Chemistry Chapter: Atomic Structure and Elements

Chemistry

• Lattice Structure: Atoms are arranged in a repeating pattern. Positive and negative ions are arranged in a repeating pattern. Delocalized electrons surround the metal ions.
• Groups and Periods: Groups are vertical columns on the periodic table; elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons. Periods are horizontal rows; elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells.
• Atomic Structure of Carbon: Carbon has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Its atomic mass is 12.01. Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus; electrons orbit the nucleus.
• Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids: Metals are lustrous (shiny), malleable (can be hammered into thin sheets), ductile (can be stretched), and good conductors of electricity and heat (generally in a lattice structure).
• Properties of metals: Lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity (generally in a lattice structure). Solid at room temperature except for Mercury.
• Properties of Nonmetals: Bad conductors (with the exception of graphite), brittle, generally less dense than metals, low melting and boiling points, dull.
• Properties of Metalloids: Metallic luster, brittle, solid at room temperature, ok conductivity, meaning they can conduct electricity and heat but not as well as metals.
• Metallic Bonding: Metal atoms are packed in a lattice structure. Outermost electrons (valence electrons) are delocalized (move freely), forming a "sea of electrons" that surrounds positively charged metal ions. This unique structure gives the metals their characteristic properties.

Biology

Microscopes

• Microscope Parts: Microscopes have components like stage, lenses, focus controls, base, arm, and light source.
• Magnification: Optical lenses typically have a 10x magnification.

Cells and Organelles

• Cells: Basic units of all living things.
• Animal Cells: Have a nucleus (stores genetic information), mitochondria (produces chemical energy), ribosomes (assemble proteins), cytoplasm (jelly-like substance holding organelles), endoplasmic reticulum (RER - produces proteins, SER - produces lipids), vacuoles (store materials), and lysosomes (break down materials).
• Plant Cells: Have a nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, large vacuoles, and a cell wall (outermost layer which provides support, and acts as a rigid barrier), cell membrane (second outermost layer that controls what comes into and out of the cell).
• Cell Functions: Specific organelles perform different roles in cell function.

Fungal Cells

• Fungal Cells: Similar to plant cells in terms of structures like nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, ribosomes, and cytoplasm. Differ with cell wall characteristics and roles.
• Cell Wall (Outermost layer which provides support, and acts as a rigid barrier).

Multicellular vs. Unicellular Organisms

• Multicellular Organisms: Composed of multiple cells, with cells often specialized. They rely on each other for survival and tasks.
• Unicellular Organisms: Consist of single cells, performing all necessary functions of life independently.

Specialized Cells

• Specialised Cells: Muscle cells (for contraction), nerve cells (transmitting signals), blood cells (carrying oxygen and fighting infections), fat cells (energy storage), and root hair cells (absorption of water and nutrients from the ground). Each specialized cell has a unique structure to enable it to perform its specialized function.

Explore the fundamental concepts of atomic structure, lattice formation, and the classification of elements in this chemistry chapter. Understand how atoms are organized in groups and periods on the periodic table, along with the unique properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Test your knowledge about the atomic structure of carbon and the arrangement of ions.