Chemistry Reviewer PDF

Alexandra Francinne C. Dulay 2nd Yr - BS PSYCHOLOGY ❖ Environmental science: Studying pollutants, developing remediation strateg...

Alexandra Francinne C. Dulay 2nd Yr - BS PSYCHOLOGY ❖ Environmental science: Studying pollutants, developing remediation strategies, and understanding climate change. CHEMISTRY: It is often referred to as the central science, is the study of matter, its composition, properties, and how it changes. ❖ Energy: Developing new energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and understanding energy storage. :At its core, chemistry seeks to understand the fundamental building blocks of our ❖ Agriculture: Developing fertilizers, pesticides, and understanding soil universe and how they interact. chemistry. ❖ Food science: Improving food production, processing, and preservation. CHEMISTRY SUBDISCIPLINE: CHEMISTRY’S OTHER DISCIPLINE: ❖ Inorganic chemistry: focuses on the properties and reactions of inorganic ❖ Biology: Understanding the molecular basis of life, from DNA structure to compounds. DOESN’T CONTAIN CARBON except: Carbonates, enzyme function. Cyanides and carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide: CO3 , CN, CO2 ,CO. ❖ Physics: Exploring the chemical behavior of matter at the atomic and molecular level. ❖ Organic chemistry: deals with the structure, properties, and reactions of ❖ Geology: Studying the composition and formation of minerals and rocks. organic compounds containing carbon. ❖ Engineering: Developing new materials, optimizing industrial processes, and addressing environmental concerns. ❖ Physical chemistry: applies physics to study chemical systems, focusing on thermodynamics, kinetics, and quantum mechanics. MATTER ❖ Analytical chemistry: develops and improves methods for separating, ❖ Matter: is composed of tiny particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) that have identifying, and quantifying matter. definite and characteristic sizes that do not change. ❖ Biochemistry: studies the chemical processes within and relating to living ❖ Atom: is a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element. organisms. An atom consists of a central nucleus that is usually surrounded by one or more electrons. Each electron is negatively charged. The nucleus contains one or more CHEMISTRY IN LABORATORY: relatively heavy particles known as protons and neutrons. ❖ Medicine: Developing new drugs, understanding biochemical processes, and ❖ Molecules are groups of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest creating medical imaging techniques. fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical ❖ Materials science: Designing and creating new materials with specific reaction. properties for various applications. Alexandra Francinne C. Dulay 2nd Yr - BS PSYCHOLOGY ❖ Ions are atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge. ❖ PLASMA A plasma is an ionized gas. ❖ Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Plasmas, like gasses, have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. ❖ Volume is the amount of space something occupies. It is made up of groups of positively and Words such as big, little, long, or short are used to describe volumes. negatively charged particles. 5 STATES OF MATTER ❖ SOLID Particles of solids are tightly packed, held in essentially fixed positions, resulting in definite volume and definite shape. ❖ LIQUID Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another and more room to move. Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. ❖ GAS Particles of gasses are very far apart and move freely. Gasses have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. A gas is mostly empty space. When pressure is applied, the particles are easily pushed closer together, decreasing the amount of empty space and the volume of the gas Alexandra Francinne C. Dulay 2nd Yr - BS PSYCHOLOGY In 1924 two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures. PLASMA ARE FOUND: EINSTEIN + BOSE 1. Flames In 1995, Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th 2. Lighting state of matter for the first time. 3. Aurora (northern lights) 4. Neon lights 5. stars ❖ BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE a. Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe. Therefore, 99% In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state. individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you - The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state can no longer tell them apart! 6. Clouds of gas and dust in outer space The big peak happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way! (We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small) Alexandra Francinne C. Dulay 2nd Yr - BS PSYCHOLOGY Here is a picture a computer took of THE CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER PURE SUBSTANCE VS MIXTURES PURE SUBSTANCE: are made of only one type of atom or molecule. MIXTURES: are physical combinations of two or more different substances. Can be easily formed by mixing the substances in a container. Alexandra Francinne C. Dulay 2nd Yr - BS PSYCHOLOGY ELEMENTS VS COMPOUNDS An element is a substance that is made from one kind of atom only. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances. A compound is a substance that is made from more than one element, united chemically in definite proportions. A compound can be broken down into elements Alexandra Francinne C. Dulay 2nd Yr - BS PSYCHOLOGY 2 Types of COMPOUND ❖ Inorganic compounds are compounds with no carbon. ❖ Organic compounds are compounds with carbon. Compounds with C but classified as Inorganic compounds, these are compounds containing Carbonates, Cyanides and carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. CO3 , CN, CO2 ,CO Alexandra Francinne C. Dulay 2nd Yr - BS PSYCHOLOGY Components of the mixture separate into layers over time. Suspension HOMOGENEOUS: HETEROGENEOUS: can often be separated by filtration, and may scatter light. Some examples of suspensions are muddy water, powdered chalk in ★ have uniform composition and ★ have no uniform appearance. water, dust in air and some medicines. appearance. ★ have components that are ★ have components that are distinguishable. ❖ SOLUTION: is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. indistinguishable. Composed of a solute and a solvent. ★ Examples are Suspensions like Solute is the substance that dissolves ★ also known as Solution. sand mixed with water. Solvent is the substance that does the dissolving. ★ For SOLIDS: COLLOIDS: have particles that are bigger than solutions but smaller than Soluble: will dissolve suspension Insoluble: will not dissolve ❖ Particle size ranges between 1 and 1000 nanometers in diameter, remaining evenly distributed throughout the mixture; particles do not settle under gravity. ★ For LIQUID/LIQUID SOLUTION ONLY: Miscible: will dissolve ❖ The appearance of colloids is usually translucent. Example of colloids: milk, synthetic polymers, fog, blood, jam, shoe polish, smoke, gelatin, mayonnaise, and whipped cream SUSPENSION: heterogeneous mixture made up of particles in a liquid. ❖ The particles in a suspension do not dissolve in the liquid no matter how Immiscible: will not dissolve hard you shake or stir. ❖ Suspensions are non-uniform in color and will sometimes look cloudy or misty. You will definitely see particles floating around in a suspension. This means that the components in a suspension mixture do not bond together to create one uniform mixture Alexandra Francinne C. Dulay 2nd Yr - BS PSYCHOLOGY A solution shows the following characteristic: 1. With single phase 2. Composition and properties are the same throughout. 3. Clear and transparent (no Tyndall effect). 4. The components of a solution cannot be separated by filtration. 5. The solute particles do not settle down. ❖ TYNDALL EFFECT: is the scattering of light by particles in a colloid. \ A colloid is a mixture where tiny particles are suspended in a medium, but they don't settle out like in a suspension. Examples: 1. Sunlight passing through fog: The tiny water droplets in the fog scatter the sunlight, making the beam visible. 2. Dust particles in a room illuminated by a spotlight. 3. The blue color of the sky (caused by the scattering of sunlight by WAYS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES particles in the atmosphere) ❖ Mixtures can be separated by physical means. OPAQUE TRANSLUCENT TRANSPARENT A mixture is a physical combination of substances thus it only requires physical processes to separate. The substance through The substance through The substance through ★ Filtration which an object cannot be which an object can be which an object is clearly ★ Chromatography seen at all is opaque. seen but not so clearly is visible is transparent. ★ Distillation translucent. ★ Evaporation ★ Sublimation E.g. wood, stone E.g. butter, paper, frosted E.g. clear water, glass ★ Decantation glass ★ Use of magnet (magnetic separation) Alexandra Francinne C. Dulay 2nd Yr - BS PSYCHOLOGY ❖ FILTRATION is used to separate the components of a mixture containing ❖ DECANTATION is used to separate a solid from a liquid in a an undissolved solid in a liquid. heterogeneous mixture based on gravity. Also it is done by carefully pouring a solution from a container, leaving the precipitate (sediments) in the bottom of the container Can be done by passing the liquid through a porous medium capable of entrapping the suspended particles, a filter paper. ❖ EVAPORATION can be used to separate components of a mixture with a ➔ Precipitate - when the reaction occurs in a liquid, the solid formed is dissolved solid in a liquid. called the precipitate. ➔ Precipitate - a substance that causes a precipitate to form when it is added to a solution or suspension. ➔ Supernatant liquid - the liquid remaining above the solid is in either case called the supernatant or supernante. This process involves heating the solution, the solvent evaporates leaving the solid residue behind Alexandra Francinne C. Dulay 2nd Yr - BS PSYCHOLOGY ❖ MAGNETIC SEPARATION is used to separate a magnetic solid from a non-magnetic substance in a heterogeneous mixture. ❖ FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION is best for separating a solution of two miscible liquids. ❖ DISTILLATION is a separation technique used to separate components of a liquid mixture by a process of heating and cooling. It is a technique used to separate mixtures of liquids on the basis of differences in boiling point. It can be simple distillation or fractional distillation. SIMPLE DISTILLATION is best for separating a liquid from a solution. ❖ CHROMATOGRAPHY is a process in which a chemical mixture carried by a liquid or gas is separated into colored components. Alexandra Francinne C. Dulay 2nd Yr - BS PSYCHOLOGY notes: ➔ Separates substances on the basis of differences in solubility in a solvent. ➔ Dyes, inks, and food coloring agents are mixtures suitable for separation by paper chromatography. ➔ Simple paper chromatography is carried out on paper. ➔ The exact type of paper used is important. ➔ Filter paper is one of the best types, although paper towels and even newspaper can also be used. ❖ SUBLIMATION: The process in which a heated solid goes directly into the gas phase without passing through the liquid phase. This process can be used to separate a mixture of solids where one solid sublimes and the others do not.