144 Questions
What is the basic unit of life?
The cell
What is yeast commonly used for in the food industry?
Baking and alcohol production
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
The presence of a nucleus
What are extremophiles?
Organisms that thrive in extreme environments
What is the structure of a mold?
Molds have a filamentous structure with mycelium being a highly branched system of tubes.
What are moles used for?
Moles are used for the production of citric acid and antibiotics.
What is the mold that produces penicillins?
The mold Penicillium produces penicillins.
What is the group of diseases caused by the mold Aspergillus called?
The group of diseases caused by the mold Aspergillus is called aspergillosis.
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport mechanism that is driven by the breakdown of ATP and works through a series of conformational changes in the transmembrane protein.
How does the sodium-potassium pump change its conformation?
Three sodium ions bond to the cytoplasmic side of the protein, causing the protein to change its confirmation and its new conformation.
What happens when the sodium-potassium pump is phosphorylated?
The molecule becomes phosphorylated at the expense of a molecule of ATP and uses a second conformational change that has located three sodium ions across a membrane.
What is the process of endocytosis?
Endocytosis is the process by which cells ingest particles or large polar molecules that cannot cross the hydrophobic plasma membrane.
What is the function of mitochondria in ATP production?
Mitochondria are involved in releasing the energy of food molecules and transforming it into chemical energy stored in ATP.
How is ATP produced in mitochondria?
ATP is produced in mitochondria by using the energy from food molecules to create a proton gradient, and then using this gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP.
What is the role of the nucleus in gene expression?
The nucleus allows gene expression to be regulated by postranscriptional mechanisms, such as splicing.
How are proteins sorted and targeted to specific organelles?
Proteins are sorted and targeted to specific organelles through import pores in the nuclear envelope, protein translocators, and vesicles traveling along microtubules.
According to Len Margulis, how did eukaryotic cells evolve?
Len Margulis proposed that eukaryotic cells evolved from a grouping of cells, where a large anaerobic prokaryotic predatory cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium, leading to the development of mitochondria and potentially chloroplasts.
Where did mitochondria and chloroplasts originate from?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from bacteria that were endocytosed by larger cells.
What are some similarities between mitochondria and bacteria?
Some similarities between mitochondria and bacteria include similar size/shape, double membrane, circular DNA, genes without introns, and small ribosomes.
What are organelles?
Organelles are functional units within eukaryotic cells.
What is the cell theory?
The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells and new cells are created by old cells dividing.
What are the main components of cell membranes?
Phospholipids
Who was the first person to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What is the function of vesicles in cells?
Vesicles help move chemicals in and out of cells.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Lysosomes function to digest particles or cells taken into the cell by phagocytosis, as well as digest old organelles such as mitochondria.
What is the main cause of deaths due to infectious diseases?
Bacterial infections are the main cause of deaths due to infectious diseases.
How are lysosomes formed?
Lysosomes arise from the Golgi apparatus when particles such as viruses or bacteria are ingested by phagocytosis.
What are the enzymes found in lysosomes?
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that degrade proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.
What are some examples of pandemics mentioned in the text?
Examples of pandemics mentioned in the text include the influenza of 1918 and HIV/AIDS.
What is the difference in life expectancy between rich and poor countries?
There is a huge gap in life expectancy between rich and poor countries, with rich countries having much higher life expectancy.
True or false: The presence of a nucleus is the most reliable feature distinguishing a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
True
True or false: Molds are filamentous fungi with a mycelial structure?
True
True or false: Moles are used for the production of citric acid and antibiotics?
True
True or false: Psychrophiles grow best below 20°C?
True
True or false: The mold Penicillium produces penicillins?
True
True or false: The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport mechanism driven by the breakdown of ATP.
True
True or false: Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes that lack a cell wall?
True
True or false: Yeast is a eukaryotic unicellular organism?
True
True or false: Acidophiles grow well at a neutral pH?
False
True or false: In the process of endocytosis, the plasma membrane extends outward and surrounds the food particle.
True
True or false: Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing and trapping bacteria within an intracellular vesicle.
True
True or false: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying proteins for shipment to specific locations?
True
True or false: The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened membrane sacs?
True
True or false: The hydrolytic enzymes that degrade proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum?
True
True or false: Exocytosis is the process of discharging material from vesicles at the cell surface to the outside of the cell.
True
Mitochondria use energy from food to drive the rotation activity of ATP synthetase.
True
True or false: Eukaryotic cells are highly organized with many functional units.
True
Yeast is a __________ unicellular organism.
eukaryotic
Proteins can be sorted and targeted to specific organelles through pores in the nuclear envelope.
