Gender And Society Midterm Reviewer PDF

GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 08/24/24 LEGAL BASIS FOR THE STUDY OF GENDER AND SOCIETY CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER NO.1, SERIES OF 2015...

GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 08/24/24 LEGAL BASIS FOR THE STUDY OF GENDER AND SOCIETY CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER NO.1, SERIES OF 2015 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CHED GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) FOCAL POINT SYSTEM Establishing the policies and guidelines on gender and development in the commission on higher education and Created in 2010 to promote gender equality and higher education institution. (HEIS) address gender issues in the Philippines, especially in schools. 1. GAD FOCAL POINT SYSTEM IN CHED Ensures that actions are taken to support Gender and The GAD Focal Point System (GFPS) is a system in Development (GAD) initiatives, following the policies organizations like CHED. of CHED and other organizations like the Commission on Women. Its job is to make sure Gender and Development (GAD) policies and programs are followed and MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN (SEPTEMBER 2009) working well. 1. Develop curriculum; and promote gender-sensitive The system is made up of people or teams who focus 2. Develop gender fair instructional materials; on gender equality. 3. Ensure that educational institutions implement a capacity building program on gender, peace and They work to solve gender-related problems in the human rights education for their officials, faculty and organization. non-teaching staff and personnel, promote partnerships between and among players of the 2. DEVELOP GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (CHAD) education sector; CURRICULAR 4. Promote partnerships between and among players of the education sector Create educational programs that teach about gender 5. Encourage advertising industry and other similar equality and sensitivity. institutions to provide free use of space and installation of displays for schools, colleges and Ensure students understand gender issues, equal universities for campaigns to end discrimination and rights, and how to address gender bias in different violence against women; and fields. 6. Guarantee that educational institutions provide scholarship programs for marginalized women and 3. GENDER RESPONSIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS girls set the minimum standards for programs and institutions of higher learning. Research programs that focus on gender issues and equality by considering the needs of all genders. - (MCW IRR, Rule IV, Section 16) 4. GENDER RESPONSIVE EXTENSION PROGRAMS BEIJING PLATFORM FOR ACTION (SEPTEMBER 1995) Community-based programs that ensure activities Aimed to remove obstacles to women’s participation benefit all genders, especially marginalized groups. in all areas of life, ensuring they have an equal share in decision-making at home, work, and in society. 5. GAD DATABASE IN THE INSTITUTION Equality is a human right and a condition for social A database that collects information on gender issues justice. in the institution, like gender-based violence or representation.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 08/24/24 LEGAL BASIS FOR THE STUDY OF GENDER AND SOCIETY Key Goals of the BPFA: 2. Equal Membership in Clubs: 1. Removing Obstacles to Women’s Participation Women, like lawyers, can join prestigious clubs or associations, enjoying the same rights as men. Ensure women have equal chances to join in decision- making in economic, social, cultural, and political 3. Admission to Military Schools: fields. Women can apply to the Philippine Military Academy 2. Promoting Gender Equality in Decision-Making (PMA) and receive the same training as men, allowing them to serve in the Armed Forces of the Philippines Ensure women are equally involved in decision- (AFP) equally. making at home, in the workplace, and in communities worldwide. 4. Voluntary PAG-IBIG, GSIS, SSS Coverage 3. Addressing Economic Inequality Freelancers, like a woman working as a freelance writer, can choose to contribute to PAG-IBIG and Eliminate economic disparities between men and SSS. women and provide women with access to economic resources. This allows them to access benefits like housing loans and retirement pensions, even if they don’t 4. Ensuring Social and Cultural Participation work for a company. Encourage women to participate in social and cultural ARTICLE II, SEC. 14 OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINE activities traditionally dominated by men. CONSTITUTION 5. Advancing Women's Health and Education The State recognizes the important role of women in building the nation. Improve women's access to health services and education, reducing gender gaps in these areas. It ensures that women and men are treated equally under the law and supports women’s contributions to REPUBLIC ACT 7192: WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT the country's development. AND NATION-BUILDING ACT (1992) UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE Promotes gender equality in the Philippines, ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION recognizing women as equal partners with men in the AGAINST WOMEN (CEDAW) country’s development. Adopted in 1981, CEDAW is an international treaty Ensures women have the same rights and aimed at eliminating discrimination against women. opportunities as men in legal, social, and economic areas. Discrimination is defined as any difference in treatment based on sex that limits or denies women’s 1. Equality in Capacity to Act: rights and freedoms on an equal basis with men, no matter their marital status. Women can start businesses, sign contracts, and manage their finances without needing permission CEDAW covers areas like political, economic, social, from male relatives. cultural, and civil rights.