SCB-203 Lecture 1 Fall 2023 (Tuesday) PDF

Dr. Sange Palden Office Hours: Room No: M-222 Tuesday 4:30 PM to 5:30 PM  Quizzes and Exams Lecture 6 Quizzes (Lowest dropped) 30% Midterm Exam 15% Final Exam 15% 4 Lab exams 40%* 100% * 20 point Glob...

Dr. Sange Palden Office Hours: Room No: M-222 Tuesday 4:30 PM to 5:30 PM  Quizzes and Exams Lecture 6 Quizzes (Lowest dropped) 30% Midterm Exam 15% Final Exam 15% 4 Lab exams 40%* 100% * 20 point Global Learning Assignment.  Lecture Quiz and Exam Format Lecture Quizzes: 25 Multiple choice and T/F questions/30 min. Loading… Lecture Midterm and Final: 50 Multiple choice and T/F questions/60 min.  Texts Openstax: This is a free text. https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and- physiology (eText). Amerman: This is not a free text https://www.pearson.com/store/p/human- anatomy-physiology/P100000739620 (eText $10.99 per month, there are other choices).  Lecture Syllabus is On Blackboard Lecture 22 has traditionally been self study in most semesters. Loading…  Keys to Success for SCB-203 Arrive before the start of class. Stay until the end of class. Review material before class. Don’t miss a class. Make a study schedule for lecture and lab. Keep test dates for handy reference. Ask questions and email me for help.  Lecture 1 - Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Structure of the human > - E Study theFunction of the human study Body Office hour Sange [email protected] Monday Wednesday - M222 360-932-9242  Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Define physiology, cytology, anatomy, histology and pathology. Relationship between structure and function. Levels of structural organization within the human body. Characteristics of living things. Homeostasis. Negative and positive feedback mechanisms. Characteristics of Living Organisms 7 Properties of all organisms  Characteristics of Living Organisms 1. Cellular composition. 2. Metabolism. 3. Growth. 4. Excretion. 1. Responsiveness. 2. Movement. 3. Reproduction.  1. Cellular Composition Cell is basic unit of life. All living organisms exist as one or more cells. Loading…  2. Metabolism All chemical reactions of an organism. Some reactions “build up” and called anabolic reactions. Some reactions “break down” and called catabolic reactions.  3. Growth Occurs when anabolism exceeds catabolism. May involve an increase in size of individual cells and/or an increase in number of cells.  4. Excretion Process removing waste products from metabolic processes. Waste products may become toxic.  5. Responsiveness Also known as irritability. Sense and reaction to changes in the environment.  6. Movement May refer to motion inside and between cells. May refer to motion of one or more cells within the organism. May refer to motion of the organism itself.  7. Reproduction May refer to creation of more cells within an organism to replace damaged and/or old cells. May refer to the creation of offspring from the organism.  Test your knowledge Characteristic Definition 1. Reproduction. A. Removal of waste products. - 2. Cellular B. Increase in cells. composition. C. Sense to environmental 3. Movement. changes (irritability). 4. Growth. D. Exist as one or more cells. 5. Responsiveness. E. All chemical reactions. 6. Excretion. F. Creation of cells or offspring. 7. Metabolism. G. Motion of an organism.  Test your knowledge Characteristic Definition 1. Reproduction. F A. Removal of waste products. 2. Cellular. D B. Increase in size. composition. C. Sense to environmental 3. Movement. G changes (irritability). 4. Growth. B D. Exist as one or more cells. 5. Responsiveness. C E. All chemical reactions. 6. Excretion. A F. Creation of cells or offspring. 7. Metabolism. E G. Motion of an organism. Levels of Structural Organization Human body divided into series of larger building blocks  Levels of Structural Organization 1. Chemical (Smallest). 2. Cellular. 3. Tissue. 4. Organ. 5. Organ system. 6. Organism (Largest).  1. Chemical Level Smallest level of human body. Composed of atoms to complex molecules. Ex Fats carbondurates ,  2. Cellular Level Combination of different molecules to form structures at cellular level. Cells are composed of organelles that allow them to function.  3. Tissue Level Group of similar cells that perform a common function. Includes extracellular matrix.  4. Organ Level Structure composed of 2 or more tissues that perform a specialized function.  5. Organ System Level Organs are grouped into organ systems. Consists of two or more organs carrying out a broad function.  6. Organism Level Organ systems function together to make a working human body. Human body is the organism level. Organ Systems of Human Body Loading… 11 organ systems know which systems includes which organism  1. Integumentary System (203) Includes hair, skin and nails. Some functions: 1. Protection. 2. Regulate body temperature.  2. Skeletal System (203) Includes bones, cartilage and joints. Some functions: 1. Support. 2. Protection.  3. Muscular System (203) Includes skeletal muscles. Some functions: 1. Produce movement. 