Science Notetaking (3) PDF

Science Unit 1 Review Sheet Life on Planet Earth - ☆The Spheres of Earth☆ - Biosphere - The zone around Earth where life can exist - Atmosphere - The layer of gases surrounding Earth - Lithosphere - Earth’’s solid...

Science Unit 1 Review Sheet Life on Planet Earth - ☆The Spheres of Earth☆ - Biosphere - The zone around Earth where life can exist - Atmosphere - The layer of gases surrounding Earth - Lithosphere - Earth’’s solid outer layer - Hydrosphere - all of Earth’s water in solid, liquid, and gas form Sustainability - Biotic and Abiotic - Biotic - The living part of the ecosystem - Eg. Alces alces (moose) - Abiotic - The nonliving parts of an ecosystem - Eg. Rocks (rocky cliffs) - All biotic things tend to be returned as abiotic - Abiotic helps biotic move and be active (give energy) - - Ecosystem - Ecosystem - All of the interacting parts of a biological community and its environment - ‘Eco’ = living things in the environment - ‘System’ = interacting parts - Sustainability - The ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level - Migrant species  - Birds - butterflies - Mammals - Trophic Levels, Diets and Contaminants - Trophic Levels - Trophic level: - A category of organisms defined by how they gain energy - Trophic Efficiency - A measure of the amount of energy/biomass transferred up trophic levels - Trophic efficiency is always less than 100% because: - It costs energy to catch food - Energy is used to power basic life functions - Much of what is consumed is excreated/lost - Actual efficiencies are ~10% - Products & Consumers - Producer - Organisms that make their own food (eg. autotrophs) - Consumer - Organisms that must eat other organisms to obtain energy - Producers/consumers are ranked based on their tier - Primary, Secondary, tertiary, quaternary Populations, Communities & Interactions - Population - All the individuals of a species that occupies a geographical area at a certain time - Many factors contribute to the success of a population - An unhindered population experiences exponential growth - Interspecies Interactions - Interactions between species can positively and negatively affect their respective populations. - Ecological Niches - The role that an organism plays in an ecosystem - Species spend their time surviving and reproducing but provide ecological services in the progress - No two species can occupy the exact same ecological niche or provide the same services - Predation & Population Size - Populations of predators and prey influence one another - Communities - Community - An association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area in a particular time ☆Cycles☆ - Biogeochemical Cycles - The movement of matter through the biotic and abiotic environment - - Water Cycle - The series of processes that cycle water through the environment - Most of the water that is present in the water cycle is in the abiotic environment. - Carbon Cycle - The biogeochemical cycle in which barcon is cycled through the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. - Carbon deposits - fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas, oil shale, and carbonate-based sedimentary deposits like limestone. - Human Activities Change the Carbon Cycle - Burning fossil fuels, changing land use, and using limestone to make concrete - Nitrogen Cycle - The series of processes in which nitrogen compounds are moved through the biotic and abiotic environment. Carrying Capacity & Tolerance Range, 5 Types of Ecological Relationships - ❋Carrying capacity❋ - The maximum population size of a particular species that a given ecosystem can sustain - Can be alternated through natural or human activity - ❋Tolerance Range❋ - The abiotic conditions within a species can survive - Symbiosis (5 types of ecological relationship) - Symbiosis is the interaction between members of 2 different species - Mutualism - Two individuals benefiting each other - Commensalism - One individual benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed - Parasitism - One individual lives on or in and feeds on a host organism - Competition - Competition occurs when 2 or more organisms compete for the same resource - The more energy an organism - Predation - One individual feeds on another Aquatic and Terrestrial Biomes - Terrestrial Biomes - Biomes - A large geographical region defined by climate (precipitation and temperature) with a specific set of biotic and abiotic features. - Tundra - Abiotic - Low temperatures for most of the year - Short growing season - Permafrost layer beneath soil - Precipitation from 0 to 25cm/yr - Poor soil quality - Biotic - Low diversity - Rapid-flowering plants - Mosses and lichens - Caribou - Ptarmigan - Lemmings - Arctic foxes - Mountain forest - Abiotic - Temperatures vary with elevation - Cool summers - Windy conditions - Heavy precipitation on the leeward side of the mountains - Fast-flowering rivers. - Biotic - Marmots - Squirrels - Elk - Black and grizzly bear  - Cougar - Large coniferous trees ferns - Boreal Forest - Abiotic - Warmer than tundra - No permafrost - Changeable weather - Precipitation 40cm/yr pr more - Biotic - coniferous trees - Seed eating birds - Squirrels - Voles - snowshoe hares - Black bears - Grassland - Abiotic - Longer growing season than boreal forest - Higher temperatures than tundra or boreal forest - Rich, fertile soil - Precipitation - Precipitation from 25 to 75 - Biotic - fescue grasses - Grasshoppers - Bison - Voles and mice - Snakes - Hawks coyotes - Temperate Deciduous Forest - Abiotic - Longer growing season than boreal forest - Higher temperatures forest - Fertile soil  - Precipitation up to 100cm/yr - Biotic - Deer - Weasels - Squirrels - Many insects - Tree and ground - Terrestrial Biomes - Freshwater Ecosystems - Rivers, creeks, lakes, ponds, and streams - Oligotrophic - A body of water that is low in nutrients - Eutrophic - A body of water that is rich in nutrients - Marine Ecosystems - aquatic environments with high levels of dissolved salt. - Watershed - an area of land that catches rain and snow and drains or seeps into a marsh, stream, river, lake or groundwater. Vocabulary Atmosphere the layer of gases surrounding Earth Lithosphere Earth’s solid outer layer Hydrosphere all of Earth’s water in solid, liquid, and gas form Ecosystem all the living organisms and their physical and chemical environment Biotic factor living things, their remains, and features, such as nests, associated with their activities Abiotic factor biotic factors living things, their remains, and features, such as nests, associated with their activities abiotic factors the non-living  physical and chemical components of an ecosystem Radiant Energy energy that travels through empty space (Electromagnetic Spectrum) Light Energy visible forms of radiant energy Thermal Energy the form of energy transferred during heating or cooling Photosynthesis the process in which the Sun’s energy is converted into chemical energy Deforestation increases the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Producer an organism that makes its own energy-rich food compounds using the Sun’s energy Cellular Respiration the process by which sugar is converted into carbon dioxide, water, and energy Consumer (Primary, an organism that obtains its energy from consuming other Secondary, Tertiary) organisms Decomposers organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms Food chain a sequence of organisms, each feeding on the next, showing how energy is transferred from one organism to another Ecological niche the function a species serves in its ecosystem, including what it eats, what eats it, and how it behaves Trophic level the level of an organism in an ecosystem depending on its feeding position along a food chain Food web a representation of the feeding relationships within a community Ecological pyramid a representation of energy, numbers, or biomass relationships in ecosystems Biomass the mass of living organisms in a given area Herbivore an animal that eats plants or other producers Carnivore animal that eats other animals Omnivore  Scavenger Biogeochemical Cycle Water Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Limiting Factor Tolerance Range Competition Predation Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism Carrying Capacity Biome a large geographical region defi ned by climate (precipitation and temperature) with a specifi c set of biotic and abiotic features Aquatic Biome Terrestrial Biome