Emerging Infectious Diseases Lecture Notes PDF

part 1 EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES en Proportion of deaths due to infectious diseases => -> due to Cancer bacterial infection disease/alzheimers are older for age Enkovzwitwaor a or rent cause ene few ↳ no drugs significant people threat birth my high 25 % as -> able to re...

part 1 EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES en Proportion of deaths due to infectious diseases => -> due to Cancer bacterial infection disease/alzheimers are older for age Enkovzwitwaor a or rent cause ene few ↳ no drugs significant people threat birth my high 25 % as -> able to reduce today infectious disease , compared to back then >trends demonstrate increasing expectancy in -> World population ↳ 2040 will 1960 IS be I sing up trippled compared ~ ↑ ABS life to Huge gan bet ween life expectancy in rich countries compare to poor countries Suffered a lot of HIV, AIDS, -> pandemics like went down ne levels the 50s in I -> Influenza of 1918 ↳ Southern Africa 1 > I I HIV AIDS mainly - DRUGS ↳ the Isub-Saharan with calculated treatment Africa) additional by pathogen by -not always treatment that 6 dollars billion a bacteria TUBERCULOSIS can provide a full Fe founder for billions of dollars became 2) WARREN BUFFETT I S = available -> Bill and Melinda gates foundation (2000-2009) -> -> E main HIV AIDS : diseases - suffers most) (Malaria)(- south Africa--> affected help can and 3 medical of microsoft available n e e ↳ ->> and ↳ provides wealth $60m pledges Cameron Gates 85 % of his gave for additional $100 polic vaccination Microbes have caused the most devastating epidemics in recent human history Beneficial roles of microbes -> responsible for ↳body -> first time c-section more micro consists health 30 trillion of 39 frillion delivery babies have blotical diseases , Is transfers keep pathogens away from our to the Imicrobiota) raginal microbes (lactobacillus) ↳ less ↳ ↳> cells microbial cells microbes durin every exposed Vaginal -> our tissues and organs baby -> -> -> energy received are from the byproduct microbes of plants supply 50 % of oxygen we breathe ↳ ↳ rely microorganisms food production such as milk products on -> the -> natural microbial flora provides protection microbes against more virulent digestion -> w Vitamin -> make vitamins MICROBES AND DISEASES -> natural on -> -> ability to cause many infectious host microbes have caused , evolution , favours diseases the operates on it spreading capacity NOT disease a natural selection its microbes of microbial to -> its evolution most can be less used devastating as or a epidemics non-virulent failure in recent of microbes the human microbe history to adapt I the Reducing -> restoration - of vaginal diseases : microbiota baby immediately the - exposing - microbiota wrong agriculture ↳ microorganisms help I -human body ↳ bacteria Vitamins in our allowing large them to Intestine be down break help I absorbed waste synthesize into the bloodstream ↳A very tiny minority of mircobes act as pathogens or disease-causing agents, representing a natural threat, not only to human life, but to all life forms ↳ Microorganisms maintain balance in environment by recycling, vital, nutrients such as nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, and oxygen ↳Microorganisms results in plants supplying 50% of the oxygen we breathe IMPORTANT ROLES OF MICROBES ↳ responsible ↳ organic Waste things for O2 and compounds (ex breakdown ↳ recycle ↳ responsible dead : organic nucleic , molecules amino acids) from dead animals , material to create new turning plants trees , into , living forms of life Yeast-wine for bread) ↳ Natural microbial flora provides protection against more virulent microbes Drug preparation killed about 40 % population Making vitamins eg. vitamin K ↳Digestion for food /ex: E >ebola of African - MICROBES HOST EQUILIBRIUM Diseases can be severe But Large majority of microbes do not cause aggressive diseases, which kill their host quickly ⑮ TUBERCULOSIS VS EBOLA -> -> both both are pathogens can kill acute - disease - Lely die -II Ho shortly zox affected -> har >rids to the infect spread B natural evolution capacity microbial , ↳ not on natural non-virulent of its a microbe ability selection , to he from netDigitates host for a of / operates cause evolution , a on its years spreading disease favours less or microbes ↳ Any severe infectious diseases are a failure of the microbeto adapt to its host ↳ unfortunately , ↳ improvements WVACLINES ' can kill both include better good/bad sanitation cells -> 1969 Us surgeon General to Congress : Its time to close the book on infectious diseases" ↳> thought to wrongly over was microbes think the EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES => ↳ Infectious diseases as a ↓ , MRSA ↳ ↳ no treatment strains IS available (umited) Viruskept ~ : W t-no with Tuberculosis ↳ Drug-restraint group will not disappear ↳ New disease-causing -> agents -> ex HHVS war , AIDS idea SARS , MERS , COVID 19 EBOLA ↳ moving Outbreaks of existing diseases ↳ West Nile Virus ↳ North America 1999 mos quitOS ↳ Pandemic -> Influenza monkey ↓ similar - to pox -s > smallpox