2. Generate heat.  4. Nervous System (204) Includes: brain, spinal cord and nerves. Buz Some functions: 1. Regulation of body functions. 2. Sensation.  5. Endocrine System (204) Includes: pituitary gland and pancreas. Some functions: 1. Regulate body functions through hormones.  6. Cardiovascular System (203) Includes: heart and blood vessels. Some functions: 1. Pumps blood. 1. Transports nutrients and other substances.  7. Lymphatic System (203) Includes: lymph nodes and spleen. Some functions: 1. Return excess fluid to blood. 2. Immunity.  8. Respiratory System (203) Includes: trachea and lungs. Some functions: 1. Deliver oxygen to blood. 2. Removes carbon dioxide from body.  9. Digestive System (204) Includes: stomach and intestines. Some functions: 1. Digests food. 2. Absorbs nutrients.  10. Urinary System (204) Includes: kidneys and urinary bladder. Some functions: 1. Removes waste from blood. 2. Acid-base balance.  11A. Reproductive System (204) Offspring Male reproductive system includes - prostate gland and testis. Some functions: 1. Produce sperm. 2. Secrete hormones.  11B. Reproductive System (204) Female reproductive system includes: ovaries and uterus. Some functions: 1. Produce oocytes. 2. Site of fetal development.  Types of Anatomy Anatomy is the study of structure of an organism  Systemic Anatomy Study of the human body at the organ system level.  Gross Anatomy Studies the organ and organ systems that can be seen by the unaided eye.  Microscopic Anatomy Requires aid of a microscope. Histology is study of tissues. Cytology is study of cells. Pathology Anatory Physiology  Types of Physiology Study of function of an organism  Types of Physiology Specializations based on organ or organ system studied. For example: neurophysiology studies the nervous system. Pathology is a unique discipline that studies diseases.  Test Your Knowledge Which are examples of anatomy (A) or Physiology (P)? ____ Heart. A ____ P Growth. ____ P Heart rate. ____ P Metabolism. ____ Stomach. A ____ P Digestion. ____ Muscles. A ____ A Brain. ____ Lungs. A ____ P Breathing.  Test Your Knowledge Quiz question Which are examples of anatomy (A) or Physiology (P)? A Heart. P Growth. P Heart rate. P Metabolism. A Stomach. P Digestion. A Muscles. A Brain. A. Lungs. P Breathing.  Homeostasis Maintenance of body’s internal environment Balance  Homeostasis Results from coordination of many variables. To prevent homeostatic imbalances most variables are controlled to a set-point, so they remain close to normal values. maintain your body glucose By using inslun is an example of Homeostasis. Homeostasis  Feedback Loops Homeostatic mechanisms are controlled by feedback loops  Feedback Loops Respond to a change of a regulated variable. Type of Homeostatic Feedback may be negative or positive. Most are negative feedback loops.  Feedback Loops Negative feedback opposes initial change and reduces output. insulin try balance to sugar high-balance Positive feedback reinforces initial change and increases output. Negative Feedback Loops A change of a variable in one direction results in a change in opposite direction increase to decrease  Negative Feedback Loops 1. A stimulus occurs when a regulated variable is outside its normal range. 2. Information is detected by a cellular structure called a receptor. 3. Receptor sends information to control center.  Negative Feedback Loops 1. Control center sends signals to cells or organs called effectors. 2. Effectors cause a response that returns variable to normal homeostatic ranges. 3. As variable returns to normal there is no longer a stimulus for the negative feedback loop. Physiological Example of Negative Feedback Control of body temperature  Negative Feedback Loops Stimulus occurs as body temperature decreases below normal range. Human body temperature is 37ºC (98.6ºF). An increase of blood pressure  Positive Feedback Loops Effector increases the initial stimulus  Positive Feedback Loops Less common than negative feedback loops. Often found within a negative feedback loop to produce a quicker response. An example is formation of a blood clot.  Positive Feedback Loops A stimulus occurs when a blood vessel is injured. increase  Positive Feedback Loops In this example positive feedback occurred when platelets stimulated other platelets to form a clot. Overall effect is negative feedback as bleeding stopped. Positive Feedback in Child Birth 1. Constriction of Uterine Wall P 2. Stretch os Receptors iti Brain ve Uterine muscles F e constrict; baby’s e 68  body stretches d 3 Brain stimulates pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin 4 Oxytocin stimulates 2 Nerve uterine impulses contractions and pushes from cervix fetus toward cervix transmitted to brain 1 Head of fetus pushes against cervix 69  Structure and Function Related at all levels of organization of the body  Structure and Function Form Function 1. Many cell layers in skin. A. Protects body. 2. Hollow blood vessels. B. Transports blood. 3. Strong bones. C. Supports body. 4. Thin tissues inside lungs D. Permits gas exchange. 5. Hollow muscular urinary E. Stores liquid waste. bladder.