Modern American School Grade 8 Science E2 Final 2023/2024 PDF

MODERN AMERICAN SCHOOL ‫المدرسة األمريكية الحديثة‬ International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) American High School Diploma Program COGNIA for Schools (AdvancED)...

MODERN AMERICAN SCHOOL ‫المدرسة األمريكية الحديثة‬ International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) American High School Diploma Program COGNIA for Schools (AdvancED) Department Comprehensive Study Guide End of Second Semester Examination Academic Year 2023/2024 _______________________________________ Subject: General Science Grade Level: 8 Section(s): A & B Teacher’s Name: Ms. Lara ElQaisi _________________________________________________ 1 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi Exam Component: Multiple Choice Questions - Expected Time: 10 Minutes True or False Questions – Expected Time: 10 Minutes Fill in the blank Questions – Expected Time: 10 Minutes Show your Work Questions-Expected Time: 20Minutes Review Expected Time: 10 Minutes The E2 will be out of 8 Exam Duration: (60 Minutes) Useful Resources: E-Book on Savvas Realize (https://sso.rumba.pk12ls.com/sso/login?service=https://www.savvasrealize.com/dashboa rd/auth-callback&profile=realize ) BC pages, including all the daily Self- Assessment, Further Practice, and Interactive activity links ( https://lms.mas.edu.jo/web/#/login) Topic 9 Earth -Sun- Moon System Resources: https://www.britannica.com/science/solar-system https://www.britannica.com/place/Sun https://www.britannica.com/science/phase-astronomy https://www.britannica.com/video/179722/Overview-water-tides https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system Topic 10 Solar System and the universe Resources: https://www.britannica.com/science/star-astronomy/Star-formation-and-evolution https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/supernova/en/ https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/magic-windows/en/ 2 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi Textbook Material: Topic Lesson Page number Lesson 9.1 Earth -Sun -Moon System 9 Lesson 9.2 Earth’s Movement in Space 428-458 Lesson 9.3 Moon Phases and eclipse Lesson 10.1 Objects in Space 10 Lesson 10.2 Learning about the universe 473-505 Lesson 10.3 Stars Note: Study the previous material listed in the table above and focus on the following material 3 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi Topic 9 Lesson 9.1 Movement in Space pages 428-437 Stars Planets, and the Moon - Aryabhata, I wrote that the moon and the planets shine because they reflect light from the sun. He came up with these conclusions based solely on his observations of the sky with his naked eye. - Earth's moon is the brightest and largest object in our night sky. The moon is Earth's only natural satellite. A satellite is a body that orbits a planet. - A star is a giant ball of superheated gas, or plasma, composed of hydrogen and helium. - A planet is an object that orbits the sun, is large enough to have become rounded by its own gravity, and has cleared the area of its orbit of any debris. There are eight planets in our solar system Objects in Space - A meteor is a streak of light produced when a small place of rock or ice, known as a meteoroid, burns up as it enters Earth's atmosphere You can see a meteor on almost any clear night - A comet is a cold mixture of dust and ice that develops a long trail of light as it approaches the sun. When a comet is far from the sun, it is frozen. Comets appear every 75 years. - A pattern or group of stars that people imagine represents a figure, animal, or object is a constellation. Often, as in the ancient Roman and Greek cultures, constellations supported specific mythologies. Today, scientists divide the sky into 88 constellations. Movement in Sky - Planets appear to move against the background of stars. In fact, the word planet comes from a Greek word meaning "wanderer." Because the planets all orbit the sun in about the same plane, they appear to move through a narrow band in the sky. This band is called the zodiac. - These seasonal changes are caused by Earth's revolution, or orbit, around the sun. 4 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi Models of the Solar System: Lesson 9.2 Earth’s movement in Space pages 440-448 Earth movement: 5 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi Seasons: - Seasonal differences in temperature are dependent on the tilt of Earth's axis. If the axis were straight up and down relative to Earth's orbit, temperatures in a given area would remain constant year-round, and there would be no seasons. However, Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5° from the vertical. Therefore, as Earth revolves around the sun, the north end of its axis is tilted away from the sun for part of the year and toward the sun for part of the year. Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it revolves around the sun Day Length: - The tilt of Earth’s axis also affects day length The hemisphere that is tilled toward the sun has more hour’s day than night. Points on Earth near the poles have the most drastic changes in day length. - In each hemisphere, there is one day per year when the sun appears highest in the sky. Each of these days is called a solstice. Solstices occur when either the Northern or Southern Hemisphere is at its strongest tilt towards the sun. - Halfway between the solstices, neither hemisphere is tilted toward the sun. Each of these days is called an equinox, which means "equal night." This day occurs when the sun passes directly overhead at the equator at noon, and night and day are both 12 hours long 6 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi Gravity and Orbits: - Newton hypothesized that the same force that pulls the moon toward Earth also pulls apples to the ground when they fall from a tree. This force that attracts all objects toward each other is called gravity. Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object. The strength of the force of gravity between two objects depends on two factors: the masses of the objects and the distance between them. - Greater Mass = Greater Gravitational pull / Greater Distance= Lower Gravitational pull - If the sun and Earthy constantly pulling on a in other because of gravity. Why doesn’t earth fall into the sun. The fact that such a collision has not occurred shows that factor called inertia is at work. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion - Newton concluded that Inertia and gravity combine to keep the more in orbit around Earth. Without Earth's gravity, the moon would veer away from Earth in a straight line. Earth's gravity pulls the moon inward and prevents it from moving away in a straight line 7 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi Lesson 9.3 Phases and Eclipses pages 450-458 The Appearance of the Moon - The different shapes of the moon you see are called phases. Phases are caused by the motions of the moon around Earth. - The dark-colored areas are low, flat plains of lava called maria - The side of the moon that always faces Earth Is called the near side. The side of the moon that always faces away from Earth is the far side, or dark side Motions of the Moon: - The moon, like Earth, rotates and revolves. The moon revolves around Earth and also rotates on its own axis. The moon rotates once on its axis in the same time that it takes to revolve once around Earth. Thus, a "day" on the moon is the same length as a "year" on the moon Phases of the Moon: - During the new moon phase, the moon is between Earth and the sun. The side of the moon facing Earth is dark and the opposite side of the moon is facing the sun. - After about a week, the angle formed by the sun, moon, and Earth is about 90 degrees. This is called the first quarter moon and it is half lit and half dark. About halfway through the moon's revolution, you see the full sunlit side of the moon, called a full moon. About a week later, the sun is shining on the other half of the moon, creating a third quarter moon. - After about 29.5 days, the pattern begins again and a new moon occurs 8 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi Eclipses: - When an object in space comes between the sun and a third object, it casts a shadow on the third object, causing an eclipse. There are two types of eclipses, solar eclipses and lunar eclipses - During an eclipse, the very darkest part of the shadow where the light from the sun is completely blocked is the umbra. Only people within the umbra experience a total solar eclipse - The area of the shadow where the sun is only partially blocked is called the penumbra. During a solar eclipse, people in the penumbra see only a partial eclipse 9 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi Tides: - Tides are the rise and fall of ocean water that occur approximately every 12.5, Tides result from gravitational differences in how the earth, the moon, and the sun interact at different alignments. The water rises for about 6 hours then falls for about 6 hours - The gravitational pulls from both the sun and moon combine to produce a tide with the most significant difference between consecutive low and high tides, called a spring tide. - A neap tide is a tide with the least difference between consecutive low and high tides, it happens during the first and third quarter moon. Topic 10 Lesson 10.1 Solar System Objects pages 472-483 Understanding the Solar system: - The solar system consists of the sun, the planets, their moons, and a variety of smaller objects - Distances between objects in the solar system are so large that they are not easily measured in meters or kilometers. Instead, Scientists frequently use a unit called the astronomical unit (AU) 1AU = 150,000,000 Km - The sun is a gaseous body much larger than anything else in the solar system, center of the solar system - A planet is round, orbits the sun, and has cleared out the region of the solar system along its orbit. The four inner planets, including Earth, are closer to the sun, small, and made mostly of rock and metal. The four outer planets are farther from the sun, very large, and made mostly of gas and liquid. - A dwarf planet is an object that orbits the sun and has enough gravity to be spherical, but it has not cleared the area of its orbit. 