SCERT Kerala Social Science 8th Standard Textbook Part 1 PDF
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2015
SCERT, Kerala
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This is a Social Science textbook for 8th standard students in Kerala, focusing on various historical and social topics.🙍
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Social Science Standard VIII Part 1 JT 283-1/Soc. Sci. 8(E) Government of Kerala...
Social Science Standard VIII Part 1 JT 283-1/Soc. Sci. 8(E) Government of Kerala Department of Education State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT, Kerala) 2015 THE NATIONAL ANTHEM Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya he Bharata-bhagya-vidhata. Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha Dravida-Utkala-Banga Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga. Tava shubha name jage, Tava shubha asisa mage, Gahe tava jaya gatha, Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he Bharata-bhagya-vidhata. Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he! PLEDGE India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters. I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage. I shall always strive to be worthy of it. I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders re- spect, and treat everyone with courtesy. To my country and my people, I pledge my devo- tion. In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness. State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : [email protected] Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869 Typesetting and Layout : SCERT, Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30 © Department of Education, Government of Kerala y, Dear Stude nts e s H is to r y, Geograph fus at ie n c e t e x t of yours in g y. It r e m inds you th S c Socio lo This Social a l S c ience, and te lls the story of ,P o lit ic gra p h y Economics flo w in g river… Geo E c on omics share s n ev e r atu re … history is a b e t w e e n man and n u ghts mould our e b o n d a n d t h o the uniqu economic ideas f the ep tion s o n h o w res th e fu nctioning o ith perc t ic a l S c ie nce explo d h is in te ractions w o li an a n society… P c io lo g y depicts m age in socia l e nt … S o to e ng. govern m t h is t ex t w ill lead y o u o w in to id eal citizens hus, to gr society… T it ie s a nd guide you n act iv constructio regards, With warm S Raveendran Nairr Dr. Directo SCER T Textbook Development Team Participants Abdul Azees V P Pradeepan T HSST History, VPKMM HSS, Puthoorpallikkal HSST History, GHSS, Kallachi, Kozhikode Ajayakumar N Shanlal A B HSST Economics, GHSS Bekoor, Kasaragod HSST, Govt. Model Boys HSS, Harippad Hariprabha Shoujamon S HSA, Sabari HSS Pallikkuruppu, Palakkad HSA, PNMGHSS, Koonthallur, Chirayinkeezhu, Thiruvananthapuram Jamal K Varghese Pothen HSST History, RACHSS, Kadameri, Kozhikode HSST Economics, St. Johns HSS Mattam, Mavelikkara, Alappuzha V T Jayaram Wilfread John S Lecturer, DIET, Thrissur HSST Geography, MGHSS Kaniyapuram, Thiruvananthapuram P N Muraleedharan Nair Yusaf Kumar S M HSST Political Science, NSS HSS Anikkadu, Kottayam HSST History, Govt. Model Boys HSS, Attingal Pradeep Kumar T V HSA, Durga HSS, Kanhangad, Kasaragod English Version Alpha Manjooran Nisanth Mohan M Associate Professor of English (Rtd.), University College, HSST, Govt. Tamil HSS Chalai, Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram I P Joseph Dr. Priyesh M Assistant Professor (Rtd.), SCERT, Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Thiruvananthapuram University College, Thiruvananthapuram Meera Baby R Dr. Saidalavi C Assistant Professor of English, Govt. College, Asst. Professor, Department of Linguistics, Kanjiramkulam, Thiruvananthapuram Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University, Thirur P N Muraleedharan Nair Vijay Kumar C R HSST Political Science, NSS HSS Anikkadu, Kottayam HSST, Govt. Boys HSS, Mithirmala, Thiruvananthapuram Chithra Madhavan Research Officer, SCERT Experts Dr. Abdul Razak P P Associate Professor, Department of History, PSMO College, Thirurangadi Dr. Ashok Alex Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Women's College, Thiruvananthapuram Chithra Madhavan Research Officer, SCERT I P Joseph Assistant Professor (Rtd.), SCERT P S Manoj Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of History, KKTM College, Kodungalloor, Thrissur Dr. Priyesh M Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University College, Thiruvananthapuram Sudheeshkumar J Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, VTM NSS College Dhanuvachapuram, Thiruvananthapuram Academic Co-ordinator Manoj K V, Research Officer, SCERT 01. EARLY HUMAN LIFE 7 02. THE RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS 23 03. IN SEARCH OF EARTH'S SECRETS 41 04. OUR GOVERNMENT 