Science 10 First Quarter PDF
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Summary
This document covers the first quarter of a science course, specifically focusing on Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Mountain Ranges, and Plate Tectonics. It provides a broad overview of the topics, including the structure of the Earth and its different layers, and the processes associated with these natural phenomena.
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First Quarter Scope and Sequence 2. Earthquakes 1. Volcanoes 3. Mountain Ranges 4. Plate Tectonics...
First Quarter Scope and Sequence 2. Earthquakes 1. Volcanoes 3. Mountain Ranges 4. Plate Tectonics 1. Crust: 5 km - 50 km in thickness a. Oceanic and Continental Crusts Volcanoes i. Continental plates are massive, Any hill, vent, or mountain from which molten rigid slabs of rock that form the or hot rocks with gaseous materials may have Earth's continents. They are the been ejected. thicker and less dense type of May be found in areas where tectonic plates tectonic plate. interact or when there is tectonic activity. ii. Oceanic plates are large, rigid Some are found in small areas. slabs of rock that form the Atleast have 100,000 active and inactive ocean floor. They are the thinner volcanoes on Earth. and denser type of tectonic The whole Pacific Ocean is oceanic. plate. The layers of the Earth are divided into 2 groups b. Different from other layers as it is made (liquid and hard metal). out of solid materials. Volcanoes are being formed as Magma is c. Crustal movement leads to the formation pressurised, thus going up towards Earth’s crust. of volcanoes, mountain ranges, and ○ When it finds a crack in the Earth’s earthquakes (the crust is responsible for crust, it forms a share. the formation of geographical features). Submarine Volcanoes are connected to the 2. Mantle Oceanic Plate, directly connected to the mantle. a. Responsible for the movement of the The process of Volcanic Eruption releases a lot Tectonic Plates as it is the source of of materials and other matter that are hazardous energy for the movement of the crust. to living organisms. b. Upper Mantle: makes up the Fire, Flood, and Earthquakes are associated with Lithosphere, along with the Crust. Volcanic Eruptions. And some Volcanic Hazards c. Lower Mantle are Lava Flow, Ash Fall, Volcanic Bombs, and 3. Core Lahar. a. Responsible for generating heat energy for the mantle, so the mantle stays Formation of the Philippines molten and will move the Earth easier. The Philippines is formed by many volcanic eruptions, b. Outer Core: semi-liquid then these islands are created and combined. It will c. Inner Core: solid eventually become an archipelago. The Philippines Tectonic Plates has several small plates. Volcanoes are located in the ○ Convergent, Divergent, and Transform Philippine Plate and Eurasian Plate (23 volcanoes). Volcanic Anatomy Types of Lava 1. Rhyolitic lava a. Light-Coloured: low in Magnesium and Iron, high in silica b. Felsic Lava c. Explosive because of its high content of silica. d. 800 C - 1000 C in temperature. e. Yellowstone Caldera f. Rhyolite Rock i. Aphanitic because it cools down quickly. 2. Basaltic Lava a. Dark-Coloured: high in Magnesium and Layers of the Earth Iron, low in silica b. Mafic Lava c. Low in viscosity because of its great water content. d. Shield Volcanoes e. Basalt Rock i. Aphanitic because it cools down quickly. 3. Andesitic Lava a. Alpine Himalayan Orogenic Belt a. Its chemical composition is a b. Collision of the African and combination of Rhyolite and Basaltic Indo-Australian belt. Lava. c. Turkey, Middle East, India, and the b. High in viscosity because of its high Indonesian Islands content in silica. 2. Pacific Ring of Fire c. Mt. Pinatubo: Composite Volcanoes a. Circum Pacific Belt d. Andesitic Rock b. Subduction of the Pacific Belt with the i. Used in constructions. tectonic plates near it. ii. Named after the Andes c. Horse-shoe shape. Mountain. d. Outlines major trenches in the Pacific Volcanic Materials Ocean. 1. Volcanic Dust e. Seismologically active (strong a. Less than 2mm in diameter. earthquakes). b. Tephra (no fire) and Pyroclastic f. Main volcanoes of the PH: taal, mayon, Materials (has fire). pinatubo. 2. Volcanic Ash Geothermal Energy a. Similar to the size of a rice grain. 1. Hotsprings b. A mixture of rocks, minerals, and 2. Geysers volcanic glasses. 3. Fumarol 3. Volcanic Bombs a. Few cm to several m. b. Molten rocks to SOLID rocks. Mountain Ranges Structure of Volcanoes Group of mountains. 