10 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi  Small objects in Space Structure of the Sun: ( Refer to pages 477-479) 11 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi Page 480 (Order of planets) + Reading check questions - Order of planets from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth ,Mars , Jupitar, Saturn, Uranus Solar System Formation: - A cloud of hydrogen, helium, rock ice, and other materials began to be pulled together by gravity. The cloud material formed a rotating disk. Pressures increased as the central part became denser, heating the center in a process of nuclear fusion that gave off electromagnetic radiation, including light. Materials around the sun pulled together by electrostatic charges to form planetesimals. When these bodies grew larger, gravity pulled their material in to create the objects in the solar system. Lesson 10.2 Learning about the universe pages 486-494 Collecting Space Data: - The Electromagnetic spectrum: All objects in space emit, or give off, energy. This energy is known as electromagnetic radiation, or energy that can travel in the form of waves. Astronomers use instruments and tools, such as telescopes, that detect electromagnetic radiation to collect data and produce images of objects in space. - There are many types of electromagnetic radiation, but visible light is the type that is most familiar to you. There are many forms of electromagnetic radiation that we cannot see. They include radio waves, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays Telescopes: - Objects in space give off all types of electromagnetic radiation. Telescopes are instruments that collect and focus light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. Telescopes make distant objects appear larger and brighter. Some are based on Earth and others can be found floating in space. - Optical telescopes use lenses and mirrors to collect and focus visible light. There are two main types of optical telescopes. Reflecting telescopes primarily use mirrors to collect light. Refracting telescopes use multiple lenses to collect light - Radio telescopes, detect radio waves from objects in space. Most radio telescopes have curved, reflecting surfaces. These surfaces focus faint radio waves the way the mirror in a reflecting telescope focuses light waves. Probes: - A space probe is a spacecraft that carries scientific instruments to collect and transmit data, but has no human crew. Each space probe is designed for a specific mission. Some are designed to land on a certain planet. - Each space probe has a power system to produce electricity and a communication system to send and receive signals. Probes often carry scientific instruments to perform experiments. - Orbiters, are equipped to photograph and analyze the atmosphere of a planet. Other probes, called landers, are equipped to land on a planet and analyze the materials on its surface. 12 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi Space Exploration: Refer to Sputnik I page 490 / Kepler page 493 Lesson 10.3 Stars pages 496-505 Stars Formation and Life Span - Stars do not last forever. Each star forms, changes during its life span, and eventually dies. - All stars start out as parts of nebulas. A nebula is a large cloud of gas and dust containing an immense volume of material - In the densest part of a nebula, gravity pulls gas and dust together. A contracting cloud of gas and dust with enough mass to form a star is called a protostar - The properties and life span of every star are the result of how massive it is. Each star's mass is determined by how much gas and dust condensed to form its protostar. - When a star begins to run out of fuel, its core shrinks and its outer portion expands. Depending on its mass, the star becomes either a red giant or a supergiant. - White dwarfs have no fuel, but they glow faintly from leftover energy. After billions of years, a white dwarf stops glowing. Then it is a black dwarf. - When a supergiant runs out of fuel, it explodes suddenly. Within hours, the star blazes millions of times brighter. The explosion is called a supernova. - After a supergiant explodes, some of the material from the star is left behind. This material may form a neutron star. - Spinning neutron stars are called pulsars, short for pulsating radio sources - Black Hole: is an object with gravity so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. 