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 08/24/24 LEGAL BASIS FOR THE STUDY OF GENDER AND SOCIETY "MARRY YOUR RAPIST" LAW CORRECTIVE RAPE Part of the Anti-Rape Law of 1997 in the Philippines. A violent crime where someone is raped to "force" them to change their sexual orientation or gender Allowed a rapist to avoid charges if he married his identity. victim. Commonly targets LGBTQ+ individuals, especially If already married, the victim’s forgiveness could stop lesbians or transgender people. legal action. Based on the false belief that sexual violence can Criticized for potentially harming victims, but didn’t change a person’s identity. apply if the marriage was legally invalid. FOOT BINDING BREAST IRONING A practice in China where young girls’ feet were A harmful practice in Cameroon where a girl’s tightly wrapped with cloth to prevent them from developing breasts are pressed with heated objects to growing normally. stop them from growing. This started when girls were around 4 to 9 years old, Done by female relatives who believe it will protect as small feet were seen as a symbol of beauty and the girl from harassment or early pregnancy. status. Causes serious physical and emotional harm. CYBER TRAFFICKING LEBLOUH The use of the internet to exploit people, often for sexual purposes, through human trafficking and A practice in Mauritania and other African countries forced labor. where girls are force-fed to gain weight. Traffickers use online platforms to recruit, control, and Being overweight is seen as a sign of beauty and exploit victims, making it easier to hide their activities. wealth in these cultures. HONOR KILLING Girls are made to eat large amounts of food, often against their will. When a family kills a woman or girl because they believe she has brought shame to the family. Reasons CHILD MARRIAGE include: Occurs when a child, usually under 18, is married, o Refusing an arranged marriage often to someone much older. o Having a relationship outside of marriage o Being a victim of rape Common in certain cultures due to tradition, o Divorcing or separating from a spouse economic pressures, or social norms. o Dressing inappropriately or engaging in LGBTQ+ relationships. Key Issues: o Loss of childhood o Health risks THE RAPE OF NANKING (1937) o Interrupted education o Increased risk of abuse A brutal event during the Second Sino-Japanese War o Social and economic consequences when Japanese soldiers invaded Nanjing.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 08/24/24 LEGAL BASIS FOR THE STUDY OF GENDER AND SOCIETY Over six weeks, they killed 40,000 to 300,000 Chinese FILIPINA DURING THE PRE-COLONIAL ERA civilians and soldiers, and committed widespread rape and looting. Women were treated as companions, not slaves, and had freedom in family decisions. FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM) The wife could decide the name of their child and had The cutting or removal of parts of the female genitalia, an important role in the family’s economic stability. practiced in different ways depending on the country or ethnic group. Women managed family land and were responsible In some cases, the procedure includes infibulation, for agricultural tasks after the man prepared the land. where the vulva is stitched closed, leaving a small opening for urine and menstrual fluid. They also engaged in weaving, pottery, and trading goods. STATUS OF WOMEN BEFORE 1981: FILIPINAS DURING THE AMERICAN ERA Inheritance followed primogeniture, meaning women could inherit land and even become tribal leaders. The arrival of Americans provided women with opportunities to attend college and learn business Women could hold important positions, like being skills. pact holders in society. Filipina women worked as managers in industries like textiles, jewelry, real estate, and transportation, and expanded into fields once dominated by men. Education improved women’s roles in trade, commerce, law, and science, helping them break away from traditional gender roles. FILIPINA DURING THE SPANISH ERA Arranged marriages were common among Filipinos before Spanish rule. In some Tagalog regions, if the woman was of high status, the husband would take her last name.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 08/31/24 MODULE 3: WHAT CONSTITUTES SEX? MODULE 3: WHAT CONSTITUTES OF SEX? Vas Deferens – A long tube that transports sperm from the epididymis during ejaculation. WHAT IT SEX? Seminal Vesicles – Glands that add fluid to the sperm, Sex refers to the biological aspect of gender and creating semen. sexuality. Prostate Gland – Adds additional fluid to the semen It is sometimes called biological sex or physical sex. to help sperm survive and move. It is about your biological anatomy and physiology Urethra – The tube that carries semen (and urine) (how your body is structured and works). through the penis during ejaculation. Your sex is determined by your genitals from birth. Penis – The external organ that delivers semen during ejaculation. Important Terms: Scrotum - The sac that holds and regulates the o Biological sex/Physical sex: Determined by genitals. temperature of the testes. o Anatomy: The study of body structures. o Physiology: The study of how the body functions. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM o Genitals: Reproductive organs. PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS THAT DEFINE YOUR SEX: Penis & Testicles (for males) Vagina (for females) MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Ovary – Where eggs (ova) are produced and stored. Fimbriae – Finger-like projections that sweep the egg from the ovary into the fallopian tube. Fallopian tube – The tube through which the egg travels from the ovary to the uterus; fertilization usually happens here. Uterus – Where a fertilized egg implants and Testes (or Testicles) – Where sperm and testosterone develops into a fetus; if the egg is not fertilized, it is are produced. shed along with the uterine lining during menstruation. Epididymis – Where sperm matures and is stored. Cervix – The lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 08/31/24 MODULE 3: WHAT CONSTITUTES SEX? Vagina – The canal that leads from the cervix to the Estrogen – The primary female hormone responsible outside of the body; it serves as the birth canal and is for: also where sperm enters during intercourse. o Breast development Labium minora – Inner folds of skin surrounding the o Ovulation (release of eggs) vaginal opening. o Muscle and bone density growth Labium majora – Outer folds of skin that protect the SECONDARY CHARACTERISTICS THAT DEFINE YOUR genital area. SEX Clitoris – A small, sensitive organ involved in female These are traits that develop after puberty. sexual arousal. Male Secondary Characteristics: Pubic bone – A part of the pelvis that supports and protects the organs of the lower abdomen. Broadening of shoulders Slender hips Urinary bladder – Stores urine; not part of the Deeper chest cavity reproductive system, but located close to the Height generally taller than women reproductive organs. Greater muscle mass compared to body fat Prominent Adam's apple Body cavity – Refers to the pelvic cavity, where the Heavier bone density female reproductive organs are housed. Female Secondary Characteristics: OTHER PRIMARY CHARACTERSTICS THAT DEFINE YOUR SEX Widening of hips and pelvis (to assist with childbirth) Breast development XY Chromosomes (Male Sex Chromosomes) Height generally shorter than men XX Chromosomes (Female Sex Chromosomes) Greater body fat compared to muscle mass Male Sex Organ – Testes Female Sex Organ – Ovaries REPRODUCTIVE ROLES Sex Cell (Male – Sperm & Female – Egg cell) Producing and Secreting Male Hormones: MALE SEX HORMONES Male sex hormones, primarily testosterone, are Presence of high level of physiological hormones. produced by specialized cells called Leydig cells, which are found in the testes. Testosterone – the primary male hormone. Testosterone is crucial for developing male physical Responsible for: traits and maintaining male reproductive health. o Muscle growth Functions of Testosterone: o Libido o Bone density 1. Development of Male Characteristics: Responsible o Growth of body hair for deepening of the voice, facial and body hair growth, and increased muscle mass during puberty. FEMALE SEX HORMONES 2. Sperm Production: Testosterone is essential for Progesterone – Prepares the uterine lining for spermatogenesis, the process of producing sperm in conception, helping with pregnancy. the testes.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 08/31/24 MODULE 3: WHAT CONSTITUTES SEX? 3. Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle: 3. Sex Drive: It regulates libido or sex drive in males. If a woman doesn’t get pregnant, progesterone levels 4. Maintenance of Reproductive Tissues: Testosterone drop, and the uterine lining breaks down, which leads helps maintain the health and function of male to menstruation (period). reproductive organs, like the testes and prostate gland. Estrogen – A hormone that helps prepare the body for ovulation (when an egg is released) and keeps the 5. Spermatogenesis – is the process in which sperm reproductive system healthy. cells are produced in the testes of males. Functions of Estrogen: Transporting the Sperm – After sperm is produced in the testes, it is transported through 1. Development of Female Sexual Characteristics: a series of tubes, including the vas deferens, to be During puberty, estrogen helps girls grow breasts and ejaculated. develop other physical traits like wider hips. Copulation – It refers to the process of inserting 2. Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle: In a regular 28- the penis into the vagina during sexual day cycle, estrogen levels rise in the first two weeks intercourse. (14 days), making the uterine lining thicker to get ready in case of pregnancy. Ejaculation – is the release of sperm from the male reproductive system into the female 3. Support of Reproductive Tissues: Estrogen helps reproductive tract, where fertilization can keep the vaginal lining thick and lubricated, which is potentially occur. important for feeling comfortable and healthy. Producing and Secreting Female Hormones: Producing Egg Cells (Oogenesis): Oogenesis is important for reproduction because it creates egg Progesterone – is a hormone made by the ovaries cells needed for fertilization. Without it, there after a woman ovulates (when an egg is released from wouldn’t be any eggs for sperm to fertilize, making the ovary). pregnancy impossible. Functions of Progesterone: Release of an Egg Cell (Ovulation): Ovulation is when a mature egg is released from one of the ovaries 1. Preparation of the Uterus for Pregnancy into the fallopian tube. This is where the egg can potentially meet sperm and be fertilized. Progesterone helps prepare the uterus for a possible pregnancy. Menstruation – Menstruation is the process where the body sheds the lining of the uterus if the egg is After an egg is released, progesterone levels go up, not fertilized. making the uterine lining thicker so it can hold a fertilized egg if it happens. Conception – This happens when a sperm fertilizes an egg after ovulation, creating a zygote, which then 2. Maintenance of Pregnancy: implants in the uterus. This starts pregnancy. If a woman gets pregnant, progesterone keeps the Pregnancy – This is the nine-month period when the uterine lining in place, helping the baby grow in a safe fertilized egg develops into a baby inside the mother’s environment during the early stages of pregnancy. womb.