1. Cinder Cone Volcanoes Has an altitude of 300 m/1000ft (standard height a. Made out of pyroclastic materials. of a mountain). b. Small, single vent, bowl-shaped, narrow Below 300 m is considered a Hill. base, and steep sides. System: 2 or more Mountain Ranges grouped c. Explosive together. d. Paricutin Volcano Tallest landforms of Earth (tallest mountains: 7 2. Shield Volcanoes summits). a. From the accumulation of basaltic lava. 2 TYPES ACCORDING TO ITS NATURE i. Lava flows at great distances. ○ Mountain Ranges (Volcanic in Nature) b. Broad and slightly domed. ○ General Mountain Ranges (Based on c. Taal Volcano location) 3. Composite Volcanoes Continental a. From the alternating layers of rock Submarine (Underwater) particles and lava. May harbour various Biomes. i. Alternating eruptions produce ○ Mountain Biomes: organisms that its cone shape. depend on each other. The number of b. Explosive biomes varies among mountain ranges. c. High viscosity Four basic zones are the foothills, the d. Mount Mayon montane, the subalpine, and the Activity alpine zones. 1. Active ○ Biomes: a community of plants and a. Erupts regularly. animals (also known as flora and fauna, b. Frequent seismic activity. when organisms depend on each other c. Presence of water and magma. for survival). d. Taal Volcano and Mt. Pinatubo Flora (plants) and Fauna 2. Dormant (animals) and organisms depend a. Has a possibility of erupting. upon each other for survival. b. OCCASIONAL seismic activity. c. Presence of water and magma but not that full, yet not that dried up. d. Inactive for 6000 years. e. Mahagnao Volcano and Mt. Butay 3. Inactive/Extinct a. Has no possibility of erupting. b. No seismic activity. c. Absence of water and magma. d. Inactive for 10000 years. Mountain Ranges around the World e. Mt. Arayat Mt. Everest Geographical Distribution Between Nepal and Tibet 1. Alpine Himalayan Belt Highest point on Earth ○ 8848 m (29035 ft.) 2954m (9862 ft.) Himalayas Mountain Range Home to the Philippine Eagle ○ China, Pakistan, Nepal, India, Bhutan Mt. Dulang-Dulang Mt. Atlas 2nd highest point in the Philippines Found in Africa 2938m (9639 ft.) Dry and Barren Kitanglad Mountain Range Borders Morocco and Sahara. Mt. Pulag One of the reasons why the Sahara is dry. 3rd highest point in the Philippines Creates a border in the Sahara Desert. 2922m (9587 ft.) Rocky Mountains Cordillera Mountain Range Found in North America Mountains Near the equator. Steep, sloping sides & sharp or rounded edges West of North America. Should be 1000 ft above its surroundings to be Tallest Mountain range in North America classified. The Appalachian Mountain is also an example ○ Rises prominently above its of a mountain range in the South of North surroundings. America. Have a high point—summit. Andes Mountains Has a confined summit and local relief. Found in South America Hills are miniature mountains. Backbone of South Africa. Volcanoes Located near the equator. Vent in the crust. Considered as volcanic. Issues eruptions of molten rock, hot rock Volcanoes here are a part of the Pacific Ring of fragments, and hot gases. Fire. Contradicts the idea that mountains block “Not all mountains are volcanoes, but most/all moisture. volcanoes are mountains.” Amazon RainForest (Moisture from the Atlantic Ocean) Mountain Ranges Transantarctic Mountains 1. Fold Mountains Found in Antarctica a. Most common type Divides Antarctica into 2 parts. b. Two or more tectonic plates collide, the Great Dividing Range crust buckles and folds. Found in Australia c. Orogeny: uplifting and folding Barren Continent d. Earthquakes can bring mountains down. The Major Cities of Australia are found in the e. Mt. Everest Coastal Areas. f. Sierra Madre (10 provinces of Luzon) Also Contributes to the lack of moisture in the i. From the collision of tectonic continent. plates. Mid-Oceanic Ridge System ii. Longest mountain range in the The longest and continuous mountain range in Philippines. the world. iii. Mt. Guiwan (tallest) Considered as the largest Mountain Range. iv. The backbone of Luzon. Covered at least 70,000 km. v. 1915m Found underwater. 2. Volcanic Mountains A part where the crust is being renewed. a. Formed by volcanic activity. Passes through 3 major oceans (Pacific, Atlantic, b. Magma rises to the surface and erupts. Indian). c. Mt. Fuji and Mt. Mayon Area of active seismological Activity. 3. Fault-Block Mountains UNDER THE MID-OCEANIC RIDGE a. Formed when a section of the crust is SYSTEM pushed up or down along a fault line, ○ Hydrothermal Vents creating a mountain range. ○ Area where magma comes out of the b. Zambales Mountain Ranges Earth’s surface. i. Mt. Tapulao, Zambales ○ It is warm enough to be habitable/ ii. Mt. Pinatubo is the only one ○ Small opening in the Earth’s crust active. ○ Constantly interacts with water. 