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Questions and Answers
What is the basic unit of life?
The cell
What is yeast commonly used for in the food industry?
Baking and alcohol production
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
The presence of a nucleus
What are extremophiles?
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What is the structure of a mold?
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What are moles used for?
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What is the mold that produces penicillins?
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What is the group of diseases caused by the mold Aspergillus called?
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What is the sodium-potassium pump?
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How does the sodium-potassium pump change its conformation?
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What happens when the sodium-potassium pump is phosphorylated?
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What is the process of endocytosis?
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What is the function of mitochondria in ATP production?
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How is ATP produced in mitochondria?
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What is the role of the nucleus in gene expression?
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How are proteins sorted and targeted to specific organelles?
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According to Len Margulis, how did eukaryotic cells evolve?
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Where did mitochondria and chloroplasts originate from?
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What are some similarities between mitochondria and bacteria?
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What are organelles?
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What is the cell theory?
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What are the main components of cell membranes?
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Who was the first person to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries?
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What is the function of vesicles in cells?
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What is the function of lysosomes?
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What is the main cause of deaths due to infectious diseases?
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How are lysosomes formed?
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What are the enzymes found in lysosomes?
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What are some examples of pandemics mentioned in the text?
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What is the difference in life expectancy between rich and poor countries?
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True or false: The presence of a nucleus is the most reliable feature distinguishing a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
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True or false: Molds are filamentous fungi with a mycelial structure?
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True or false: Moles are used for the production of citric acid and antibiotics?
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True or false: Psychrophiles grow best below 20°C?
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True or false: The mold Penicillium produces penicillins?
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True or false: The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport mechanism driven by the breakdown of ATP.
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True or false: Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes that lack a cell wall?
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True or false: Yeast is a eukaryotic unicellular organism?
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True or false: Acidophiles grow well at a neutral pH?
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True or false: In the process of endocytosis, the plasma membrane extends outward and surrounds the food particle.
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True or false: Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing and trapping bacteria within an intracellular vesicle.
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True or false: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying proteins for shipment to specific locations?
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True or false: The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened membrane sacs?
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True or false: The hydrolytic enzymes that degrade proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum?
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True or false: Exocytosis is the process of discharging material from vesicles at the cell surface to the outside of the cell.
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Mitochondria use energy from food to drive the rotation activity of ATP synthetase.
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True or false: Eukaryotic cells are highly organized with many functional units.
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Yeast is a __________ unicellular organism.
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Proteins can be sorted and targeted to specific organelles through pores in the nuclear envelope.
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g. AIDS) - - = - ______ filamentous fungi with a mycellial structure ↳ - mycelium is a highly branched system of tubes that contain mobile cytoplasm with many nuclei moles are used for production of citric acid and antibiotics the mold Penicillium produces penicillins involved is allergic reactions aspergillosis is the group of diseases caused by the mold aspergillus - opportunistic infection - = ______ unicellular eukaryotes lack a cell wall they cause a number of human diseases e.g.
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The inner membrane of mitochondria contains enzymes that transform the energy in the proton gradient into chemical energy stored in ATP.
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Mitochondria are involved in ATP production through cellular respiration.
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True or false: Mitochondria are descendants of bacteria that were endocytosed by larger cells.
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True or false: Chloroplasts evolved from endocytosed photosynthetic bacteria surrounded by a vacuole made of the predator cell membrane.
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True or false: The combination of a large anaerobic prokaryotic predatory cell and an aerobic bacterium led to the evolution of mitochondria.
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True or false: Cells can only be multicellular and are made up of billions of cells working together.
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True or false: The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells and new cells are created by old cells dividing.
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The most reliable feature distinguishing a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is the presence of a __________.
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True or false: Lysosomes fuse with organelles such as defective or worn-out mitochondria for destruction and recycling?
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True or false: Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes?
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Archaea are prokaryotes called __________.
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True or false: Lysosomes arise from the Golgi apparatus when particles such as viruses or bacteria are ingested by phagocytosis?
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The mold Penicillium produces ______
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The engulfed aerobic bacteria eventually evolved into ______.
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True or false: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries.
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Molds are ______ fungi with a mycelial structure
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The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened __________ sacs.
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True or false: Viruses are considered cells and are parasitic, entering human cells to replicate.