True
g. AIDS) - - = - ______ filamentous fungi with a mycellial structure ↳ - mycelium is a highly branched system of tubes that contain mobile cytoplasm with many nuclei moles are used for production of citric acid and antibiotics the mold Penicillium produces penicillins involved is allergic reactions aspergillosis is the group of diseases caused by the mold aspergillus - opportunistic infection - = ______ unicellular eukaryotes lack a cell wall they cause a number of human diseases e.g.
MOLDS, PROTOZA
The inner membrane of mitochondria contains enzymes that transform the energy in the proton gradient into chemical energy stored in ATP.
True
Mitochondria are involved in ATP production through cellular respiration.
True
True or false: Mitochondria are descendants of bacteria that were endocytosed by larger cells.
True
True or false: Chloroplasts evolved from endocytosed photosynthetic bacteria surrounded by a vacuole made of the predator cell membrane.
True
True or false: The combination of a large anaerobic prokaryotic predatory cell and an aerobic bacterium led to the evolution of mitochondria.
True
True or false: Cells can only be multicellular and are made up of billions of cells working together.
False
True or false: The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells and new cells are created by old cells dividing.
True
The most reliable feature distinguishing a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is the presence of a __________.
nucleus
True or false: Lysosomes fuse with organelles such as defective or worn-out mitochondria for destruction and recycling?
True
True or false: Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes?
True
Archaea are prokaryotes called __________.
thermoacidophiles
True or false: Lysosomes arise from the Golgi apparatus when particles such as viruses or bacteria are ingested by phagocytosis?
True
The mold Penicillium produces ______
penicillins
The engulfed aerobic bacteria eventually evolved into ______.
mitochondria
True or false: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries.
True
Molds are ______ fungi with a mycelial structure
filamentous
The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened __________ sacs.
membrane
True or false: Viruses are considered cells and are parasitic, entering human cells to replicate.
False
Mitochondria are descendants of ______ that were endocytosed by larger cells.
bacteria
The combination of a large anaerobic prokaryotic predatory cell engulfing an aerobic bacterium was mutually ______ to both organisms.
beneficial
Protozoa are ______ eukaryotes that lack a cell wall
unicellular
The predatory cell may have also engulfed a ______ bacterium, which evolved into chloroplasts.
photosynthetic
Mitochondria are involved in ATP production through _______
cellular respiration
The nucleus membrane allows gene expression to be regulated by ________ mechanisms
postranscriptional
Proteins can be sorted and targeted to specific organelles through ________ in the nuclear envelope
pores
Proteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus by ________ traveling along the microtubules
vesicles
Endocytosis is the process by which cells ingest particles or large polar molecules that cannot cross the hydrophobic plasma membrane. One type of endocytosis is __________, in which the plasma membrane extends outward and surrounds the food particle.
phagocytosis
Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis, resulting in the discharge of material from __________ at the cell surface to the outside of the cell.
vesicles
The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport mechanism that is driven by the breakdown of ATP and works through a series of __________ changes in the transmembrane protein.
conformational
The uptake of bacteria by phagocytes is an active process that requires the triggering of specific receptors on the phagocyte. One of the receptors capable of triggering phagocytosis is FC receptors, which bind __________ bacteria.
antibody-coated
The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened ______ sacs.
membrane
Phospholipids, the main component of cell membranes, have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and arrange themselves in a ______ bilayer.
lipid
The plasma membrane selectively controls the passage of small molecules and proteins in and out of the ______.
cell
Viruses are not considered ______ and are parasitic, entering human cells to replicate.
cells
The cell membrane separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment and regulates the passage of materials in and out of ______.
cells
True or false: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying proteins for shipment to specific ______?
locations
Lysosomes also fuse with organelles such as defective or worn-out ______.
mitochondria
The hydrolytic enzymes that degrade proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates are formed in the ______ and then transported to the Golgi apparatus by transport vesicles.
endoplasmic reticulum
What is the main cause of deaths due to ______ diseases?
infectious
Which disease was eradicated for medical reasons in the 70s?
Smallpox
Microbes have caused the most devastating epidemics in recent human ______.
history
When was the smallpox vaccine first developed?
200 years ago
What is the most powerful biological weapon based on smallpox?
A virus
What is the relationship between smallpox and camel pox?
Smallpox evolved from camel pox
What is the most common type of anthrax infection according to the text?
Cutaneous anthrax
Which of the following is NOT a potential bioterrorism agent according to the text?
Tuberculosis
What is the main reason for the successful eradication of smallpox according to the text?
Effective vaccines
What is the main difference between tuberculosis and Ebola according to the text?
