Science Final Exam Notes PDF

Science Final Exam Test Notes Test Date 2512/2024 : dependent Chapter 11 Force & Motion...

Science Final Exam Test Notes Test Date 2512/2024 : dependent Chapter 11 Force & Motion : Y - Motion - > change of position over time (e. g. speed) distance (m) TITLE graph(motion) I Final ↑ distance time mis = mst - distance -2 = 1 5-. 2) ↳ steeper = faster km/h = km+ I Motion straight - 05. - line or Initial g 17 ONE distance- 23 ( start time I 4 time (s) uniform WAY non-uniform ↑ ↑ End time ↳ moves in I direction - change speed/direction independent - distance + position ↳ constant speed - Force (N) > change speed/direction - balanced ↳ Spring balance L action & reaction Force ① ② contact non-contact unbalanced balanced ↳ push-pull ↳ magnetic ↳ changing speed ↳ cancelled out ↳ friction -) electrostatic G move in direction - at rest or ↳ air resistance gravityb a of larger force in un: form motion - free-body diagram (forces) Cirarity increased with resistance air ↳ towards center of Earth top of object pulling ↳ between objects with mas I friction force ↳ force exterted weight = middle of object Chorizontal) 4 freefall object falling towards - side view - of the earth center weight vertical (increases speed non-uniform ↳ gravity in space > microgravity - ("Weightless")  non-contact /Mighty Mass ↳ kg/g ↑ of matter is acting amount it contains on ↳ independent of location directly proportional isn't affected contact frictionless motion no air by speed = increase - Friction = reduce A ir resistance ↳ 2 objects' surfaces come in contact ↳ all objects moving in air Ways to change : Ways to change : streamlined - rollers/wheel/ball bearings - area of moving object facing - air cushion - > direct contact direction of motion (increase- reduce -Ibricanteypywater ia (increase speed of moving object reduce -material (rubber glass) motion opposes Action & Reaction action-reaction pair (different objecti > - balanced ( same type action reaction - - object apply force on another object force in opposite direction same amount of force contactinon-contact 4 isn't affected by other factors - draw action reaction pain ↳ force on [a] by [b] + force on [b] by [a] forceonrocket by air reaction direct opposite Ismall offset action force rocket on air by Chapter 10 : Sensing the Environment sense organs > sensory cells/receptors > Stimuli signals - - - Sclera - Sight-eyes -> light receptors Water-like fluid Tear glands protectseyeball's shape eyeball's dispersetera Retina - -maintain -contains light receptors (inverted shape Jelly-like fluid · shape I Cornea -maintain eyeballs - allows light to enter spot Yellow -helps bend/focus - contains most light receptors (cones) light Istronger but - clearest vision can't be adj Lens Optic nerve - signals from light carry receptors to brain Focusing muscles Blind spot light receptors (CAN form no - but no signal sent? distance lens muscles Pupil Ir is image , thick contract allows light - control , size - doesn't detect light near - far thin relax to enter of pupil light size protect from damage by strong Ray Diagram clim - large light - ray-line of light (without bright small thickness I -beam-group of rays (with when direction arrow change thickness)  light receptor cells coner as h rods - irregular shape - straight shape well - works well in brightlight-works in dim light - detect colors - can't detect color - mostly yellow spot - all over retina Eye Defects short sight long sight ·· from near light obj et ↓ Sbend light outwards Eye Defect Effects Causes Treatment can't far objects lens too thick lens Shortsight see -concave - - clearly - eyeball too long Long sight - can't see near - lens to o thin -convex lens objects clearly - eyeball too short Cataract - blurred vision -old age, long exposure- artificial lens to strong sunlight, diabetes replacement Astigmatism - glasses I contact lens Color-blindness - can't distinguish colors - defectslabsence of cones Tips for Eye Care ① Maintain when good posture & proper lighting reading (using electronic