Environmental Science Semester 1 Exam Study Guide 2425 PDF

Environmental Science Semester 1 Examination Study Guide 2425 Chapter 1: What can cloud or judgment? Conflict or interest Stakeholder Cherry picking Plagiarism Fabrication Manipulation Forms of thinking Critical th...

Environmental Science Semester 1 Examination Study Guide 2425 Chapter 1: What can cloud or judgment? Conflict or interest Stakeholder Cherry picking Plagiarism Fabrication Manipulation Forms of thinking Critical thinking Creative thinking Logical thinking Reflective thinking Scientific method Laws are observations that happen all the time. Theories are great explanations for why things occur. Fields of science Biology 1. Zoology 2. Botany 3. Microbiology 4. Ecology Earth science 1. Geology 2. Paleontology 3. Climatology 4. Hydrology Physics 1. Engineering Chemistry 1. Biochemistry 2. Geochemistry Social sciences 1. Geography 2. Anthropology 3. Sociology  Chapter 2: Climate change is a long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Green house gasses are gases that trap heat in the atmosphere Some examples of this are: Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Fluorinated gases: Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride are synthetic, Natural resources are any natural materials that are used by humans, such as, water, petroleum, minerals, forests, and animals. People: Theodore Rosevelt and Gifford Pinchot are best friends George Perkins Marsh Promoted natural reserves to be started John Muir disagreed with pincott's utilitarian policies 1723 King Edward I Threatened to hang anyone who burned sea coal Chapter 3 Systems: Is a network of interdependent components and processes Transferring materials and energy Closed system Exchanges no energy or matter rare Open system Exchanges energy and/or matter Receives inputs from surroundings and produce outputs Throughput is the flow of energy and matter into or through a system Feedback loops: Feedback loops are a fundamental parts of an ecosystem Positive Increase a prosses or component negative Decrease a prosses or component A spieces is a group of organisms that can interbreed naturally with one another and produce fertile offspring. A population are groups of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area and interbreed. Denisty is the number of individuals of the same species in that live in a given unit of area. Dispersion is the pattern of distribution of organisms in a population. A population’s dispersion may be even, clumped, or random. Cycles: The carbon cycle is the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back to the environment. The nitrogen cycle is the process in which nitrogen circulates among the air, soil, water, plants, and animals in an ecosystem. The phosphorus cycle is the cyclic movement of phosphorus from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment.  Chapter 4: Habitat describes the place or set of environmental conditions in which a particular organism lives. Ecological niche, describes both the role played by a species in a biological community and the set of environmental factors that determine its distribution. Generalists like the black bear tolerate a wide range of conditions. Other species, such as the giant panda, are specialists and have a narrow ecological niche. The development of a new species is called speciation Taxonomy is the study of types of organisms and their relationships. Domains- Bacteria Archaea Eukarya. the four kingdoms of the Eukarya ▪ Animals ▪ Plants ▪ fungi (molds and mushrooms) ▪ protists (algae, protozoans, slime molds). Competition among members of the same species is called intraspecific competition. Competition between members of different species is called interspecific competition. Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores, which feed on live prey, are predators Scavengers, detritivores, and decomposers, which feed on dead things, are not predators Symbiosis is a process where two or more species live intimately together, with their fates linked. Mutualism: both species clearly benefit. Commensalism: one member benefits and the other apparently is neither benefited nor harmed. Parasitism: one partner benefits while the other is harmed (a type of predation). A keystone species plays a critical role in a biological community. Diversity is the number of different species in an area or the number per unit area. Abundance refers to the number of individuals of a particular species (or of a group) in an area. Core habitat- Large patch of relatively uniform environment that is free of the influence of edges. Edge effects- Where communities meet, the environmental conditions blend and the species and microclimate of one community can penetrate the other.