4. Dome Mountain Mount Olympus/Olympus Mons a. When a region of the crust is pushed up Mars from below. 24,000 Ft above sea level b. Does not break Dead volcano (Inactive) c. Black Hills (Mountain Range) Mountain ranges in the Philippines i. George Washington, Theodore Mt. Apo Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, Davao del Sur & North Cotabato and Thomas Jefferson (GTAT) Highest point in the Philippines d. Chocolate Hills (100-165 ft.) i. Tallest: 395 ft. ○ Transform boundaries redistribute stress ii. Made from limestone, a and accommodate the movement sedimentary rock between neighbouring plates. Examples ○ San Andreas Fault 1. Himalayas Mountain Range i. 1200 km a. 8848 m ii. Tectonic Boundary between the 2. Alps Mountain Range Pacific Plate and the North a. Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, American Plate. Germany, iii. Stretch underwater. b. Slovenia, and Austria (MFSIGSA) ○ Sliding Movement c. A High Mountain Range. ○ Not much seismic activity. d. The North Pole and Switzerland benefits 2. Convergent from this mountain range) ○ Destructive e. Switzerland did not participate in WWII ○ Subduction Zone because Germans had a hard time ○ Alpine Himalayan Range passing through the Alps, so ○ One of the slabs of the lithosphere Switzerland remained neutral. subduct beneath. Importance of Mountains and Mountain Ranges ○ Forms trenches. 1. Ecological and Environmental Importance ○ Places where tectonic plates collide or a. Biological come together. When two plates meet, b. Water Sources their interactions can result in various c. Carbon Storage geological phenomena. 2. Economic Importance ○ Convergent boundaries contribute to the a. Agriculture formation of mountains, volcanic b. Tourism and Recreation activity, and earthquakes. c. Natural Resources Different Characteristics Mountains are invaluable for ecological, Subduction Zone: plate beneath the other. economic, social, and cultural contributions. ○ Chain of tall mountains. Mountains provide an essential ecosystem. ○ Action of active volcanoes. ○ Deep Ocean Trenches Other Importance of Mountain Ranges ○ A lot of Earthquakes Island Arc: long chains of active volcanoes, 1. Weather formed by volcanic activity. 2. Protection (From Hydrothermal Hazards) ○ Intense seismic activity. 3. Biodiversity ○ Action of active volcanoes. 4. Soil Stabilisation ○ Deep Ocean Trenches 5. Mineral Resources (Minerals/Crystals) ○ A lot of Earthquakes 6. Wood Types of Different Plate Collision Continent-Continent Collision ○ Fold Mountains Plate Tectonics ○ No subduction tends to buckle and be pushed upwards. Theory explaining Earth’s crust and many ○ Thus, trenches, volcanoes, and volcanic associated phenomena. island arcs are formed. Associates earthquake, volcanoes and mountain ○ Instead, a large group of tall mountains, range formation to the movement and interaction Mountain Ranges, are formed. of the rigid plates making up the Earth’s crust. ○ Subduction recycles tectonic plates. Interaction between plates. ○ Shallow earthquakes may happen. Asthenosphere: below the lithosphere, part of ○ Examples: European Alps, Himalayas the upper mantle. Ocean-Ocean Collision ○ Plates float on the asthenosphere. ○ One runs over the other, causing it to The lithosphere is broken into pieces. sink into the mantle. Cracks are fault-line. ○ Forms a Subduction Zone. Supercontinent: PANGEA i. Older Oceanic Plates are denser and more compact. Plate Boundaries ii. The subduction plate bends 1. Transform downward, forming an intense ○ Also called Conservative depression in the ocean floor ○ Occurs when two plates slide past each called a trench. other horizontally. ○ The world’s deepest parts are found in ○ The movement along these boundaries trenches. can cause earthquakes, as the plates ○ Results in: grind against each other. i. Volcanic Island Arc ii. Trench iii. Shallow, intermediate, or deep ○ Rift Valley: divergence of tectonic Earthquakes. plates. iv. Tsunamis may be produced ○ Trench: deep, narrow depression, from strong Earthquakes on the collision and subduction of tectonic ocean floor. plates. Continent-Ocean Collision ○ Continental Rise: continental margin, ○ Subducting slab dehydrates because of 10% of the ocean floor the mantle’s heat. ○ Continental Slope: connects the shelf i. Increasing heat and pressure and ocean floor. melts the tectonic plate. ○ Continental Shelf: shelf sea, submerged ○ Oceanic Crust subducts because it is under shallow water. denser. ○ Seamount ○ As the mantle rises, it forms volcanoes. ○ Volcanic Island ○ Results in: ○ Abyssal Plain i. Volcanoes and Volcanic Arcs The Ocean Floor mapping was modernised in ii. Trenches the 1950s and 1960s. iii. Mountains and Mountain Oceanographers and geologists discovered a Ranges system of underwater mountains deep within the ○ Example: The Andes ocean floor. 