Science rev ex1.docx

Science rev ex1 - **Crust**- is the outer most layer of the earth were life exist - **Continental crust**- is the crust that makes up the contents - **Mantle-** the crust that is semi, rocky, and is a very hot layer, - **Outer core**- is the only layer of the earth that is liquid and is...

Science rev ex1 - **Crust**- is the outer most layer of the earth were life exist - **Continental crust**- is the crust that makes up the contents - **Mantle-** the crust that is semi, rocky, and is a very hot layer, - **Outer core**- is the only layer of the earth that is liquid and is made up of molten nickel and iron - **Inner layer**- is extremely hot and is the mostly compost of solid iron. - **Lithosphere**-refers to the rigid outer layer of the earth. - **Asthenosphere**- crust like material under the lithosphere. - **Oceanic crust**- is more denser than the continental crust - **Tectonic plate theory**-the plates of the earth are broken - **Continental drift theory**- plates are not broken but is only one big chuck called Pangaea and was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. - **Plates**- Continuously moving part of the earth are moving because of endogenic processes - **Endogenic**- explanation of Volcanism - **Exogenic**- processes referring to the activities that occurs on the earths surface. - **Focus**- where the damage is emplaced from below the epicenter - **Hot spots**- volcanoes that are not found on the edge. - **External and internal forces**- are responsible of the beautiful and unique landscaping of the earth. - **Primary waves**- are the first to be felt on earth surface. They shack the ground back and fourth in the same direction the wave is moving - **Secondary waves**- they are transvers waves. They move particles in an up and down motion and move perpendicular to the direction of the wave - **Pangaea**-is a single landmass or supercontinent comes from the Greek words which means all and gaea which means earth translating to all earth - **Panthalassa**- a vas sea or super ocean that surrounded Pangaea - **Contraction theory**- was one of the earliest theories on the changing geography and surface topography of earth - **Seafloor spreading**- it was proposed by Harry Hess in 1960s Which states that the seafloor or ocean floors not the continents move and carry the continent along. - **Driving Forces**- either push tectonic plates towards one another or pull them apart 1. **Diregent Boundary** \- plates move more apart - -once separated plates push magma to the surface thus creating seafloors. - -**mid ocean ridge** when magma rises up sometimes it creates ocean forms - -**Drift valley** when 2 plates open and magma will not come out it leaves a void causing a valley 2. **Convergent Boundary** - -Plates collide with other - -creates trenches - Seductive the oceanic plates blends downwards into the mantle. 3. **Transform faults boundary** **-**Slip/slide at each other plates(earthquake prone) **-**Creating canyons or linear fault valley san Andrea's fault -create earthquake more 1. Solid core- iron, nickel 2. Liquid core- metallic material 3. Mantle-continental crust 4. Lithosphere- oceanic crust - **Rift valley**- when the gap of eventually widens - **Orogenic belt**-is a region of deformed rocks that is formed when two plates collide and one plate crumbles and uplifted. - **Oceanic trenches**­-is a long , narrow depression in the ocean floor and is also created at subduction zone - **Earthquake**- refers to the shaking of the earth as a result of the breaking or shifting of the rocks of the tectonic plates, which releases seismic energy - **Faults**- are cracks on the earths crust , of which there are three types normal faults, reverse faults and strike-slip fault. - **Fault Plane**- it is where the blocks slip past each other - **Dip**-**slip**- refers to the movement of the fault along the angle of the fault plane, if is also classified as normal and reverse fault. - **Dip**-the angle of the movement - **Slip**- the movement - **Hanging wall**-is a normal fault is a dip slip fault where block that sits on a fault plane - **Thrust fault**- is a type of reverse fault where the angle of the dip is 45 digress of less - **Strick slip fault**- is nearly a vertical fault planes or surfaces slide in parallel but opposite directions - **Focus or Hypocenter**- the point within earths where the rocks break and where seismic energy is first released - **Epicenter-** The point on the crust of earth directly above the focus - **Tsunami-** Underwater earthquakes associated oceanic -continental subduction cause a vertical movement of the seafloor. - **Orogenesis**- refers to the process of forming mountains and mountain ranges**.** - **Domes-** This is when a movement can form isolated and large folds in flat regions which produce elongated structures in the crust. - **Graben-** as the crust form cracks, the blocks that slides down because of gravity. - **Horsts-** The crustal blocks that do not slide down - **Pacific ring of fire-** is an area in the pacific ocean characterized by frequent earthquakes and volcanic events - **The 3 types of boundary-** divergent, convergent, and transform - **Erosion formed mountain ranges-** do not form because of earths internal activities but because of rock erosion or weather - **Laurasia-** northern continents - **Gondwana-** southern continent - **Hydrologic cycle or water cycle-** it continually circulates between and among the oceans, air, land, and all living things in a process - **Transpiration**-This is when plants lose water vapor through their leaves - **Precipitation-** as water droplets accumulate, they become too heavy. The eventually fall back to earth - **Run off-** is when water that moves across the surface of the land and enters bodies of fresh waters - **Percolation-** The process of movement and filtration of rain water into several layers of soil and porous rocks - **Aquifer-** the ground water may be stored for long periods of time in porous underground layers - **Water table-** the upper layer of the surface where the soil or rocks are permanently soaked with water - **Confined aquifer-** is bound by both the impermeable top and bottom layer of rocks. - **Recharge zone-** it gets its water supply from rainwater and surface water - **Off stream use-** refers to the domestic, agricultural, and industrial use of water that require its removal from its source. - **In stream use-** involves the use of water that does not divert water from its source such as rivers for recreation. -