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 08/31/24 MODULE 3: WHAT CONSTITUTES SEX? Childbirth – Also called labor and delivery, this is the 4. Washing the Genitals: process of delivering the baby from the uterus. o Wash your genitals before sex to remove odors and Breastfeeding – This is when a mother feeds her baby moisture. with milk from her breasts, which provides important nutrients and antibodies for the baby’s growth and o After sex, clean and dry the genitals thoroughly to get health. rid of excess moisture and fluids. Fertilization – This is when a sperm and an egg come 5. Cleaning Sex Toys: together. It results in a fertilized egg (zygote), starting prenatal development. Both males and females have o Always wash sex toys and devices after use to avoid a role in fertilization. bacteria and viruses. Reproductive Responsibilities – This means how a o Store them in clean, secure containers to keep them person acts and behaves to maintain physical, mental, safe. and social well-being related to the reproductive system at all life stages. o Avoid using broken or malfunctioning devices to prevent injuries. PHYSICAL REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSIBILITIES o Use water-based lubricants to help with the use of These are responsibilities concerning your physical sexual these devices. health: o Sterilize toys with antibacterial soap if they’ve been 1. Good Grooming: stored for a long time. o Wash your body, especially the reproductive organs, 6. Getting Physical Check-ups: to prevent unwanted odors. o See a doctor if you have any problems related to your o Trim pubic hair for cleanliness. sex or sexual functions (like pain during sex). 2. Urinary Hygiene: o Get checked for symptoms of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV, urinary tract infections (UTIs), or o For Males: After urinating, make sure to clean the cancers in reproductive organs. penis and scrotum to avoid moisture and odors. 7. Medications: o For Females: Wipe from the labia down to the anus after urinating to keep the area clean and prevent o Some medications can cause side effects that affect irritation. sexual arousal or function. 3. Dental Hygiene: o It’s important to tell your partner about any medications you’re taking, especially if they can o Brush your teeth and use mouthwash regularly since impact sex or reproductive health. your mouth may be involved in sexual activities. 8. Hormonal Imbalances: o Avoid oral sex if you have sores on your lips or gums to prevent spreading infections. o This happens when there is too much or too little of a hormone in your body.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 08/31/24 MODULE 3: WHAT CONSTITUTES SEX? o Hormonal imbalances can affect your sex drive, Treating sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as arousal, and other sexual functions. something to be ashamed of. 9. Unhealthy Lifestyle: Blaming victims of sexual violence for what happened to them. o Habits like smoking, staying up late, eating poorly, and using drugs can lead to sexual problems. Thinking that being sexually active means someone lacks self-respect. MENTAL REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSIBILITIES Slut-Shaming: Criticizing people for their sexual An individual's responsibility concerning his/her mental behavior. sexual attributes. Heterocentrism: Preferring heterosexual 1. Common Sexual Dysfunctions: relationships over others. In Males: (ED-PE-DE) Ciscentrism: Favoring cisgender identities and assuming they are the norm. Erectile Dysfunction: Difficulty getting or keeping an erection during sex. Sex education that only talks about the dangers of sex and ignores pleasure. Premature Ejaculation: Ejaculation happens too soon before the partner finishes. 4. Stigma About Consulting a Sexologist: Delayed Ejaculation: Trouble ejaculating when it's Sexology: The study of human sexuality, including needed. behaviors and feelings about sex. In Females: (INACO-INAVALU-PADUIN) Sexologist: A professional who specializes in understanding human sexuality. Inability to Achieve Orgasm: Not being able to reach climax during sex. 5. Lack of Sexual Awareness: Inadequate Vaginal Lubrication: Not enough Sexual Self-Awareness: Understanding your own natural moisture for comfortable sex. sexual desires, thoughts, feelings, and beliefs. Pain During Intercourse: Experiencing pain in the Questions to think about for better sexual self- genital area during sex. awareness include: 2. Psychological Problems: o Why do I want to have sex? o What things turn me on? Mental health issues like anxiety, depression, and o How did I learn about sex? stress can affect how someone feels and functions during sex. 6. Sexual Traumas: 3. Sex Negativity: This refers to any sexual act done to someone without their permission (consent). This is the belief that sex is bad or harmful. Some examples include: Sexual traumas can cause serious problems, including: o Difficulty getting sexually aroused.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 08/31/24 MODULE 3: WHAT CONSTITUTES SEX? 3. Lack of Sexual Intimacy o Trouble functioning during sex. This means not engaging in sensual or sexual o Feelings of depression. activities with someone. o Flashbacks to the traumatic event. 