3. Divergent ○ One famous example is the mid-Atlantic ○ Move away from each other. ridge. ○ East African Rift System This discovery led to the formation of the ○ Hotspot / Hot Plumes: area in Earth’s concept of Seafloor Spreading (refer to the mantle where magma rises up through picture below). the crust, resulting in volcanic activity. ○ Constructive ○ Responsible for the continuous reshaping and formation of Earth's crust. ○ This movement leads to the formation of new crust as magma rises from beneath the Earth's surface, solidifying to create new land. Divergent boundaries are often associated with volcanic activity, earthquakes, and the formation of mid-ocean ridges or rift valleys. ○ Forms Mid-Ocean Ridges. Harry Hess Each tectonic plate is free-flowing/floating, and Proposed Seafloor Spreading early 1960, can move independently. Princeton University Scientist Earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result Suggested an explanation on the ocean-floor of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. movement. Fault/Fault Lines: a boundary between tectonic The further the crust in the Mid-Ocean Ridge, plates. the older the crust is. ○ Most earthquakes and volcanoes circle Convection Currents the Pacific Ocean Basin, a pattern Rise, spread, and the sink of gas, liquid, or known as the “Ring of Fire” due to the molten material. movement of tectonic plates in the Heating, cooling, cycle. region. ○ Heating: fluid is warm—less dense. ○ Cooling: molten material cools down as Seafloor Spreading it goes up. Divergent or Convergent Boundaries ○ Cycle: because of the heating process, Measurement tool before: Subduction of rope currents form, thus, forming a cycle. Measurement tool now: Sonar Convection Currents in the atmosphere derive ○ Sound Navigation Ranging plate motion. ○ A device that determines the distance of Evidence of Seafloor Spreading an object underwater by recognizing the Glomar Challenger 1968: the first research vessel echoes of sound waves. specifically designed in the late 1960s for the purpose of ○ Sound Navigation Ranging drilling into and taking core samples from the deep ○ Sound Waves echo off the ocean bottom. ocean floor. ○ The longer the sound waves take to Pillow Lavas return, the deeper the ocean is. ○ Has a strike, magnetic strike, magnetic Many landscapes field of the Earth. ○ Mid-Ocean Ridge: chain of volcanoes ○ Earth’s magnetic field is strongest on the poles and the weakest when near the equator. ○ Compass: influenced by the magnetic ii. Tropical plants adapted to a field of the Earth. much warmer, more humid ○ Magnetic Anomaly: Pillow Lavas are environment. influenced by Magnetic Fields. iii. Seeds are large and heavy. Magnetometer: measure the changes in Earth’s c. Mesosaurus magnetic field. i. Prehistoric reptiles thrived in Youngest rocks are near Mid-Ocean Ridges. freshwater ponds, lakes, and The ages of rocks become increasingly older in rivers. samples obtained farther from the ridges. ii. Found in South America and Africa d. Lystrosaurus Continental Drift Theory i. Herbivorous and a mammal-like Formed in 1912 by Alfred Wegener. reptile ○ Continental Drift Theory (1920’s-30’s) ii. Late Permian to Early Triassic ○ German Meteorologist and Geophysicist Period, 250 Million years ago who formulated the first complete iii. Found in Africa, India, and statement of the Continental Drift Antarctica. Hypothesis. e. Cynognathus ○ Proposed the theory i. Large, predatory, mammal-like ○ Some were skeptical of his theory but reptile that lived around 230 further evidence and studies were made Million years ago. to support his claim. ii. Triassic Period ○ His theory became the foundation of iii. South America and Africa Plate tectonics. 