13 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi Stars Characteristics: - Color: The coolest stars--with a surface temperature of less than 3,500 K- appear red. Our yellow sun has an average temperature of about 5,500 K. The hottest stars, with surface temperatures ranging from 30,000 K to 60,000 K, appear bluish - Size: Many stars in the sky are about the size of our sun. These very large stars are called giant stars or supergiant stars. White dwarf and neutron stars are smaller - Brightness: The brightness of a star depends upon both its size and temperature. A larger star tends to be brighter than a smaller star. A hotter star tends to be brighter than a cooler star - Chemical composition: The chemical composition of most stars is about 73 percent hydrogen, 25 percent helium, and 2 percent other elements by mass. Recall that nuclear fusion is the process that powers stars. Astronomers use spectrographs to determine the elements found in stars Classifying Stars: - Astronomers use H-R diagrams to classify stars surface temperature and absolute brightness and to understand how stars change over time. 14 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi Multiple Choice Questions: 1) According to Aryabhata I, why do the moon and planets shine? A. Because they produce their own light B. Because they absorb light from the sun C. Because they reflect light from the sun D. Because they reflect light from the stars 2) What is a comet composed of? A. Dust and Ice B. Water and air C. Gas and Plasma D. Rock and Metal 3) What is a constellation? A. A group of comets B. A pattern or group of stars representing a figure C. A group of stars that move together D. A group of planets 4) What did Galileo Galilei discover orbiting Jupiter that supported the heliocentric model? A. Moons B. Asteroids C. Comets D. Meteors 5) What characteristics do all inner plants have in common? A. Ring system B. Liquid water C. Rocky surface D. Thick atmosphere 6) Which property indicates a star’s temperature? A. Size B. Color C. Composition D. Brightness 7) What object is at the center of the geocentric model? A. Earth B. Moon C. Sun D. Stars 15 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi  8) The imaginary line that run’s through Earth’s pole is it’s________ A. Axis B. Equator C. Orbit D. Rotation 9) Earth has seasons because: A. It’s axis is tilted as it revolves around the sun B. It rotates on its axis as it revolves C. The moon exerts a gravitational force on it D. The relative position of the moon sun and earth don’t change 10) Which of the following occurs when the moon moves through earth’s shadow? A. Solar Eclipse B. Lunar Eclipse C. High tide D. Phases of the moon 11) When the sun, moon, and earth line up during the new moon, which of the following is produced? A. Low tide B. High tide C. Spring tide D. Neap tide 12) Sun’s atmosphere part that give off its color? A. Corona B. Photosphere C. Chromosphere D. Core 13) Astronomers use which of the following to collect data from space? A. Telescopes B. Probes C. Waves D. All of the above 14) Sun feature includes? A. Solar flares B. Radioactive zone C. Core D. Convective zone 16 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi  15) Which of the following is the first step of the process of star formation? A. Nebula B. Protostar C. Supernova D. White dwarf True of False Questions 1. Earth's movement around the Sun causes the changing seasons. ---------------------- 2. The gravitational pull of the Moon causes ocean tides on Earth. ------------------------- 3. Small objects like asteroids and meteoroids primarily orbit the Earth. -------------------- 4. Earth's tilt on its axis is the reason for the variation in daylight hours throughout the year. ---------------------- 5. The lunar phases repeat in the same order approximately every 29.5 days. ------------------ 6. Space Exploration isn’t efficient to discover the mysterious of Space. ----------------------- 7. A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body traveling through space. -------------------- 8. Star’s life span depends on its color. ------------------------- 9. Sunspots are part of earth’s interior. ------------------- 10. Optical telescopes use radio waves for detection of data. ------------------ Short Essay Questions 1. Explain the two models of the solar system, and describe which model is the correct one using evidence. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. Describe how different locations of earth can have different seasons? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. Outline the relationship between gravity and the solar system? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. Describe the process of Solar system formation? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. Evaluate which space technology is used today that contributes the most to studying stars? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. Explain the stages of the Star Life cycle? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi  7. Compare and contrast the characteristics of inner planets and outer planets and assess how these differences influence their potential for hosting life. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8. Analyze the factors contributing to the occurrence of solar and lunar eclipses. How does the alignment of the Sun, Earth, and Moon lead to these celestial events, and what are the observable effects on Earth? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9. Investigate the role of nuclear fusion in powering stars and sustaining their lifespan. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Good Luck 18 Subject Name -Study Guide E2 2023/2024 Prepared by: Ms. Lara ElQaisi