Science Revision Notes PDF

Chemistry Things we know will be on test -- Draw and label a lattice. Delocalized electrons Metal ions Groups and Periods -- Groups are vertical or up to down columns in which they share the same amount of valence electrons. Periods are horizontal or side to side columns in which they share th...

Chemistry Things we know will be on test -- Draw and label a lattice. Delocalized electrons Metal ions Groups and Periods -- Groups are vertical or up to down columns in which they share the same amount of valence electrons. Periods are horizontal or side to side columns in which they share the same amount of electron shells but have a different amount of protons and neutrons. Atomic Structure of Carbon (Example) The Carbon Atom - Howard Fensterman Minerals Carbon -- Carbon has 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons. Its atomic mass is 12.01. In the Nucleus there are protons and neutrons and there are electrons orbiting the nucleus. Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids. Properties of metals -- Lustrous (Shiny) Malleable (Able to be hammered into thin sheets) Ductile (Able to be stretched) Good Conductors (Are able to let electricity and heat pass through easily, generally when in a Lattice) Solid at room temperature except Mercury Properties of Nonmetals Bad conductors (With the exception of graphite) Brittle (Easy to break under stress) Generally, less Dense than metals Low melting and boiling points Dull Can be any state at room temperature Properties of Metalloids Metallic cluster and shiny Solid at room temperature Brittle (Not malleable or Ductile) Ok Conductivity Metallic Bonding. Metallic bonding occurs when metal atoms are packed together in a **lattice structure**, and their outermost electrons (valence electrons) become **delocalized**, meaning they are no longer associated with a specific atom. Instead, these electrons form a \"sea of electrons\" that freely move throughout the lattice of positively charged metal ions (cations). This unique bonding structure gives metals their characteristic properties. Really good video - Key facts. Valence electrons are the electrons in the outer shell. The atomic number is the number of protons and electrons an element has. The number of electrons in the outer shell goes 2 -- 8 -- 8 -- 18. Electrons Orbit the Nucleus. The way to find the number of Neutrons an element has is by taking away the number of Protons from Atomic Weight Then the number left is the number of Neutrons. An isotope is an element where there is a different number of protons and neutrons. The first group on the Period table is Alkali Metals. The second group on the Period table is Alkaline Earth Metals. The second last group on the Period table is Halogens. The last group on the Period table is Noble Gasses. All metals are solid at room temperature except Mercury. All elements that are in groups 1--12 except Hydrogen are Metals. All Blue elements are Metals, all green elements are metalloids, and all yellow elements are Non Metals. Biology **Microscopes** There are multiple parts of a microscope there is the stage, lens, focus knob, eyepiece, base, arm and the light piece. These can be seen on the diagram below. Generally, the optic lens has 10x magnification. **Cells** **Cells are the basic unit of all living things.** **Organelles** **Animal Cells** Animal Cells have -- **Nucleus** (Stores genetic information) **Mitochondria** (Produces chemical energy) **Ribosomes** (Assembles proteins) **Cytoplasm** (Jelly like substance which fills the inside of the cell and holds all the organelles in place.) **Endoplasmic Rectum** (There are two types of Endoplasmic Rectum's, Rough Endoplasmic Rectums (RER) and the Smooth Endoplasmic Rectum (SER). The (RER) produces proteins and the (SER) produces Lipids (Fats).) **Vacuoles** (Stores materials like water, proteins, carbohydrates and salts.) **Lysosomes** (These break down proteins, lipids and carbohydrates for the cell.) **Cell Membrane** (Protects the cell like a barrier and also controls what goes in and out of the cell. Is the **Outermost layer.**) **Plant Cells** Plant Cells have -- **Nucleus** (Stores genetic information) **Mitochondria** (Produces chemical energy) **Endoplasmic Rectum** (There are two types of Endoplasmic Rectum's, Rough Endoplasmic Rectums (RER) and the Smooth Endoplasmic Rectum (SER). The (RER) produces proteins and the (SER) produces Lipids (Fats).) **Large Vacuoles** (Stores materials like water, proteins, carbohydrates and salts.) **Ribosomes** (Assembles proteins) **Cytoplasm** (Jelly like substance which fills the inside of the cell and holds all the organelles in place.) **Cell Membrane** (Helps protect cell, **Second most outer layer**, controls what goes in and out of the cell.) **Cell Wall** (**Outer most layer** and provides support and acts like a rigid barrier.) **Fungal Cells** Fungal Cells have -- **Nucleus** (Stores genetic information) **Mitochondria** (Produces chemical energy) **Endoplasmic Rectum** (There are two types of Endoplasmic Rectum's, Rough Endoplasmic Rectums (RER) and the Smooth Endoplasmic Rectum (SER). The (RER) produces proteins and the (SER) produces Lipids (Fats).) **Vacuoles** (Stores materials like water, proteins, carbohydrates and salts.) **Ribosomes** (Assembles proteins) **Cytoplasm** (Jelly like substance which fills the inside of the cell and holds all the organelles in place.) **Cell Membrane** (Helps protect cell, **Second most outer layer**, controls what goes in and out of the cell.) **Cell Wall** (**Outer most layer** and provides support and acts like a rigid barrier.) **Lysosomes** (These break down proteins, lipids and carbohydrates for the cell.) **Multicellular and Unicellular** Multicellular is a term that refers to an organism that has **multiple cells** that work together to complete various tasks. These cells are often **specialized** (eg, muscle cells, nerve cells, root hair cells), meaning they perform specific roles. Are **not Self Sufficient.** These cells **rely on each** other for survival and cannot function independently. Unicellular is a term that refers to an organism that has **only one cell** which preforms all necessary functions of life independently. These cells are **Self Sufficient.** These cells can survive in **extreme environments.** A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated **Specialised Cells** There are multiple types of specialised cells the ones we need to know are -- Muscle cells, nerve cells, blood cells, fat cells in animals, root hair cells and the structural cells of plants. A white grid with black text Description automatically generated  A white background with black text Description automatically generated Specialised cells are adapted for specific tasks, **when grouped together they form tissue** that works together to help organs function well and sustain life.