Posture: Heat: Types/Location: Skeletal Muscle (voluntary) Muscle tissue that is attached to the bone. Contractions of skeletal muscle are voluntary or under conscious control. Skeletal muscle tissue is the most common type of muscle in the human body. Smooth Muscle Muscle tissue in the walls of internal organs such as the stomach and (involuntary) intestines. When it contracts, it helps the organs carry out their functions. Ex. smooth muscle contracting in the stomach squeezes the food inside of it to help with digestion Cardiac Muscle Found only in the walls of the heart. When cardiac muscle contracts, (involuntary) the heart beats and pumps blood. Cardiac muscle contains a great many mitochondria (the most in the entire body) which produce ATP (energy-rich molecule adenosine triphosphate) for energy, helping the heart resist fatigue. Arranged in bundles so appears striated. Nervous tissue: Function: Transmits electrical signals throughout the body and allows the brain to communicate with it. When neurons connect it is called a synapse; aided by “neurotransmitters” such as serotonin. Type: Nerve cells and brain cells are called neurons Substance/Structure: The cell body containing the nucleus Dendrites around the cell body that receive signals Axon (protected by a myelin sheath) and axon terminals that transmit signals. It is composed of specialized cells that not only receive stimuli but also conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body. Nerves or neurons are long and string-like Dendrites: receive signals Axon branches: transmit signals  10 Vital Human Organs: Organ Location Tissue Function Brain Head, within the skull Nervous tissue Controller of your body Stores info Allows you to think and learn Controls vital daily functions (digestion, heart rate, breathing) Receives impulses from nerves throughout the body (electricity) Heart Center-left of chest Cardiac tissue Pumps oxygenated blood (cardiac muscle) Receives deoxygenated blood Removes CO2 Beats more than 2.5 billion times in the average lifetime Lung Behind the heart Epithelial tissue Helps us breathe protected by the rib Connective tissue Takes in oxygen, which travels through cage the blood and the heart and expels CO2 as the heart receives deoxygenated blood Liver Upper-left abdomen Epithelial tissue Produces bile, which is used to digest and Biggest internal organ Smooth muscle metabolize food Filters out toxins in blood Regulates blood sugar Releases cholesterol, breaks down fat Produces blood proteins Kidneys Under the rib cage in Epithelial and Filters waste and things like salts out of your lower back connective ohh im blood here (lol) and im Produces urine concerned abt Produces enzymes called renin how long this is Regulates the body’s arterial blood Ive used like pressure Stomach Center Epithelial tissue Receives food from the esophagus Sends food to small intestine Breaks down food and mixes it with digestive juices or enzymes Produces acid Small intestine Under stomach Epithelial tissue Digests food using chemicals such as Smooth muscle enzymes Absorbs nutrients from food through villi Gives nutrients to the blood About 5m long  Large intestine Around the small Mostly epithelial Involved in digestion intestine, below the Smooth muscle Receives undigested food stomach Absorbs water Expels waste and excess fiber Around 1.5m long Pancreas Abdomen, behind the Epithelial tissue Produces enzymes necessary for stomach digestion, sends to stomach Regulates blood sugar by making insulin/facilitating cellular glucose intake Regulates carbohydrates, lipids and protein metabolism Creates glucagon (opposite of insulin) Skin Everywhere (external) Epithelial tissue Largest external organ Largest external organ Maintains body temperature, uses sweat 19 million skin cells in to cool off and remove excess waste (like every square inch urine) Traps heat Parts of the Brain: Frontal Lobe: Parietal Lobe: Occipital lobe: Temporal lobe: Judgment Touch, pain, Primary visual Primary auditory and Decision making temperature, visual, cortex olfactory cortex Impulse control auditory Controls Analyzes and Personality Analyzing sensations awareness and memorizes sounds and Memory Forms memories memory of smells Somatosensory visual stimuli Comprehends Spatial awareness Visual analysis languages Cerebellum: Muscle control Balance and movement Brain stem: Consists of the Midbrain (top), Pons (middle), and Medulla Oblongata (bottom) Midbrain: Motivation and reward center motor control, particularly eye movements  Pons: Head and face sensations Motor movement of the eyes, face, and mouth Hearing and equilibrium (balance) Automatic functions (e.g. tear and saliva production) Medulla Oblongata: Connects the brain stem to the spinal cord “Transit station” (helps transmit nerve signals) Controls vital systems such as respiratory and cardiovascular/circulatory systems Has nuclei that control reflexes such as vomiting, swallowing, coughing and sneezing Brain - Labeled Parts: 1. Frontal Lobe 6. Spinal Cord 2. Parietal Lobe 7. Medulla Oblongata 3. Hypothalamus 8. Pons 4. Occipital Lobe 9. Temporal Lobe 5. Cerebellum 10. Pituitary Gland Heart - Labeled Parts: 1. Superior Vena Cava 8. Mitral Valve 2. Right Atrium 9. Left Atrium 3. Tricuspid Valve 10. Pulmonary Vein 4. Right Ventricle 11. Pulmonary Valve 5. Inferior Vena Cava 12. Pulmonary Artery 6. Septum 13. Aorta 7. Left Ventricle Process of the Heart 1. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava (right side) and goes to the right atrium, then ventricle 2. Blood is pumped through the pulmonary arteries into the lungs 3. Lungs give the deoxygenated blood oxygen and send the blood back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, then ventricle. 4. The oxygenated blood is pumped through the aorta into the rest of the body  The four valves; pulmonary, aortic, tricuspid, and mitral, open and close in one direction once every heartbeat When the heart contracts, it is called systole. When it relaxes, it is called diastole. During systole, the ventricles contract, forcing blood into the vessels going to your lungs and body During diastole, the ventricles relax, allowing the tricuspid and mitral valves to open and letting the blood from the atrium flow to the bottom chambers, or the ventricles. There are coronary arteries spread over the surface that bring blood to the heart itself to nourish it Heart operates through electrical impulses Divided by septum so oxygenated blood doesn’t mix with deoxygenated blood