4. Lack of Sexual Consent o PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), which Consent is when both partners agree to engage can cause severe anxiety and stress. in sexual activity. SOCIAL REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSIBILITIES It’s important to have a clear understanding of what both people are comfortable with. Refers to the roles and tasks related to caring for people. Affirmative Consent: This means that both 1. Sexual Stigmas partners clearly say "yes" to sexual activities, either through words or body language. This is a negative attitude towards people who are seen as non-heterosexual based on their beliefs, 5. Sexual Desire Discrepancy identities, or behaviors. This happens when one partner wants to have sex Types of Sexual Stigmas: (ENA-FELT-IN) more often than the other. Enacted Sexual Stigma: This involves discrimination It can lead to problems in a relationship and or violence against sexual minorities. make both partners less satisfied. Felt Sexual Stigma: This affects how people behave because they feel the pressure of stigma. Internalized Sexual Stigma: This is when a person starts believing the negative views others have about them. 2. Sexual Coercion: This is unwanted sexual activity that happens when someone is pressured or tricked into it without physical force. Examples: Constantly asking for sex until you give in. Making you feel guilty or obligated. Telling you that not having sex will hurt your relationship. Lying or threatening to spread rumors about you.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 09/21/24 MODULE 4: PSYCHOSOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF SEXUALITY QUESTIONS THAT HELP STUDENTS IDENTIFY THEIR reproductive system. It's more than just being SEXUALITY AND ORIENTATION: free from diseases. 1. Self-awareness Reproductive Responsibilities: o Who am I? What do I like or dislike? o These are the actions and behaviors a person does to stay healthy in their reproductive system o What are my strengths and weaknesses? at every stage of life. This includes caring for their o What motivates me in life? body, mind, and relationships. 2. Sexual self-awareness EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSIBILITIES o What turns me on? What are my sexual desires? Good grooming o Why do I want or not want to have sex? Urinary hygiene o What is okay and not okay for my sexual well- Dental hygiene being? Washing of the genitals Washing of sex toys and other devices for sexual 3. Others awareness intercourse Getting physical check-ups o What do I want from my partner physically, Medications mentally, emotionally, and sexually? Hormonal imbalance o What do we have in common? What differences Unhealthy lifestyle can I accept? EXAMPLES OF MENTAL REPRODUCTIVE 4. Socialization and intimacy RESPONSIBILITIES o How easy or hard is it for me to socialize in person or online? Sexual dysfunction Psychological problems o How easy or hard is it for me to enter a romantic Sex negativity relationship? Stigma on consulting with a sexologist Lack of sexual self-awareness o How much am I willing to connect with my Sexual traumas partner? o What personal things am I willing to share with EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL REPRODUCTIVE them? RESPONSIBILITIES Sexual stigmas These questions help students understand their sexuality Sexual coercion through a psychosocial perspective, considering not just Lack of sexual intimacy the biological but also the mental and social aspects of Lack of sexual consent gender and sexuality. Sexual desire discrepancy REVIEW OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S REPRODUCTIVE ROLES PSYCHOSOCIAL DIMENSIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES Psychological – This refers to anything related to how Reproductive Health: a person thinks and behaves. o It's when a person is physically, mentally, and socially healthy in all aspects related to their  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 09/21/24 MODULE 4: PSYCHOSOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF SEXUALITY PSYCHOLOGICAL DOMAINS (A-BE-CO) HUMAN SEXUALITY – A person's sexual feelings, thoughts, attractions, and behaviors toward others. Affect – A person's emotions and feelings. SEXUAL IDENTITY – How someone defines Behavior – The actions a person takes, both those themselves in terms of who they are romantically or you can see (overt) and those you can't see easily sexually attracted to. (covert). Cognition – A person's thinking process, including SEXUAL ORIENTATION – A lasting pattern of memory, perception, and how they process romantic or sexual attraction to people of the information. opposite sex, same sex, both, or none at all. SELF-AWARENESS – Understanding who you are, what you like or dislike, your goals, strengths, weaknesses, and motivations. SEXUAL SELF-AWARENESS – Understanding yourself in terms of sexual desires, thoughts, feelings, and beliefs. SEXUAL SELF – A part of your identity related to your sexual desires, feelings, and behaviors. SEXUAL ATTRACTIVENESS (SEX APPEAL) – Your ability to attract the sexual or romantic interest of others. It plays a role in choosing a partner. OTHERS-AWARENESS – Understanding what others like or dislike, their motivations, goals, strengths, and weaknesses. SOCIAL DOMAINS Relating to human relationships, connections, and interactions with others. HUMAN RELATIONSHIP – A bond formed between two or more people through communication and interaction. o Intimacy: Knowing others and allowing them to know you. o Attraction: Liking someone, often with a sexual interest, or something that draws you to a person. o Sexual Attraction: Attraction based on sexual desire. It can be influenced by physical, intellectual, genetic, or cultural factors.