hum affect monkey ->praine Spread from pet store, 7 a pathogen made a move rapidly -> - -> -> - 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic -> -> - -> -> pox rodents dog Diseases transmission within population: today vs old days -> 4000 - -> 2000 years ago years ago I-boats many animals now got the today -> ↳ natives OLD 9 travelling virus/diseases ex: months TODAY 9 hours arplanes (from water) DAYS Cory 19 ↳Air net works in 2005 were much more busier compared to 1933 ↳ Less viruses being moved by the airline industry back then ↳ Today it is worst by airline industry 9th floor of the metropole hotel > SARS CASE TRANSMISSION No available drugs for the outbreak ⑧ ↑ ↓ A ↳ -> no vaccines * Public health took measures to stop people travelling BIOTERRORISM ↳ Intentional release of bacteria, viruses, or toxins for the purpose of harming or killing civilians 9/1) -> caused so that SPORES ANTHRAX by envelope were THREE WAYS ANTRAX ENTERS THE X Throughout the skin (CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX) - Inhaled opening it dispersed the powder by people Rare disease in North America, typically among farmers that take care of cows spores BODY * Throughout digestive tract (GASTROINTESTINAL ANTHRAX) * Respiratory (INHALATION ANTHRAX) to the air ↳Cutaneous is the most common type of infection when it is taking place, the spores are going to land on the skin and bacteria are going to be germinated ↳ treatment - Gastrointestinal anthrax is extremely rare -> : antibiotics uncooked ↳]Inhalation anthrax -> brings occurred the most in 2001 lymph , cyprofloxacin meat not , spores notes deep and cooked into the dissolve properly lungs cause , into the very severe disease) CINHALATION) ex : - pneumonia ↳Biological agents are not easy to detect, making it difficult to trace back the illness -severe/deadly disease Potential Bioterrorism Agents CDC Category A >organisms (bacteria Es ↳ Antrax and Virusus Bubonic Plaque (X Pestis) . ↳ Tularaemia ↳ smallpox ↳ Viral haemorrhagic fevers (eg ↳sent to . Ebola Africa ↳ Botulinum toxin All are easily disseminated or transmitted person to person High mortality rate of some (smallpox, Ebola) Public panic and social disruption Cost of coping with bioterrorism resources of the health care system ↳ research and development (R&D) * - TREATMENTS > give Cyprofloxacin high antibiotics circulation concentration but a e BIOTERRORISM: WHAT CAN BE DONE BY FIRST RESPONDERS ↳ Nurse performing triage often will be the firstresponder which is E the most important Awareness Reporting -> SMALLPOX ( VARIOLA MAJOR) ↳ ⑧ 0 EPIDEMIC 1977 - last L we pathogen only organism that was erradicated Why was the eradication of smallpox so successful? 70s • Eradicated for medical reasons a , • 1980, declared that smallpox is not around any longer - smallpox - Smallpox is a disease that we have a really good vaccine - first maximum developed (200 years ago) C time had is -> -> having good a good eradicating polic properly affect only people * SKIN # used POLIO most in US host for and measles DIRECTLY ON still only numpr only smallpox VALINE have -> infecting viruses cabinerradae) symptoms -> In - for vaccine always E factors Important most = of no symptoms time army ↳ Smallpox was infecting people highly contagious but the equilibrium that these vials have with people is not so strong - Polio and measles aged good equilibrium do not and have easy to a strong kick host virus equilibrium with us /TOO AGRESSIVE) out • Old vaccine had side effects, people stopped getting them - Out since 1980 manypeople • immunity helped out a lot • 1519 AD, transferred from Europe to the Americas into non-immunized, un exposed population e - -> people born 1980 after ↳ no not are exposed or vaccine immunity Many soviet doctors were sending smallpox samples back to the Russian military -> If no smallpox, nobody gets vaccinated ->If no one is vaccinated,biological weapon based on smallpox would be most powerful weapon to eliminate human life => ! -> poor they were stockpiled security Developed a secret biological weapon, program using selected strain of smallpox The soviets produced dead diseases on industrial scale in these labs E Knowing DNA sequence of a microbe can make microbes from chemicals from the nucleoticles - -> horse-pox makes virus Oligonucleotides infected DNA into a cell and creates a virus I Sequences can turn into biological weapon and used in the wrong way -> as we stop to vaccinate against camelpox , smallpox-> monkey pod viruses other - 95% similar to go upy smallpox Smallpox evolved from camel pox about 3000 years ago -> I ↳ can be mutations evolved into humanpox • 2002, more than 60 millions people killed by smallpox • 24 hours to confirm diagnosis -Monkey pox becoming more humanized virus ↳ transmitted more easily When back to life, affect amoeba cells (ice melt can bring back viruses from the dead) • some viruses can be presented in frozen land (UNFREEZE THEM) SMALLPOX (FILM NOTES) • symptoms : - Begins with a high fever • highly contagious - must quarantine • “Active terrorist attack” • Hospitals were struggling with the daily routine to treat those with smallpox • Created smallpox hospitals