57 05. ANCIENT TAMILAKAM 75 06. READING MAPS 87 07. ECONOMIC THOUGHT 107 Certain icons are used in this textbook for convenience For further reading (Need not be subjected to evaluation) Questions for assessing the progress Learning activities Summary Significant learning outcomes Let us assess Extended activities Self assessment EARLY HUMAN LIFE Two boys from Lascaux in north west France set out with their dog for hunting rabbits. The dog disappeared while they were searching for rabbits in bushes and burrows. Trying to track down the dog, the panic-stricken boys chanced upon a big cave, which had gone unnoticed for centuries. The scenes in the cave astonished them. The walls of the cave were covered with multicoloured paintings of horse, bison, ox, deer, etc. They were the pictures drawn by the Palaeolithic man. Several such cave paintings can be seen in different parts of the world. These pictures provide valuable information on the early human life. Ox (Lascaux-France) Social Science Palaeolithic Age Observe the pictures. These are the cave paintings drawn by the Palaeolithic man around ten thousand years back. Why were they drawn inside the caves? What are the features of these cave paintings? Discuss. Group dance (Bhimbetka-India) Hunting (Bhimbetka-India) Most of them are pictures of animals. Boar (Altamira-Spain) Bison (Chauvet -France ) What information about the life of the early man can be obtained from these pictures? Hunted animals Collectively engaged in recreational activities Different colours were used in the cave paintings. The colours were made from mixtures of plant extracts and powdered laterite. In addition to the figures of bison and boar that you see in the given pictures, the figures of horse, deer, lion, leopard, bear, hyena, etc. can also be seen in different caves. Animal fat was used as fuel for lighting in the caves where sunlight was insufficient. The pictures of hunting are the evidence for their planning of the hunting ground and the prey. Pictures were drawn on the ceilings of the caves as well. This stands in evidence for the dexterity of early humans. 'Cave paintings are a source of information about the early human life'. Substantiate. 8 EARLY HUMAN LIFE 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 Standard VIII Residue of cooked food, ashes, bones and skulls of animals, leftovers of fruits, vegetables, and freshwater fishes, etc. were also discovered from the caves. What else can we comprehend from them about the early human life? They cooked food The Palaeolithic humans hunted collectively. The stronger among them led the group. There was no gender difference in hunting. They ate the flesh of hunted animals and carcasses. For hunting, they mainly used weapons made of stones. They also used bones of animals, ivory, pieces of wood, etc. as weapons. Hide and bark were used as clothes. The bones of animals were used as needles for sewing. Palaeolithic tools What information about the Palaeolithic human life is obtained from the caves? Conduct a discussion based on the following hints. ¾ Tools ¾ Shelter ¾ Social life ¾ Artistic skills ¾ Food ¾ Means of livelihood ¾ Planning ¾ Use of fire Can the Palaeolithic Age be termed as 'the age of hunters'? Why? EARLY HUMAN LIFE 9 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 Social Science There are several pieces of evidence for the technological advancement of early humans. The making of tools and their improvement helped them to attain such progress. A few of them are given below. Musical instrument made of bone The fields in which the Palaeolithic man attained progress are listed below. Find out examples for each from the unit. Fields Examples Sculpture Painting Handicraft 10 EARLY HUMAN LIFE 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 Standard VIII Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh is a remarkable Palaeolithic site. Rock shelter was the salient feature of this site. Besides Bhimbetka, there are several such sites in India that provide evidence for the Palaeolithic human life. Rock shelters-Bhimbetka Marked in the map are a few sites in India from where the evidence for Palaeolithic site State Palaeolithic human inhabitation were found. With the help of the Internet Bhimbetka Madhya Pradesh and other sources of information, identify the present states where these sites are situated and complete the table. Bhimbetka Narmada valley Nagarjunakonda Hunsgi Kurnool caves Palaeolithic sites in India EARLY HUMAN LIFE 11 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 Social Science Mesolithic Age Observe the tools in the picture. How are they different from the tools of the Palaeolithic Age? They are small stone tools with sharp points. These types of tools were used in the period subsequent to the Palaeolithic Age. This age is known as the Mesolithic