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 09/21/24 MODULE 5: THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION SEXUALITY The slang term "straight" emerged in the mid-20th century as a way to describe heterosexual individuals A person's sexual feelings, thoughts, attractions, and in gay communities. behaviors toward others. How a person experiences and expresses themselves The intertwined female sexually. and male sex symbols represent heterosexuality. Involves biological, physical, erotic, emotional, social, and spiritual feelings. SEXUAL IDENTITY HETERONORMATIVITY – The belief or worldview that How someone views themselves in terms of romantic promotes heterosexuality as the standard or preferred or sexual attraction. sexual orientation for all people. It implies that heterosexual relationships are "normal" and others are SEXUAL ATTRACTION not. Attraction based on sexual desire. HETEROSEXISM – A form of bias or discrimination that Can be to physical, intellectual, or other traits. favors opposite-sex relationships and assumes everyone is heterosexual. It often leads to discrimination against Influenced by genetics, psychology, culture, and other gays, lesbians, bisexuals, asexuals, and non-binary or factors. transgender individuals. SEXUAL ORIENTATION HETEROFLEXIBILITY – Describes someone who is A lasting pattern of romantic or sexual attraction to "mostly straight" but occasionally experiences attraction people of the opposite sex, same sex, both, or none. (romantic or sexual) to individuals of the same gender. Caused by a mix of genetic, hormonal, and HETEROPHOBIA – Refers to the idea of reverse environmental factors. discrimination or negative attitudes toward heterosexual people and opposite-sex relationships. SEXUAL FLUIDITY HOMOSEXUALITY Changes in a person's sexuality or sexual identity. Homosexuality is when someone is romantically or While sexual orientation is usually stable, some sexually attracted to people of the same sex or people may experience changes over time. gender. HETEROSEXUALITY It includes how a person identifies based on these Refers to romantic or sexual attraction and behavior attractions and being part of a community with similar between people of the opposite sex or gender. feelings. The term comes from the Greek word héteros, Common Terms: meaning "other" or "different," and the Latin word for Women who are attracted to other women are called sex, which refers to sexual differentiation. lesbians. Coined by Karl Maria Kertbeny in 1869, along with the Men who are attracted to other men are called gay, term "homosexual." but the term "gay" can also refer to both men and Also referred to as "normal sexuality." women.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 09/21/24 MODULE 5: THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION LESBIAN – refers to a homosexual woman, attracted The rainbow flag is the romantically or sexually to other women. official symbol of the LGBTQIA+ community. o The term "lesbian" comes from the Greek island of Lesbos, where the poet Sappho lived, who wrote about women's lives, relationships, and GAY – This term became the preferred word for beauty, often expressing love for women. homosexual men to describe their sexual orientation. o Terms like lesbian, invert, homosexual, sapphist, and sapphism were once used Two male sex symbols interchangeably. intertwined signify homosexuality among gay men. o Butch and femme are labels in lesbian culture, representing more masculine (butch) or feminine (femme) identities, along with related traits, TWINK – This is a slang term used in the gay behaviors, and styles. community to describe a young man (late teens to BUTCH – refers to a woman displaying a strong early twenties) who is often slim, has little to no body degree of masculinity, beyond what is typical for a or facial hair, and has a youthful, attractive tomboy. appearance. Sometimes, a "twink" may look younger than their actual age. Other terms include: Two male sex symbols o Hard butch intertwined over pastel o Gym queen pink and yellow serve as o Tomboy femme the pride flag for twinks. o Soft stud. TOMBOY – is a girl who shows characteristics or BEAR – refers to a larger or hairier gay man who behaviors commonly associated with boys, such as projects rugged masculinity. wearing masculine clothing or participating in physical activities seen as more typical for boys. DOWN-LOW – is an African American slang term for men who identify as heterosexual but secretly have LIPSTICK LESBIAN – is a term for a lesbian who sex with men. expresses more feminine traits, like wearing makeup, dresses, or skirts, and having characteristics typically The Bear pride flag associated with feminine women. features a bear paw in the upper left corner Two female sex symbols and horizontal stripes intertwined represent in shades of brown, homosexuality for lesbians. orange, yellow, beige, white, gray, and black representing the bear community. The lesbian pride flag consists of shades of fuchsia pink, rose pink, light pink, and white.