devices ② keep enough of reading distance a ② Use clean towel to wash (X rub eyes) your face a ④ Regular eye checks -> wear appropriate glasses to correct eye defect ⑤ Wear hat & sunglasses a with UV protection strong light in ⑧ Rest your eyes after reading or using an electronic device by looking at distant objects sound receptors - Hearing- ears > - decibel meter -sound is produced by the vibration ↑ of objects =- : compress air particles - loudness > - stronger vibration -> decibel (dB) = louder sound Wamplitude highea - pitch + faster vibration = higher frequency (of sound wave) = higher pitched sound Y ↑ shorter objects vibrations per second > hertz (H2) - vocal cords in throat-wide apart in normal - breathing > X sound ; closed when - speaking - force air out slit > vibrate - air in mouth & vocal cords -> sound , , nose sound travel through solid gas & (medium) can air -X Vacuum - , - bionic ear > - cochlear implant Auditory Nerve Pinna Ear Canal Brain - transmits signals -carry air -collects air vibrations to the brain interpret Vibrations & to the middle signals & directs them into ear produces sense the car canal Cochlea liquid inside vibrates - - human audible Eardrum Ear Bones - - vibrates from - sound receptors frequency & air vibrations - amplify Stimu lated to produce range vibrations 4 transmit to Signals = 20H2-20000Hz ear bones - transmit to inner ear - unpleasant/harmful sound > > noise pollution - noise - - noises > 85dB hearing loss ; noises 75 dB long term - -> stress hearing loss > permanent - -  Tips for Ear Care ①Listen to music on earphones at no more than 60% of the maximum volume 85dB for a long time , rest ears after exposed & Wear protectors places with loud over ears ear or your in noises ⑤ See the doctor for a hearing check if you have signs of hearing los - smell > - nose > - smell receptors ① Chemicals off into the are given air ② Chemicals are carried by the air and enter the nose when breathing ③ Chemicals dissolve in moist layer outside nose ① Smell receptors are stimulated to produce signals. ⑤ Nerves signals carry to the brain to be interpreted - taste > mouth > tongue - - -> taste buds - taste receptors ① Chemicals in food dissolve in the saliva (7 1- 5pHinside. - our mouth ② Taste receptors on taste buds are stimulated by dissolved chemicals ② Nerves signal to the brain be carry to interpreted 5 Primary tastes : sweet , sour , Salty , bitter, umami (Xspicy - chemicals in food may travel in the air up into the nose when chewed - taste + smell = flavor - skin-5 kinds receptors : pressure, heat cold , pain , , torch & skin is in contact with a stimulus ② Reled receptors are stimulated to produce signal ② Nerves signal to the brain be carry to interpreted - different parts of skin have different sensitivities (most > - fingertips & lips) - sweating > - evaporation cools down body ; shivering a body movement generates heat brain memory& thinking instruct parts - - - to respond  Cerebrum /left cerebrum controls right body) - learns & memorizes ①sensory function move kina es Cerebellum coordinate muscles when interpret signals & understanding - - produce senses thinking, moving emotion vision - helps body to maintain ② Motor function balance memory - instruct body parts to respond Medulla ③ Coordination - controls heartbeat & - coordinate & sensory motor functions breathing by thinking making decisions & - different information received -> conflicts in brain function drugs - harm our health - excitement/escape from unhappiness/pressure heroin (white e. g -. powder, Ketamine (K), Methamphetamine lice) , MDMA Lestacy) , Cannabis (weed) - affect sensory function of brain solventile inhale y thinner, give > + excitement brain damage - -> >.. - addicted -> brain damage + die from lack of - oxygen Harmful effects - sores on skin - addiction , hallucinations loss , of body y slow control reaction - permanent damage to heart , lungs, liver & Kidneys - blurred vision - frequent & painful crination Chapter 9 Common : Acids & Alkalis acid > - sour if concentrated irritant (corrosive - - alkaline - bitter & slippery  Acid Alkaline Food : tea , soft drink, citrus fruits rice dumplings , baking soda Household products : toilet cleaner , lotion orendglass cleaners alkaline battery Chemicals : hydrochloric a nitric acids Sodium & potassium hydroxidesS ammonia solution Safety precautions when using in lab : - read hazard labels carefully warning wear safety googles to protect - your eyes - wear a laboratory coat/protective gloves to avoid direct contact - X taste - X use too much at a time (half of container) - X mix with other chemicals -pour wate solutions into waste bottles )X sink) -wash hands thoroughly after handling Emergency treatment : into eyes with wash bottle slow running water - Getting > - rinse eye or 7 10 min > avoid - spreading into eye - Spillage on skin - wash affected area immediately under slow running water > 10 min - Spillage on clothes -> remove contaminated clothes acid-alkali - indicator -> identify acidic or alkaline ① Natural indicators Indicator Neutral Acid Alkali - pigment -> different color Red Cabbage extract purple red green in acid & alkaline Red carnation petal pink light orange light yellow - hydranges &acidic soit = Reat rose petal purple red yellow blue : alkaline soil + pink OnionSkin brown colorless light brown - need time to prepare Yellow curry powder yellow yellow reddish brown ② Litmus from lichens - pigment & solution paper (need water) - - blue-test acid ; red - test alkaline water universal indicator -> solution + pH paper- - show acidity/alkalinity (rough) - deeply colored solutions > mask - (color chart) color of indicator - color interpreted differently - paper t cheap , easy to use - electronic instruments -> precise / deep colored solutions / record - expensive , calibration & pH meter - clip probe - - needs to be calibrated before use ② pH sensor & data logger record time - changes in value over - acid & alkali mixed together > - cancel out properties > - neutralization - ph curve (can have error -....... ) Sindependents - heat released pH x - volume needed for complete neutralization. products reactants > saltwater volume y (dependent) alkaline + acid - - - alkaline I'tword is conserved mass salt(telide) - Applications : - teeth decay -toothpaste-alkali - Stomachache > - antacid (anti-acid) > - weak alkali - wasp sting > - vinegar-acid/mosquito bite- > baking soda-alkalis - industrial waste soil (grow well > slaked lime > alkaline acidic - - - - acid+ corrode materials sound hydrogen > burning splint > - pop - - metals with dilute acids -> metal corrode (decrease in size) ~ some react & aluminium > rigorous iron -> slow zinc-steady ; magnesium - - ; -metal + acid - salt + hydrogen - metal + acid (ide/ate) test with inverted stopper shoot out X build pressure > - stopper > up - - -materials with calcium carbonate (marble , limestone, sandstone chalk oyster & snail , , shells , coral reefs) dilute acids react with - building materials corrode - calcium carbonate + acid > - calcium acidlatelide) + carbon dioxide + water with Of pH < 5 6 d -acid - rain. rain fossil fuels (sulphur dioxide ① Burning > - acidic pollutant gases into the air & nitrate oxides & Gases Slowdown oa dissolve in water droplets > - acidic droplets > - clouds A dissolve & wash away ③ Acid rain ↑ nutrients - acibrain - corrode metal structures & building materials make , soil & water , damage plants aquatic animals too acidic kill , - concentrated acids/alkalis + larger amount of solute > - hazards - corrode skin paper flesh , , - cause blindness corrosive/ toxic > fome cupboard gases - - mix cleaners > toxic gas - - ① Bleach+ glass cleaner - shortness of breath, coughing , chest pain ② Bleach + toilet cleaner (low level/short coughing periods of time - - Pneumonia (high/ medium) - DEATH (very high/long) i Safety tips : -read hazard warning labels / safety instructions - use cleaners in well ventilated place - cover containers with lids tightly to avoid leakage - wear suitable equipment properly - X mix cleaners -keep cleaners away from fire