Age. Why is the Mesolithic Age called Microlithic Age? Tools of the Mesolithic Age What could have been the uses of these tools? To hunt animals by fastening to a pole Hunting became extensive in the Mesolithic Age. As a result many animals became extinct. Mammoth is an example for such a species. Man discovered new sources of food in this period. They ate edible grass, dolphin, otter, whale, fishes, and so on. Mammoths return Mammoths, who belong to the elephant family, lived around ten thousand years back. Now scientists are trying to resurrect the mammoth through cloning. This scientific venture is attempted on the well preserved carcass of a mammoth discovered deep under ice from Siberia in 2013. It has been confirmed that the liquid got from the carcass is blood. The scientists look forward to resurrecting the mammoth with thick fur covered body and long tusks. Tori Herridge, a palaeontologist leads this experiment. 12 EARLY HUMAN LIFE 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 Standard VIII From the given figure, identify the progress in human life during the Mesolithic Age. Evidence for human life in the Mesolithic Age have been discovered from various countries in Europe and west Asia. In India, such evidence have been found from Bagor (in Rajastan) and Adamgarh (in Madhya Pradesh). Compare the human life in the Mesolithic Age with that of the Palaeolithic Age. Neolithic Age We have discussed the changes in human life during the Mesolithc Age. In the period subsequent to the Mesolithic Age, man began to use polished stone tools. This period Gordon Childe V Gordon Childe, the is called the Neolithic Age. The beginning of cultivation archaeologist and historian, was the major progress in this period that dates around was born in Australia. His eight thousand years back. The change from food researches have provided a gathering to food production is a landmark in the history great many information of human life. Environmental changes, scarcity of food, about the pre-historic population growth, etc. are pointed out as the major period. 'Man Makes reasons that led to cultivation. Man began to cultivate and Himself', and 'What settle down in the river valleys. Happened in History' are his Haven't you understood the changes in human life brought famous works. about by cultivation in the Neolithic Age? Gordon Childe, the historian, termed these changes as 'Neolithic Revolution'. EARLY HUMAN LIFE 13 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 Social Science In the Neolithic Age, human beings began to rear animals for food. They began a settled life for the purpose of cultivation and domestication of animals. Wheat, barley, jute, different kinds of tubers, paddy, plantain, etc. were the major crops of that age. Prepare a flow chart that depicts the progress of human beings from food gatherers to food producers. Cave paintings - Edakkal Cave Have you heard of the Edakkal caves? Where is it located? Edakkal is a major Neolithic site in Kerala. Observe the given pictures. What all can you identify? A wheeled cart In those days, wheels were used to carry goods from one place to another. The development of cultivation and permanent settlement led to a collective life. 14 EARLY HUMAN LIFE 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 Standard VIII Why is the beginning of cultivation regarded as a landmark in the history of human progress? From the picture given below, identify the technological progress attained in the Neolithic Age and find out the fields in which the people were proficient. Conduct a discussion. Nn{Xw 1.13 EARLY HUMAN LIFE 15 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 Social Science The lake villages in Switzerland are another example for the technological progress attained by the Neolithic man. These dwellings in the lake were constructed using logs, animal skin, and mud. Walls and houses built of stone in the Neolithic Age were discovered from Jericho in Palestine. Lake Village - Switzerland (an illustration) The transformation that began in the Mesolithic age developed further in the Neolithic Age. Identify them from this unit and prepare a note on it. Jarmo Jarmo in northern Iraq is an important site that provides evidence for life in the Neolithic Age. The ruins of several mud huts have been discovered here. These huts had stone foundations, sun-dried brick walls, and sun-dried mud roofs. The people of Jarmo engaged in agriculture. They stored food grains and exchanged the same. The Jarmo village During the Neolithic Age human life spread far and wide. Population growth and the consequent necessity for cultivable and habitable land were the major causes for this. Water transportation facilitated the migration to different parts of the world. 