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 09/21/24 MODULE 5: THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION HOMOPHOBIA Sometimes, pansexuality is called omnisexuality, which means "all" in Latin and Greek. Is when people have negative thoughts or feelings about LGBT people or those, they think might be LGBT. This includes attractions to intersex, transgender, or non-binary people. BISEXUALITY Terms like polysexual and ambisexual also refer to means being romantically or sexually attracted to both attractions to many genders, similar to bisexuality. men and women, or to more than one gender. People use these terms to show that gender is not a Being bisexual doesn’t mean you like both genders factor in their attraction. equally. Some people might like one gender more but still consider themselves bisexual. The pride flag for Bisexual people can sometimes feel left out or not pansexual has stripes in accepted by both the gay and straight communities. pink, yellow, and blue. In the past, some people thought bisexuality was bad for feminism, saying bisexual women who liked men were just "confused." ASEXUAL o Bisexual erasure happens when people ignore or A person does not feel sexual attraction to others or has deny that bisexuality is real. Some even believe little to no interest in sex. that bisexual people are just going through a phase and will eventually choose to be straight or gay. It is considered a sexual orientation, but it’s different from choosing not to have sex for personal or The bisexual pride flag religious reasons. has stripes of pink, blue, and purple. Asexual people may not be drawn to anyone sexually and might not want to act on any sexual feelings. Some asexual individuals may still choose to have sex BIPHOBIA for reasons like pleasing a partner or wanting kids. A negative feelings or disbelief toward bisexuality and bisexual people, often involving harmful stereotypes like Asexuality is not seen as a medical problem, unlike being promiscuous or dishonest. Anyone can experience some conditions that involve low sexual desire. or spread it. The pride flag for asexual PANSEXUALITY has sections of black, gray, This is when someone feels romantic or sexual attraction white, and purple. to people regardless of their sex or gender identity. Pansexual people might say they are "gender-blind," meaning gender doesn’t matter to them in relationships.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 09/28/24 MODULE 6: INTRODUCTION TO SEXUAL HARASSMENT: UNDERSTANDING SEXUAL BEHAVIORS SEXUAL BEHAVIOR experiences, and personal views on what is acceptable behavior. refers to actions that people interpret as expressions of their sexual motivations or intentions. HUMAN SEX DRIVE Also known as Libido It can be classified based on the aim of the behavior and is usually linked to erotic behaviors, which A person's overall desire for sexual activity. It creates involve primary or secondary erotic zones. strong physical and emotional connections between people. Erotic – means actions that arouse sexual desire or excitement. Influences on Sex Drive: Erotic motivations – can be self-directed (like A. Biological Factors: People have a natural ability to when someone stimulates themselves) or engage in sex for pleasure. directed towards others. B. Physiological Factors: This refers to the physical Examples of sexual behaviors include: desire to engage in sex as a way to release tension and achieve pleasure. Masturbation: Touching one's own genitals for pleasure. C. Psychosexual Factors: This is the emotional aspect of Fellatio: Oral stimulation of the penis. sexual desire, which includes what happens "in the mind." Cunnilingus: Oral stimulation of the vagina. EROTIC MOLD Copulation: Inserting the penis into the vagina. Non-copulatory sexual behavior: Activities like The erotic mold, also known as a love map, is what a person finds arousing or sexually stimulating. kissing, hugging, and caressing. o Homoerotic behaviors are sexual behaviors This could include things like a partner's touch, aimed at the same sex. specific types of sex acts, or even their smell or taste. o Heteroerotic behaviors are sexual behaviors aimed at the opposite sex. Partners use this erotic mold to signal interest in sex and to arouse each other. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SEXUAL BEHAVIOR SENSORIUM Society decides what is acceptable or unacceptable sexual behavior based on several factors: Human sexuality is a sensory-based experience, meaning it involves the senses and is enjoyed through 1. Cultural: Traditional beliefs and taboos vary across them. However, everyone's response to sexual stimuli cultures. is different. 2. Societal: Norms established within a community determine what is acceptable. Arousal Differences: 3. Religion: Religious beliefs shape our morals and what For males, visual stimuli (sight) tend to create the is seen as right or wrong. greatest arousal. 4. Sexual Identity: This includes personal thoughts, For females, touch usually leads to the highest level experiences, and beliefs about one's own sexuality. It of arousal. is influenced by individual belief systems, past  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 09/28/24 MODULE 6: INTRODUCTION TO SEXUAL HARASSMENT: UNDERSTANDING SEXUAL BEHAVIORS ELEMENTS OF AROUSAL o Concerns: For some people, especially sexual Visual: Includes physical appearance, what the offenders, these fantasies may lead to a desire to partner is wearing, and the type of sexual acts act them out in real life, even if it involves non- presented. consenting individuals. This can turn a fantasy into a criminal act. Olfactory: Relates to scents, such as a partner's perfume, natural body odor, or the smell of bodily 2. Symbolisms – involve giving special meaning to fluids. things or expressing feelings through visuals or sensations. Tactile: Involves the sense of touch, which is key to intimacy. Examples: o Primary Erogenous Zones: Body parts very Fetishes: This is when a usually neutral object (like a sensitive to touch, like the mouth, anus, nipples, piece of clothing) is used for sexual excitement. and genitals. o Secondary Erogenous Zones: Areas that Partialisms: This involves having sexual attraction to support stimulation of primary zones, such as the specific body parts, like breasts, buttocks, or legs. back, neck, cheeks, and buttocks. o AUDITORY – involves how sound and words can Important note: Fetishes and partialisms are normal as influence a person's erotic mold. long as they are consensual. SEXUAL GRATIFICATION 3. Ritualism – is when partners do certain actions, say Sexual gratification happens when a person's sexual specific words, or make gestures that hold special behavior meets their sexual desires or responds to meaning for them during sex. what they find arousing. 