Availability of treatment
Which of the following is NOT a role of microbes in the environment?
Causing infectious diseases
What is the significance of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in relation to HIV/AIDS?
Donating money to HIV/AIDS research
What is the main cause of deaths due to infectious diseases?
Bacterial infections
What disease was declared eradicated in 1980?
smallpox
What is the impact of microbes on human health?
Providing protection against pathogens
What is the main cause of deaths due to infectious diseases?
smallpox
What is the most powerful biological weapon based on smallpox?
smallpox
What is the impact of emerging infectious diseases on the proportion of deaths due to infectious diseases?
Emerging infectious diseases have led to a decrease in the proportion of deaths due to infectious diseases compared to the past.
How did smallpox evolve from camel pox?
mutations evolved into humanpox
What is the difference in life expectancy between rich and poor countries?
There is a significant difference in life expectancy between rich and poor countries, with rich countries having a higher life expectancy compared to poor countries.
What are some of the diseases that have caused devastating epidemics in recent human history?
Some of the diseases that have caused devastating epidemics in recent human history include HIV/AIDS, malaria, and the influenza pandemic of 1918.
What are some of the beneficial roles of microbes in the environment?
Microbes play important roles in the environment by recycling vital nutrients, maintaining balance, and supplying 50% of the oxygen we breathe.
What is the main difference between tuberculosis and Ebola?
Both tuberculosis and Ebola are pathogens that can cause acute diseases. However, tuberculosis is a chronic disease that affects the lungs, while Ebola is an acute disease that can cause severe hemorrhagic fever.
What is the significance of the statement 'Its time to close the book on infectious diseases' made by the US surgeon General in 1969?
The statement suggests that significant progress had been made in controlling and treating infectious diseases by 1969, and it was time to shift focus to other areas of healthcare.
What are some potential bioterrorism agents according to the text?
Some potential bioterrorism agents mentioned in the text include anthrax, bubonic plague, tularemia, smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fevers (such as Ebola), and botulinum toxin.
Why was the eradication of smallpox so successful?
The eradication of smallpox was successful due to a combination of factors including the availability of a safe and effective vaccine, a coordinated global vaccination campaign, and the fact that smallpox only infects humans and has no animal reservoirs.
Which of the following factors can contribute to the emergence of diseases?
All of the above
What is the main cause of antibiotic resistance in disease-causing bacteria?
Microbial adaptation
Which of the following diseases has shown resistance to multiple antibiotics in hospitals?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following is NOT a key factor in the development of antibiotic resistance?
Development of new drugs for new targets
What was the impact of the introduction of AIDS on life expectancy?
Life expectancy decreased to age 50
What is the approximate increase in world population from 1950 to 2015?
Increase of 3 billion
What is the main reason antibiotics are used on factory farm animals?
To promote growth in the animals
How can the misuse/abuse of antibiotics lead to antibiotic resistance?
By decreasing the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating infections
What is the main consequence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Decreased effectiveness of antibiotic treatment
How do bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance through gene transfer?
Through the exchange of plasmids containing resistance genes
The target site of binding for the drug is ______
ribosome
The life expectancy in the USA from 1900-1928 had gone up approximately ______%
25
High concentration of drug and long treatment ______
retards resistance
Antibiotics are used on factory farm animals as ______ promoters
growth
Antibiotics are recommended immediately and given right away to ______
patients
The ______ of resistant organisms in populations is acquired by bacteria through gene transfer
development
Enzymes that alter the antibiotic to inactivate its function are called ______
inactivation
The emergence of diseases is influenced by factors such as microbial adaptation, drug resistance, human behavior, international travel, sexual activity, and human susceptibility to infection due to poverty, malnutrition, and poor sanitation. Additionally, changing ecosystems, global warming, climate and weather, and wars also contribute to the spread of diseases.
Microbial adaptation, drug resistance, Human behavior, international travel, sexual activity, Human susceptibility to infection, poverty, malnutrition, poor sanitation, Changing ecosystems, global warming, climate and weather, Wars
Antimicrobial drug resistance is a major concern, with bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Acinetobacter pathogen becoming resistant to antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are also highly resistant, especially in hospitals.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Acinetobacter pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, hospitals
Surgical treatment for infectious diseases has become more challenging due to the increasing antibiotic resistance. In some cases, infected parts of the lung need to be removed in tuberculosis. Disease-causing bacteria have evolved to outsmart antibiotics, and their ability to reproduce rapidly and undergo random genetic changes contributes to the development of resistant organism populations.
antibiotic resistance, infected parts of the lung, outsmarting antibiotics, reproduce rapidly, random genetic changes, resistant organism populations
What are some key strategies to combat antibiotic resistance?