16 EARLY HUMAN LIFE 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 Standard VIII Burzahom Saraikhola Find out the major Neolithic Gufkral Kile Ghul Mohammad sites from the given map and note them down. Mehrgarh $ Edakkal $ Koldihwa Chirand $ $ $ Utnur Takkalakota Maski Nagarjunakonda Hallur Brahmagiri Paiyampalli Edakkal Neolithic sites in the Indian subcontinent Find out the changes that occurred during the Neolithic Age from the Decorated pot and stone tools. Burzahom Palaeolithic Age and complete the table (Kashmir) below. Palaeolithic Age Neolithic Age Tools Rough stones Polished stones Occupation Food gathering Settled life Animal husbandry Pottery Technology EARLY HUMAN LIFE 17 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 Social Science Chalcolithic Age The Chalcolithic Age was a transition period from the Stone Age to the Metal Age. In addition to the stone tools, the people of this period made copper tools as well. Let us see the major sites of the Chalcolithic Age. Catalhoyuk in Turkey is a major site from where evidence for human life in the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic Ages have been discovered. Ancient forms of urban settlement existed in this site. The major remnants discovered here are the ruins of dwellings. The huts were built using mud-bricks. The residues of wheat and barley have been discovered here. Pictures were drawn on the walls of huts. Excavations are still in progress in this extensive and ancient site. Excavation in Catalhoyuk What evidence of the Chalcolithic Age have been discovered from Catalhoyuk? Discuss. There are several places in the Indian subcontinent from Mehrgarh where the features of the Chalcolithic Age have been excavated. Read the given map and list them. Gilund _Balathal Eran Chirand $ Mehrgarh Ahar Kayatha Navdatoli $ Daimabad $ Jorwe Chandoli $ Chalcolithic sites in the Indian subcontinent 18 EARLY HUMAN LIFE 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 Standard VIII Mehrgarh in Baluchistan is a major Chalcolithic site in the Indian subcontinent. Wheat and barley were cultivated there. Houses with ovens were built of mud-bricks. The evidence for the use of the potter's wheel has also been discovered from here. Clay pot - Mehrgarh Which are the fields the Chalcolithic human life attained progress in? Early man used tools made of stones. As needs increased, they improved the tools. The improved tools helped the progress in social life. This led to the invention of metal tools. The age in which man used stone tools and weapons is known as the Stone Age. Stone Age can be divided into Palaeolithic Age, Mesolithic Age, and Neolithic Age based on the improvement in the stone tools. Human life varied in different ages. The information on the Stone Age is obtained from the remnants of the objects used by the humans of that age. By the end of the Stone Age metal tools began to be used. This period is called the Chalcolithic Age EARLY HUMAN LIFE 19 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 Social Science Stone Age Palaeolithic Age Mesolithic Age Neolithic Age Chalcolithic Age Crude stone tools Micro stone tools Polished stone tools Stone and copper tools Bhimbetka Altamira Bagor Edakkal Mehrgarh Chauvet Adamgarh Jericho Catelhoyuk Lascaux The learner: analyses the cave paintings of the Palaeolithic Age. explains the significance of the cave paintings as a source of history. analyses the features of human life in different stages of the Stone Age. compares the different stages of the Stone Age. lists the Stone Age sites. evaluate the transition from the Stone Age to the Metal Age. 20 EARLY HUMAN LIFE 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 Standard VIII Can the caves be regarded as centres of human inhabitation? Why? The Mesolithic period is termed as the age of transition from the Palaeolithic to the Neolithic age. Why? How does the Neolithic Age differ from the Palaeolithic Age? 'The Stone Age was an important period in the human history.' Substantiate. Match the sites in column A to the ages in column B A B Altamira Neolithic Age Catelhoyuk Palaeolithic Age Edakkal Mesolithic Age Bagor Chalcolithic Age Collect the objects from your locality that can be sources of information on the past and prepare a note on their features and the information gathered. Keep these objects in the school museum. Prepare an album with the pictures of such antiques. EARLY HUMAN LIFE 21 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 Social Science Completely Partially Need Improvement Can differentiate between different Stone Ages based on the tools and varied features of human life Can find out the features of cave paintings Can analyse the features of different Stone Ages Can compare the different Stone Ages Can list the Stone Age sites Can recognise the changes from the Stone Age to the Metal Age Can evaluate the human progress that came