Dr. Sange Palden's Office Hours and Quiz Format

Dr. Sange Palden's Office Hours and Contact Information

• Office hours: Tuesday, 4:30 PM to 5:30 PM, Room M-222
• Email: [email protected]
• Phone: 360-932-9242

Course Overview

• Quizzes and exams: 6 quizzes (lowest score dropped), midterm exam, and final exam
• Lab exams: 4 lab exams, including a 20-point global learning assignment
• Textbooks: Openstax (free) and Amerman (not free)

Keys to Success

• Arrive before class and stay until the end
• Review material before class
• Don't miss a class
• Make a study schedule for lecture and lab
• Keep test dates handy
• Ask questions and email Dr. Palden for help

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Define physiology, cytology, anatomy, histology, and pathology
• Understand the relationship between structure and function
• Identify the levels of structural organization within the human body
• Recognize the characteristics of living things, including homeostasis and negative/positive feedback mechanisms

Characteristics of Living Organisms

• Cellular composition: cells are the basic units of life
• Metabolism: all chemical reactions within an organism
• Growth: occurs when anabolism exceeds catabolism
• Excretion: process of removing waste products from metabolic processes
• Responsiveness: sense and reaction to changes in the environment
• Movement: may refer to motion inside and between cells, or motion of the organism itself
• Reproduction: may refer to creation of more cells or offspring

Levels of Structural Organization

• Chemical level: smallest level of human body, composed of atoms to complex molecules
• Cellular level: combination of different molecules to form structures at the cellular level
• Tissue level: group of similar cells that perform a common function
• Organ level: structure composed of two or more tissues that perform a specialized function
• Organ system level: organs are grouped into organ systems that carry out a broad function
• Organism level: organ systems function together to make a working human body

Organ Systems of the Human Body

• Integumentary system: includes hair, skin, and nails, functions include protection and regulation of body temperature
• Skeletal system: includes bones, cartilage, and joints, functions include support and protection
• Muscular system: includes skeletal muscles, functions include producing movement and generating heat
• Nervous system: includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves, functions include regulation of body functions and sensation
• Endocrine system: includes pituitary gland and pancreas, functions include regulation of body functions through hormones
• Cardiovascular system: includes heart and blood vessels, functions include pumping blood and transporting nutrients and waste
• Lymphatic system: includes lymph nodes and spleen, functions include returning excess fluid to blood and immunity
• Respiratory system: includes trachea and lungs, functions include delivering oxygen to blood and removing carbon dioxide
• Digestive system: includes stomach and intestines, functions include digestion and absorption of nutrients
• Urinary system: includes kidneys and urinary bladder, functions include removing waste from blood and maintaining acid-base balance
• Reproductive system: includes male and female reproductive systems, functions include producing sperm and oocytes, and secreting hormones

Types of Anatomy

• Systemic anatomy: study of the human body at the organ system level
• Gross anatomy: studies organs and organ systems that can be seen by the unaided eye
• Microscopic anatomy: requires aid of a microscope, studies tissues and cells
• Pathology: study of diseases

Types of Physiology

• Study of function of an organism
• Specializations based on organ or organ system studied, such as neurophysiology or cardiovascular physiology

Homeostasis

• Maintenance of body's internal environment
• Results from coordination of many variables to prevent homeostatic imbalances
• Feedback loops: negative and positive feedback loops that respond to changes in regulated variables

Feedback Loops

• Negative feedback loops: oppose initial change and reduce output, example: insulin regulation of blood sugar
• Positive feedback loops: reinforce initial change and increase output, example: formation of a blood clot

Physiological Examples

• Control of body temperature: negative feedback loop
• Childbirth: positive feedback loop