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Mitochondria are descendants of ______ that were endocytosed by larger cells.
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The combination of a large anaerobic prokaryotic predatory cell engulfing an aerobic bacterium was mutually ______ to both organisms.
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Protozoa are ______ eukaryotes that lack a cell wall
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The predatory cell may have also engulfed a ______ bacterium, which evolved into chloroplasts.
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Mitochondria are involved in ATP production through _______
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The nucleus membrane allows gene expression to be regulated by ________ mechanisms
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Proteins can be sorted and targeted to specific organelles through ________ in the nuclear envelope
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Proteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus by ________ traveling along the microtubules
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Endocytosis is the process by which cells ingest particles or large polar molecules that cannot cross the hydrophobic plasma membrane. One type of endocytosis is __________, in which the plasma membrane extends outward and surrounds the food particle.
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Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis, resulting in the discharge of material from __________ at the cell surface to the outside of the cell.
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The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport mechanism that is driven by the breakdown of ATP and works through a series of __________ changes in the transmembrane protein.
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The uptake of bacteria by phagocytes is an active process that requires the triggering of specific receptors on the phagocyte. One of the receptors capable of triggering phagocytosis is FC receptors, which bind __________ bacteria.
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The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened ______ sacs.
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Phospholipids, the main component of cell membranes, have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and arrange themselves in a ______ bilayer.
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The plasma membrane selectively controls the passage of small molecules and proteins in and out of the ______.
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Viruses are not considered ______ and are parasitic, entering human cells to replicate.
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The cell membrane separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment and regulates the passage of materials in and out of ______.
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True or false: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying proteins for shipment to specific ______?
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Lysosomes also fuse with organelles such as defective or worn-out ______.
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The hydrolytic enzymes that degrade proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates are formed in the ______ and then transported to the Golgi apparatus by transport vesicles.
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What is the main cause of deaths due to ______ diseases?
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Which disease was eradicated for medical reasons in the 70s?
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Microbes have caused the most devastating epidemics in recent human ______.
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When was the smallpox vaccine first developed?
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What is the most powerful biological weapon based on smallpox?
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What is the relationship between smallpox and camel pox?
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What is the most common type of anthrax infection according to the text?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential bioterrorism agent according to the text?
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What is the main reason for the successful eradication of smallpox according to the text?
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What is the main difference between tuberculosis and Ebola according to the text?
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Which of the following is NOT a role of microbes in the environment?
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What is the significance of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in relation to HIV/AIDS?
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What is the main cause of deaths due to infectious diseases?
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What disease was declared eradicated in 1980?
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What is the impact of microbes on human health?
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What is the main cause of deaths due to infectious diseases?
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What is the most powerful biological weapon based on smallpox?
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What is the impact of emerging infectious diseases on the proportion of deaths due to infectious diseases?
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How did smallpox evolve from camel pox?
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What is the difference in life expectancy between rich and poor countries?
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What are some of the diseases that have caused devastating epidemics in recent human history?
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What are some of the beneficial roles of microbes in the environment?
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What is the main difference between tuberculosis and Ebola?
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What is the significance of the statement 'Its time to close the book on infectious diseases' made by the US surgeon General in 1969?
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What are some potential bioterrorism agents according to the text?
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Why was the eradication of smallpox so successful?
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Which of the following factors can contribute to the emergence of diseases?
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What is the main cause of antibiotic resistance in disease-causing bacteria?
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Which of the following diseases has shown resistance to multiple antibiotics in hospitals?
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Which of the following is NOT a key factor in the development of antibiotic resistance?
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What was the impact of the introduction of AIDS on life expectancy?
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What is the approximate increase in world population from 1950 to 2015?
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What is the main reason antibiotics are used on factory farm animals?
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How can the misuse/abuse of antibiotics lead to antibiotic resistance?
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What is the main consequence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
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How do bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance through gene transfer?