3. Rocks and Mountains ○ He is known as the Father of Plate a. Found rocks of the same type and age Tectonics. on Mountain Ranges across the Atlantic ○ He died while searching for more Ocean. evidence. b. Concluded they’re from a single 250 Million years ago, the seven continents were Mountain Range. one. i. Appalachian (Northern Central ○ This landmass is called Pangea, a Greek America) and Caledonian word meaning All Earth. Mountain (Scotland) ○ There is also 1 big ocean called c. Formed by Plate Collision Panthalassa. i. Orogeny: Collision of tectonic ○ Contains almost all of the landmass of plates, the uplifting and Earth. buckling. Existed during the time of Dinosaurs. d. Found rocks with matching Geology across continents. The heart of the supercontinent was considered i. Similar Rock Formations: same to be the largest desert the world has ever seen. age, structure, and composition. In The Early Jurassic Period, Laurasia and ii. Appalachian and Caledonian Gondwanaland were formed. Mountain: similar rock type The continents continuously split over time. formation. Laurasia: North America, Europe, and Asia e. Fossilised Rock Layers and Stratigraphy Gondwana: South America, Africa, Australia, i. Stratigraphic Correlation: India, and Antarctica identified sequences of Evidences of the movement of Plate Tectonics sedimentary rocks are now 1. Shape/Fit of Continents separated. It is the process of a. The East Coast of South America and establishing which sedimentary West Coast of Africa seem to fit strata are the same age at distant together. geographical areas by means of b. Like puzzle pieces. their stratigraphic relationship c. Laurasia is the Northern part of Pangea, 4. Ancient Climate while Gondwana is the Southern part. a. Wegener studies coals. 2. Fossils of Plants and Animals i. Coals are fossil fuels that are a. The same type of plants and animal non-renewable. fossils are found on continents now ii. Compact and tropical plant widely spread. remains. b. Extinct Fern: Glossopteris iii. Deposits are found in i. Found in South America, Antarctica, Northern Europe, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Asia, Southern Tip of Africa, Australia. Australia, and Northern America. Glacial Deposits Glaciers are found in every cold climate near the Studying these boundaries will help in poles. recognizing volcanic hazards, understand They leave evidence through the scratches on eruption patterns, and respond appropriately to the bedrock made by blocks of rock embedded volcanic warnings, ultimately reducing loss of in the ice as the glacier moves. This is called life and property. Glacial Striations. Tsunami Preparedness Glacial Deposits are sediment deposited by Tsunamis are often triggered by undersea glaciers. earthquakes along plate boundaries. 5. Paleomagnetism The Philippines, with its extensive coastline, is a. Originated from Wegener. vulnerable to tsunamis generated by nearby and b. Study of the record of Earth's magnetic distant seismic activity. field preserved in rocks, sediments, and Knowledge of plate tectonics will help in archaeological materials. understanding tsunami risks, recognize early c. By studying the magnetic signatures in warning signs, and take necessary precautions to these rocks, scientists can track the protect coastal communities. movement of tectonic plates, understand Informed Disaster Management and Policy Making the history of Earth's magnetic field, and Understanding plate boundaries allows for provide evidence for plate tectonics. informed decision-making at both the local and d. Lodestones: Magnet-like rock that has national levels. polarity. Citizens who are aware of tectonic risks can e. The same polarity repels and the advocate for stronger disaster management opposite polarity attracts. policies, better urban planning, and the f. The Magnetic field functions to protect allocation of resources for disaster preparedness us from the sun. and mitigation, leading to safer communities. g. If the magnetic field repels, it will affect Migrating animals and communication (satellite and static) can be burned and disrupted. h. Borealis Aurora can be seen because of the magnetic field. i. Reversals are North and south exchanges which can cause brighter auroras. i. Hot magma rises to the surface and cools. j. Minerals become magnetised because of Earth’s magnetic field. k. Earth’s magnetic field is strongest on the poles and the weakest when near the equator. l. Rock layers have different magnetisation, though its percentage of magnetisation depends on its location. i. Some don’t have magnetisation because of the movement of tectonic plates. THE CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY IS NOT ACCEPTED. This is because Wegener can’t explain how the process of the drifting of continents took place. Other Information Earthquake Preparedness and Risk Reduction The Philippines is situated along the boundary of the Eurasian and Philippine Sea Plates, making it highly prone to earthquakes. By understanding the nature and behaviour of plate boundaries, we can better prepare for seismic events, contribute to risk reduction efforts, and support the implementation of effective building codes and disaster response strategies. Volcanic Activity Awareness