Science Notes PDF

Mary an d Pe te r ar e ha vi ng a pi cn ic in a pa rk. Q Flipped classroom o R...

Mary an d Pe te r ar e ha vi ng a pi cn ic in a pa rk. Q Flipped classroom o R R I TRROIERATRAP & iT A YRR Watch a video Y R - ki e R I S R ey - ) A g T4 BN s > 38 o R Pl TRATEN T i SR o oyl and answer p 2 AP ke What are these dgreen dots the questions. @\ drowing on the bread? o Srymparas i 3y Why is the sky blue in colour?. *.. Mary’s and Peter’s questions are related to science”. What is science?. @ What is science? People are curious about things happening around them. When we find something we do not understand, we often ask questions about it and try to find out the answers. Science is the study of phenomena and events in Nature. Scientists” ask many questions about Nature. The questions in Let’s begin are examples. Below are other examples. - A ' -" 9 - 7. A - : 2’3‘- A\ Y '.‘ s AMBEAEAN | Q\"; J. What cause How does hail* * form? t50d spoilage*? ?Can you suggest other questions about Scientific knowledge is built through systematic™ studies, which involve observation, experimentation” and analysis. This will be discussed in detail in the next section. --------------............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. e science 12 phenomenon (pl. phenomena) 8% scientist BH82R hail kB food spoilage RY/Fi% systematic §Z4t4) experimentation €&  Learning about science % K% VO‘W\Q & e, s o @ Language tips We often apply scientific knowledge ‘Science’ is a noun. to deal with daily life problems. For ‘Scientific’ is an example, from scientific studies, adjective. Example: we know that food. spoilag : e is e We study sciencein mainly caused by the action of school. microorganisms* on food, and that * We gain scientific microorganisms grow slowly at low knowledge when we do experiments. temperatures. We can then apply this knowledge to develop ways to Fig 1.1 Refrigeration” helps preserve preserve food (Fig 1.1). food Key point - * Science is the study of phenomena and events in Nature. 5% ~* s We often apply scientific knowledge to deal with daily life ~ problems. : |fuGorther.(2] Branches of science Science can be divided into different branches. Each branch has its own area of study. Fig 1.2 shows some examples. Biology™ Physics* e the study of * the study of matter, living things energy and force Chemistry™ » the study of properties, struct\ ures and reactions of substances Geology™ ay y of rock and the * the stud structure of the Earth Astronomy* * the study of the Medicine™ universe * the study of diseases Fig 1.2 Some branches of science SCIENCE microorganism f{4%) refrigeration /R biology £%)% physics #)IE8 chemistry {2 geology HhE R 5 astronomy AX2 medicine &%  (533 Nature of science 1 Science is based on evidence Scientists accept an idea only with the support of evidence”. Doing experiments is one of the ways of collecting evidence to test an idea. The story below gives an example of this. @ A long time ago, the great thinker } Heavier objects fall faster Aristotle” suggested that heavier \_fhan e /’;F objects fell faster than lighter objects..,_/7/ e e This idea was thought to be true for ; nearly 2000 years. 4 Is Aristotle’s Q idea true? @ In the 16th century, Galileo Galilei” questioned Aristotle’s idea. He decided to do an experiment to test if the idea is true or not. @ Galileo dropped two objects of different masses from the top of a tower. Both objects landed at the same time! Galileo’s experiment provided evidence that Aristotle’s idea of heavier objects falling faster than lighter objects was not true. - Key point - ° g R et e L s SreYUORES. T o AN TR e oT b ABIR Ssin, ' ence is based on evidenc nce Pt 1S [{ " ¥ 2 : % > i oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo q evidence &% experiment & Aristotle ZE2+ %12 Galileo Galilei {iIF|#§ B Learning about scienceé 2 Scientific knowledge is subject to change Scientific knowledge is based on evidence. Hence, people tend to think that it will never change. Is it really the case? ACtiVity S 9 The cause of gastric ulcers Read the article below and answer the question. A gastric ulcer™ is a sore on the stomach wall. Through a lot of scientific studies, scientists came to believe that gastric ulcers were caused by too much stomach acid. Hence, doctors usually treated gastric ulcers with drugs to reduce stomach acid. However, the drugs did not work well. Fig 1.3 Barry Marshall (1951-) In the 1980s, Barry Marshall® found bacteria® on the stomach wall of ulcer patients. He wondered if the bacteria were the real cause of gastric ulcers. To collect evidence, he treated some ulcer patients with drugs that could kill bacteria. His treatment was successful. This result supported his idea. Fig 1.4 Bacteria (pink) that cause gastric ulcers (x3000) From the article, do you think scientific knowledge is definite” or it may change over time? From the activity, we can see that scientific knowledge is subject to change. When new evidence is found, scientists will revise the old idea and raise a new idea. In this way, scientific knowledge continually develops. I(ey point ,;&Smentlflc_kn W \jv............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ gastric ulcer B:E% BarryMarshall B2 « F&E bacterium (pl. bacteria) #ii definite #EE T8 &Y  3 Scientific knowledge has limitations With increasing scientific knowledge, we know more and more about how the natural world works. However, scientific knowledge has limitations™. There are still many questions about Nature that cannot be answered using present scientific knowledge. For example: Is there life on other planets? p How can we cure cancer (vt |2Q’(» } completely? ? TRt Wy Ne. v 9. Can you suggest In addition, we cannot use scientific knowledge to solve problems some problems that related to personal values and ethics’, e g. Is nuclear power” good or cannot be solved using scientific knowledge? bad?, Should we use animals to test new drugs?, etc. X Key point Scientific knowfedge hasm It cannot solve all problems. - PR - R R Write “T” for a true statement and ‘F’ for a false statement in the boxes provided. 