about in different ages Have understood that human history is a continuous process and that different ages have had a significant role in it. 22 EARLY HUMAN LIFE 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 THE RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS It was the year 1856. The British decided to lay a railway line from Multan to Lahore. The Brunten Brothers were assigned the charge of its construction. The line was to be laid through the Indus valley. Though the brothers, who were engineers, toiled hard with the labourers, they could not fix the railway track in the loose soil. The construction came to a standstill. Then the engineers noticed some burnt bricks nearby. They were hard and suitable for laying the track. Without wasting any time, they paved those bricks and laid the line. Neither the labourers nor the engineers realised that those burnt bricks were the remains of a great civilization that existed centuries back. Later, when Sir John Marshall was the director of the Archaeological Survey of India, an excavation was undertaken in 1921. It revealed that the bricks were the ruins of a great civilization. Social Science The excavations revealed that a civilization had existed Archaeological in the valleys of the river Indus and its tributaries. Survey of India Hence, this civilization came to be known as the Indus valley civilization. The Archaeological Survey of India leads the researches on The first excavation was conducted in Harappa in the archaeology in India. This present Pakistan. It was led by Daya Ram Sahni. Since institution was established the first evidence for the Indus valley civilization was during the reign of the British. obtained from Harappa, this civilization is also known as the Harappan civilization. It was R D Banerji, who led the excavations in Mohenjodaro in the present Pakistan. Further researches on this civilization are going on. Complete the chart that indicates the excavations of the Indus valley civilization. The Director, Archaeological Survey of India Sir John Marshall..................................... Indus valley civilization Daya Ram Sahni R D Banerji.......................................................................... Conducted excavations in Harappa The Harappan civilization stretched across the region ranging from the western part of Pakistan to Alamgirpur in Uttar Pradesh, R D Banerji and from Kashmir in the north to the Narmada valley in the south. The period of this civilization is generally placed between BCE 2700 and BCE 1700. 24 THE RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 Observe the map and list the major sites of the Indus valley civilization in the table given. Identify the present countries in which they are situated. Tajikistan Turkmenistan $Shortughai China Afghanistan Harappa Pakistan Banvali Kalibangan Alamgirpur Mohenjodaro Sutkajendor India Dholavira Lothal Rangpur Sites of Indus Sites of Indus Country Country valley civilization valley civilization JT 283-2/Soc. Sci. 8(E) THE RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS Social Science Features of cities We have seen that it was the hardness of the bricks they came across that amazed the laborers. The key feature of the Harappan cities was the use of hard burnt bricks. All buildings were built of burnt bricks. The cities Harappa, Mohenjodaro, and Lothal all had two parts. The part of the city used by the administrators Parts of the Harappan Cities The part of the city to the west was higher. The part of the city to the east was lower and It was used by the administrators. The ruins was inhabited by the common people. The ruins of a big building, probably an assembly hall, of many buildings that might have been houses were discovered here. were unearthed here. Houses were built along both sides of planned streets. They were of varying structures. Some houses had only one room, whereas others had more rooms, a courtyard and a well. Every house had a toilet. Street The drainage system was another feature of these cities. The waste water from the houses was let out into the drains. These drains were connected to the main drain of the street. The drains were built of burnt bricks and covered with stone slabs. Effective drainage systems existed even in small towns and villages. Drainage system 26 THE RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890 1 Standard VIII In Mohenjodaro a great tank, called the Great Bath, was discovered. It is an evidence for the architectural skill of the people of that period. It was built entirely with burnt bricks. The Great Bath What hints about the social and administrative system can be obtained from the ruins of the Harappan cities? Discuss and prepare a note on the importance of personal and social hygiene maintained by the people of the Indus valley civilization.