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The target site of binding for the drug is ______
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The life expectancy in the USA from 1900-1928 had gone up approximately ______%
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High concentration of drug and long treatment ______
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Antibiotics are used on factory farm animals as ______ promoters
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Antibiotics are recommended immediately and given right away to ______
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The ______ of resistant organisms in populations is acquired by bacteria through gene transfer
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Enzymes that alter the antibiotic to inactivate its function are called ______
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The emergence of diseases is influenced by factors such as microbial adaptation, drug resistance, human behavior, international travel, sexual activity, and human susceptibility to infection due to poverty, malnutrition, and poor sanitation. Additionally, changing ecosystems, global warming, climate and weather, and wars also contribute to the spread of diseases.
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Antimicrobial drug resistance is a major concern, with bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Acinetobacter pathogen becoming resistant to antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are also highly resistant, especially in hospitals.
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Surgical treatment for infectious diseases has become more challenging due to the increasing antibiotic resistance. In some cases, infected parts of the lung need to be removed in tuberculosis. Disease-causing bacteria have evolved to outsmart antibiotics, and their ability to reproduce rapidly and undergo random genetic changes contributes to the development of resistant organism populations.
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What are some key strategies to combat antibiotic resistance?
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What are some factors that have contributed to the increase in world population?
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What is the impact of AIDS on life expectancy?
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What are some factors that affect the emergence of diseases?
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How do microbes outsmart antibiotics?
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Who should be blamed for antibiotic resistance?
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What are two ways in which bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance?
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What are two mechanisms by which antibiotics can be inactivated?
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What is the main reason antibiotics are used on factory farm animals?
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What is the relationship between antibiotic resistance and autoimmune diseases?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells and new cells are created by old cells dividing.
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries.
- Viruses are not considered cells and are parasitic, entering human cells to replicate.
- Cells can be unicellular (made up of one cell) or multicellular (made up of billions of cells working together).
- The cell membrane separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment and regulates the passage of materials in and out of cells.
- Phospholipids, the main component of cell membranes, have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and arrange themselves in a lipid bilayer.
- Vesicles are membrane-bound compartments that help move chemicals in and out of cells.
- The plasma membrane is a flexible barrier made up of bilayers of phospholipids that are fluid, not solid.
- Transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane play roles in transport and signal transduction.
- Hydrophobic bonds stabilize the phospholipid bilayer.
- The plasma membrane selectively controls the passage of small molecules and proteins in and out of the cell.
- Diffusion is the simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane, either through simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires energy and is mediated by transporters.
Cell Structure and Function
- The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells and new cells are created by old cells dividing.
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries.
- Viruses are not considered cells and are parasitic, entering human cells to replicate.
- Cells can be unicellular (made up of one cell) or multicellular (made up of billions of cells working together).
- The cell membrane separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment and regulates the passage of materials in and out of cells.
- Phospholipids, the main component of cell membranes, have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and arrange themselves in a lipid bilayer.
- Vesicles are membrane-bound compartments that help move chemicals in and out of cells.
- The plasma membrane is a flexible barrier made up of bilayers of phospholipids that are fluid, not solid.
- Transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane play roles in transport and signal transduction.
- Hydrophobic bonds stabilize the phospholipid bilayer.
- The plasma membrane selectively controls the passage of small molecules and proteins in and out of the cell.
- Diffusion is the simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane, either through simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires energy and is mediated by transporters.
Cell Structure and Function
- The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells and new cells are created by old cells dividing.
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries.
- Viruses are not considered cells and are parasitic, entering human cells to replicate.
- Cells can be unicellular (made up of one cell) or multicellular (made up of billions of cells working together).
- The cell membrane separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment and regulates the passage of materials in and out of cells.
- Phospholipids, the main component of cell membranes, have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and arrange themselves in a lipid bilayer.
- Vesicles are membrane-bound compartments that help move chemicals in and out of cells.
- The plasma membrane is a flexible barrier made up of bilayers of phospholipids that are fluid, not solid.
- Transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane play roles in transport and signal transduction.
- Hydrophobic bonds stabilize the phospholipid bilayer.
- The plasma membrane selectively controls the passage of small molecules and proteins in and out of the cell.
- Diffusion is the simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane, either through simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires energy and is mediated by transporters.
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Description
Test your knowledge of cell structure and function with this quiz! Learn about the cell theory, cell types, cell membrane, phospholipids, vesicles, plasma membrane, transmembrane proteins, and more. Challenge yourself to understand the mechanisms of diffusion and active transport.