Limit use of antimicrobials to necessary cases, high concentration of drug and long treatment, use antimicrobial agents in combination, developing new variations of existing drugs, developing drugs for new targets, better diagnostic tools (DNA based)
What are some factors that have contributed to the increase in world population?
Vaccines, antibiotics, introduction of AIDS drugs
What is the impact of AIDS on life expectancy?
Life expectancy dropped to 50 years from the 30 million people infected with HIV, less than 1 million of those people receive the drugs to cure them.
What are some factors that affect the emergence of diseases?
Microbial adaptation, drug resistance, human behavior, international travel, sexual activity, human susceptibility to infection, poverty, malnutrition, poor sanitation, changing ecosystems, global warming, climate and weather, and wars.
How do microbes outsmart antibiotics?
Microbes reproduce rapidly and undergo random genetic changes, allowing them to develop resistance to antibiotics. This enables them to fend off antibiotic attacks and become stronger and resistant to treatment.
Who should be blamed for antibiotic resistance?
There is no single entity to blame for antibiotic resistance. It is a complex issue involving factors such as overuse and misuse of antibiotics, lack of development of new antibiotics, and inadequate infection control measures.
What are two ways in which bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance?
New mutations in chromosomal genes and gene transfer through acquisition of plasmids.
What are two mechanisms by which antibiotics can be inactivated?
Enzymes that alter the antibiotic to inactivate its function and modification of the target site for the antibiotic.
What is the main reason antibiotics are used on factory farm animals?
To promote growth and weight gain.
What is the relationship between antibiotic resistance and autoimmune diseases?
Antibiotic resistance can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases by causing the immune system to turn against the body's own tissues.
Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells and new cells are created by old cells dividing.
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries.
- Viruses are not considered cells and are parasitic, entering human cells to replicate.
- Cells can be unicellular (made up of one cell) or multicellular (made up of billions of cells working together).
- The cell membrane separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment and regulates the passage of materials in and out of cells.
- Phospholipids, the main component of cell membranes, have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and arrange themselves in a lipid bilayer.
- Vesicles are membrane-bound compartments that help move chemicals in and out of cells.
- The plasma membrane is a flexible barrier made up of bilayers of phospholipids that are fluid, not solid.
- Transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane play roles in transport and signal transduction.
- Hydrophobic bonds stabilize the phospholipid bilayer.
- The plasma membrane selectively controls the passage of small molecules and proteins in and out of the cell.
- Diffusion is the simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane, either through simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires energy and is mediated by transporters.
Cell Structure and Function
- The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells and new cells are created by old cells dividing.
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries.
- Viruses are not considered cells and are parasitic, entering human cells to replicate.
- Cells can be unicellular (made up of one cell) or multicellular (made up of billions of cells working together).
- The cell membrane separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment and regulates the passage of materials in and out of cells.
- Phospholipids, the main component of cell membranes, have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and arrange themselves in a lipid bilayer.
- Vesicles are membrane-bound compartments that help move chemicals in and out of cells.
- The plasma membrane is a flexible barrier made up of bilayers of phospholipids that are fluid, not solid.
- Transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane play roles in transport and signal transduction.
- Hydrophobic bonds stabilize the phospholipid bilayer.
- The plasma membrane selectively controls the passage of small molecules and proteins in and out of the cell.
- Diffusion is the simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane, either through simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires energy and is mediated by transporters.
Cell Structure and Function
- The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells and new cells are created by old cells dividing.
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries.
- Viruses are not considered cells and are parasitic, entering human cells to replicate.
- Cells can be unicellular (made up of one cell) or multicellular (made up of billions of cells working together).
- The cell membrane separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment and regulates the passage of materials in and out of cells.
- Phospholipids, the main component of cell membranes, have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and arrange themselves in a lipid bilayer.
- Vesicles are membrane-bound compartments that help move chemicals in and out of cells.
- The plasma membrane is a flexible barrier made up of bilayers of phospholipids that are fluid, not solid.
- Transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane play roles in transport and signal transduction.
- Hydrophobic bonds stabilize the phospholipid bilayer.
- The plasma membrane selectively controls the passage of small molecules and proteins in and out of the cell.
- Diffusion is the simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane, either through simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires energy and is mediated by transporters.
Test your knowledge of cell structure and function with this quiz! Learn about the cell theory, cell types, cell membrane, phospholipids, vesicles, plasma membrane, transmembrane proteins, and more. Challenge yourself to understand the mechanisms of diffusion and active transport.
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