4. Compulsion – is the strong desire to repeat a sexual Important note: act in the same way every time. It has both physical and biological reasons. Both regular people and sexual offenders can feel arousal through sensory experiences, but offenders Important note: Sexual behaviors only become a problem may engage in inappropriate actions like for law enforcement when they involve non-consensual exhibitionism or making dirty phone calls. acts, coercion, violence, or the exploitation of other. Understanding the difference between healthy and harmful sexual behavior helps us know what is okay and what is not. COMPONENTS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 1. Fantasies – are the ability to create unrealistic mental images in response to psychological needs, like daydreams. o Sexual Fantasies: Can involve imagining a particular sexual act or participating with a consenting partner.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 10/12/24 MODULE 7: MANIFESTATION TO SEXUAL HARASSMENT UNSELFISH BEHAVIOR IN SEXUAL OFFENDER They believe that by being "nice," the victim might start to enjoy the situation and willingly participate. Unselfish behaviors are actions where someone gives, shares, cares, or shows concern for others. For sexual This belief ignores the fact that the encounter is offenders, these behaviors can come from two main unwanted and forced. reasons: SELFISH BEHAVIORS 1. They don't actually want to hurt the victim. 2. They think that by being nice or caring, the victim Selfish offenders do not care about the victim. might start to like them or change their mind about what happened. The focus is on what the offender wants, not the victim's needs. UNSELFISH VERBAL BEHAVIORS The victim is treated like an object to be used and Unselfish verbal behaviors are how an offender talks to a discarded. victim. This type of talking is usually nice and not mean. They might ask questions about the victim's life or give SELFISH VERBAL BEHAVIORS advice to make the victim feel safer. It can sound like flattery or compliments. Some examples are: Offenders use harsh, abusive, and threatening language. "Don't worry, I won't hurt you." Their words are often loud, humiliating, and "Where do you work?" demanding. "Can I see you again?" Comments are usually sexually oriented. UNSELFISH PHYSICAL BEHAVIORS Examples of what they might say: Offenders do not use much violence against victims. o "You're a stupid bitch." If force is used, it’s often to control the victim, not to o "Shut up and do what I asked!" hurt them. SELFISH PHYSICAL BEHAVIORS Weapons are usually used to scare the victim, not to cause real harm. Offenders do not care about the victim's fear, they may even feel excited by it. UNSELFISH SEXUAL BEHAVIORS They can use any level of force—minimum, moderate, Offenders may try to involve the victim by instructing excessive, or brutal—during the assault. them to undress. This includes force to capture and control the victim This involvement can make it seem less like a forced and to overcome resistance. assault, but it is still not consensual and can be classified as sexual assault. SELFISH SEXUAL BEHAVIORS If the victim complies, the offender continues their Selfish sexual behaviors focus on the offender's own actions. pleasure, not the victim's arousal. The offender may try to arouse the victim, mimicking The offender seeks personal gratification and may the behavior of a consensual partner. enjoy humiliating the victim.  GENDER AND SOCIETY MIDTERM REVIEWER / FIRST SEMESTER 10/12/24 MODULE 7: MANIFESTATION TO SEXUAL HARASSMENT They do not care about causing pain or injury; for o Bringing tools or equipment needed for the crime some, inflicting pain makes the assault more or just using what's available at the scene. satisfying. RITUALISTIC OFFENDER SEXUAL HARASSMENT Has more control over the victim and what happens. Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or any verbal or physical behavior of a sexual Plans ahead and seems more experienced or smarter. nature. Looks for specific types of victims to fulfill their Key Characteristics: fantasies. o Involves making inappropriate sexual remarks or Strikes when ready and tries to hide their identity to advances. leave less evidence. o Can happen in workplaces or social situations. IMPULSIVE OFFENDER o Involves acts by government employees or Lacks control over the victim and what happens. officials in work-related environments. Acts on the spot without much planning. FORMS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT (CIVIL SERVICE Responds to situations as they happen and doesn’t RESOLUTION NO. 01-0940, 2001) focus on fantasies. Physical Might attack right away when they see the victim. Malicious touching WHERE SEXUAL HARASSMENT HAPPENS Overt sexual advances Lewd gestures 1. At Home 2. At School or Work Verbal 3. In Public Places 4. On Social Media Requests or demands for sexual favors Lurid remarks (inappropriate comments) Use of objects, pictures, or notes with sexual meanings ORGANIZATION OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT This describes how the offender prepared or did not prepare for the sexual assault. Examples: o Level of planning by the offender (e.g., how much preparation was involved). o Efforts to hide their identity (e.g., wearing a mask or gloves).