1 Science enables us to better understand how the natural world works. Efl 2 Scientific knowledge is supported by evidence and hence it is always true. 3 We can solve all problems using scientific knowledge. T 7 Check your answers (p. 78) P \Iwg B 6 limitation PR & ethic JE{E4EH) nuclear power %8  Learning about science g &l ot ) wh L WY ol n'\'\«:\*\w wm@ Application and impact of science 9 IME0 WS - \Lfi\t W ({V\ (L.gs ) A, 1 Scientific discoveries and inventions.. \ kSmentlsts have made many dlSCOVEl‘lES) These discoveries have P. *.. improved our understanding of the natural world. They have also led to many inventions”. Inventions also contribute » For example, scientists discovered microorganisms with the use of ot Elies microscopes” in the 17th century. This helped people understand that For example, the invention of microscopes ~ Microorganisms exist everywhere and some of them cause diseases. helped scientists discover This also led to inventions such as drugs to treat diseases caused by microorganismes. microorganisms. i overy Disc Inventio ; n of microorganisms of drugs to treat diseases caused by microorganisms (x10-000) C 2N > O\ kL. irats - e S—— h ey fl‘\ - " —— Scientific inventions have greatly improved our quality of life. Fig 1. 5 shows some examples of these inventions. Imagine how our mode rn life would become without them. motor car plastic™ Fig 1.5 Some important scientific inventions....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................LA R ------ discovery 3L invention B microscope ifli% vaccine & plastic B  Learning about science Bty (5] Read a book about. | X The first microscope was | a famous scientist. The first microscope was invented discovered in 1590. With the :’ / Write a book report or help of microscopes, scientists | in 1590. With the help of prepare a PowerPoint invented microorganisms in the microscopes, scientists discovered to briefly introduce the 17th century. | microorganisms in the 17th life of the scientist and | century. his/her contribution to the world. Present it to the class. “Did you know? (» Recognition of the contributions of scientists A number of prizes have been set up across the world to recognize the contributions of scientists. For example: e Alfred Nobel* (1833-1896) set up the Nobel Prize* and prizes have been given yearly since 1901. Fig 1.6 The Nobel medal * In Hong Kong, Sir Run Run Shaw™ (1907-2014) set up the Shaw Prize™ in 2002. Prizes have been given to outstanding scientists every year. Fig 1.7 The Shaw medal e In Mainland China, the State Council® of China established the State Science and Technology Awards”*. These awards are given yearly to people and organizations that have made outstanding contributions in scientific and ochnoloagical proare  2 Impact of scientific knowledge on natural resource management We depend on natural resources” (e.g. fresh water, plants, animals, Coal*, crude oil* » metals and fossil fuels™) to live. Due to rapid population growth and natural gas™ are and economic development, many natural resources are being used examples of fossil fuels. : : quickly. Some of them may soon be used up. This could lower our living quality and threaten the living of our future generations, A continuous supply of natural resources is important for supporting the living of the present and future generations. Therefore, we need to manage the resources effectively. Science plays a key role in it. Below are two examples. é, Link S ET N As burning fossil fuels Fossil fuels are the main energy In power stations source for generating electricity. produces a lot of air. g pollutants®, using other Using scientific knowledge, we have energy sources helps developed ways to use other energy reduce air pollution™. sources such as solar power and wind You will learn about it power to generate electricity. This in Bk 1B, Unit 5. reduces the use of fossil fuels. Metals are commonly used raw materials. Using scientific knowledge, & Link we have developed ways to recycle” metals. This helps save metal reserves Recycling metal can also reduce in Nature. the environmental problems caused by metal waste. You will learn about it in Bk 3B, Unit 13. i bt b’ o 3 U mg sc1ent1f1cknowledge*,aec ;manage anatural resources more ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 natural resource B %R fossil fuel {LAYARI coal # crudeoil Bl natural gas XPAR, air pollutant Z= 55 24 air pollution 254 recycle fRIRBi&  Learning about science 3 Development of technology , 2 Scientific knowledge is often applied to develop technology”. With s/ | the help of technology, many useful products are created that make our lives easier. Below are some examples. Biotechnology Foods like bread and cheese are & produced using microorganisms. This is an application ~____ of biotechnology™. 1 Some medical products (e.g. vaccines) are also made with Nanotechnology biotechnology. Nanotechnology™ is often applied in textile industry. Fabrics produced with - nanotechnology are usually R lightweight, waterproof and stain-resistant. Wireless commmunication technology stain-resistant The discovery of microwaves* | speeded up the development ; of wireless communication | | ‘ : technology™. Devices —— like televisions and ;. «. \ ! smartphones work | with this technology. B mEe Robotic technology With the development of robotic arm in a factory computers, robotic technology™ is B e, ~advancing rapidly. 5 e ~us do work and increase B ‘ B e e productivity. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- technology 3% biotechnology &£#15ffi nanotechnology #K$#lT microwave K wireless communication technology /R E BTN robotic technology ikA X1l  Didiyou know?._(+] Applying knowledge and skills of science, technology and mathematics to solve daily life problems STEM STEM education is In solving daily life problems, we often need to integrate and apply being promoted in many places. It aims knowledge and skills from science, technology and mathematics. For to develop skills to example, when we find ways to fight COVID-19", we need to apply solve problems by applying knowledge the following knowledge and skills: and skills of Science, Technology, Engineering and SCIENCE