Sagun Systematics PDF

Agatep POGI i. E.g. For Acalypha argentii SAGUN (Plant Systematics) Sagun & G.A.Levin ii....

Agatep POGI i. E.g. For Acalypha argentii SAGUN (Plant Systematics) Sagun & G.A.Levin ii. Acalypha = genus name Introduction iii. argentii = species epithet iv. Acalypha argentii = species What is systematics? name Inclusive of taxonomy v. Sagun & G.A. Levin - DINC (taxonomy) + P (phylogeny) authors of species name Goal is to infer evolutionary history 4. Classification (phylogeny) a. Placing objects, e.g., life, into some ○ Based on hypothesis (scientific type of order guess) b. Taxon - a taxonomic group (plural = Using all types of evidence taxa) ○ Mostly molecular c. Rank Classification i. Hierarchical - each higher Taxonomy: DINC (Do I Need Cheese Pizza) rank is inclusive of lower 1. Description ranks a. assignment/listing of features or ii. Dear King Philip Comes attributes to a taxon Over For Good Spaghetti b. Character i. a feature ii. e.g., “flower color” c. Character states i. two or more forms of a character ii. TLDR: VARIATION OF A CHARACTER iii. E.g., “white”, “red”, “yellow” 2. Identification How to classify life a. Associating an unknown taxon with Phenetic classification a known one ○ Based on overall similarity b. How? ○ Those organisms most similar to i. Taxonomic key one another are classified more ii. Compare to a “closely” together photograph/illustration ○ Based on phenotype iii. Compare to a specimen Problem with phenetic class: iv. Ask an expert ○ Can be arbitrary c. Key (dichotomous/bracketed) Can be based on random i. Couplet = two Leads choice or personal whim ii. More compact Phylogenetic classification d. Key (dichotomous/indented) ○ Based on known (inferred) i. Separated evolutionary history ii. proceeds step by step ○ Advantage: 3. Nomenclature Classification reflects a. Formal means of naming life pattern of evolution b. E.g., binomial nomenclature for Classification not species names” ambiguous  Agatep POGI Apomorphy ○ I.e., taxa sharing a common ○ Derived (new) feature ancestor more recent in time are ○ E.g., sporophyll - leaf has sporangia more closely related than those (ancestral feature) -> carpel/pistil sharing common ancestors more (apomorphy/derived) distant in time ○ Presence of carpels/pistils - an Polyphyletic group apomorphy for flowering plants ○ Group with more than one Taxa are grouped by apomorphies common ancestor ○ Apomorphies result of evolution Paraphyletic group Derived characters ○ Missing out one member ○ Taxa sharing apomorphies ○ Ancestor and some descendants underwent same evolutionary history should be grouped together Plesiomorphic ○ Ancestral state of a character ○ Synonymous with ancestral and primitive Symplesiomorphic (character) ○ sym = shared ○ Plesiomorphic character state that is present in two or more taxa Autapomorphic ○ Apomorphic state of a character Phylogenetic Groupings example in plants that is unique to one of the two Genus Lotus groups Not Monophyletic, it is Polyphyletic ○ ex. In primates, only humans have You can name the clades into three different articulate language taxa/monophyletic genera Synapomorphic (character) Therefore, we now recognize three ○ Apomorphic character state shared monophyletic genera (formerly all Lotus) by two or more taxa ○ Acmispon Phylogeny = Evolutionary History ○ Hosackia ○ Represented as: ○ Lotus cladogram/phylogenetic tree Dicots Common Ancestry Dicots: A broad category of flowering plants Split of one lineage into two? with two cotyledons, characterized by ○ Evolutionary divergence various features, but may include ○ Can lead to speciation - origin of non-eudicot groups. new species from pre-existing Eudicots: A specific subgroup within dicots species that includes the majority of flowering plants What is a monophyletic group? with shared molecular and genetic ○ Common ancestor and all characteristics. descendants Paraphyletic ○ Whole tree is essentially monophyletic ○ Clade Relationship ○ Recency of common ancestry  Agatep POGI ○ Cell walls Cellulose - complex carbohydrate that serves as a primary structural component in the cell walls of plants, algae, and some bacteria ○ Spores Heterosporous production of two distinct types of spores by a single plant species (microspores & To become monophyletic you have to megaspores) include the monocots (basing it off the clade Microspores - of angiosperms) male gametophytes Features that defined traditional “Dicots” Megaspores - (two cotyledons in embryo seed) are female ancestral (not apomorphies) gametophytes Monocots are monophyletic ○ Sedentary Eudicots are monophyletic Non motile By phylogenetic relationships Major goal in systematics ○ Phylogenetic analyses Recognize only monophyletic groups Polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups distort Three major groups of life evolutionary history should not be recognized Why study plant systematics? Foundation of biology Integrative, unifying science Practical value - economically important plants Conservation biology - rare/endangered spp. Intellectually challenging/fun What is a plant? How can this be answered? Three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea, By characteristics of “plants” Eukarya) ○ Photosynthetic Endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and Green & make their own chloroplast from ancestral Bacterium food Dashed lines (mitochondria, cytoskeleton, 2 kinds of chlorophyll etc.) are synapomorphies (A & B)  Agatep POGI Protists are not plants even if they have ○ What are the synapomorphies of chloroplast (dinoflagellates, brown algae) Embryophytes If you can photosynthesize, doesn't mean Plants are heteromorphic you are a plant ○ Heteromorphic: Plants have ○ Evolved multiple times different stages in their life cycle ○ It is a shared feature that look and function differently ○ Gametophytes (part of plant that How did chloroplasts evolve? produces gametes - egg and Endosymbiosis sperm) and spermatophytes (part ○ Primary endosymbiosis of plant that produces seeds) are ○ Secondary endosymbiosis distinct Euglenozoa Dinoflagellates Phaeophyta Glaucophyta Cryptophyta Haptophyta Non-photosynthetics w/ cell walls & spores ○ Amoebozoa ○ Oomycota ○ Fungi Botany: study of organisms traditionally called “plants” [Plant Kingdom]? Photosynthetic eukaryotes, including ○ Euglenoids ○ Dinoflagellates ○ Brown plants ○ Red algae ○ Green plants: green algae + land plants Chlorobionta/viridiplantae Plant Types/Synapomorphies Charophyta Coleochaete Land Plants - Embryophytes Slime molds, water molds, fungi ○ Formerly, also included Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses bacteria/blue-green “algae” Non vascular plants ○ No xylem and phloem In this course: “Plants” = Land Plants With cuticle (Embryophytes) A monophyletic group What most people mean when they say “plants”, as in systematics Green algae are closest to land plants ○ Closest is charophytes Possible T or F question  Agatep POGI Ophioglossoid Ferns (Ophioglossales) Ophioglossum californicum (Calid. Adder’s Tounge) Vascular Plants - Tracheophytes Lycophytes (Lycopods) Isoetes orcuttii Selaginella (resurrection plants) ○ Can look dry then resurrect Psilotophytes ○ Selaginella apoda Incl. Psilotum Tmesipteris ○ Selaginella bigelovii Equisetophytes (Equisetales): Equisetum Marratiophytes Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) Endangered Equisetum spp. (Scouring-Rush) Sold as ornamental ○ They use this instead of a sponge Protected by law  Agatep POGI Pinus torreyana (Torrey Pine) Leptosporangiate Ferns (Polypodiales) Tecate Cypress (Cupressus forbesii) Dryopteris arguta (coastal wood fern) Polypodium californicum (california polypody) Singular sori; Plural Sorus ○ Inside the sporus, a cluster of sporangia Gnetales Welwitchia mirabilis ○ Named after Welwitch Ephedra spp. (Mormon tea) ○ BANNED ○ Rumor michael jackson died from ephedrine overdose Seed Plants - Gymnosperms Cycads Cycas circinalis Slow growing plants Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Only one species Maiden hair Leaves are fan like Leaves are venation ○ Commonly dichotomous ○ Ancestral trait Seed plants: Angiosperms - Flowering Plants Monocots Considered a natural taxonomic group Typical synapomorphies ○ Parallel venation ○ 1 cotyledon ○ Floral parts in 3’s (often) Conifers Abies concolor (White Fir)  Agatep POGI Known and unknown entities refer to classes, groups of individuals delimited by features Diagnostic characterization (diagnosis) All features that distinguish an entity from all other entities Identification = determining if diagnosis of unknown falls within the diagnosis of a known Acalypha pulogensis Sagun & G.a. Levin, spec. nov. Eudicots Sir Sagun’s plant Typical synapomorphies ○ Net venation ○ 2 cotyledons ○ Floral parts in 4’s or 5’s (often) Methods of identification Why study plants? Why important Taxonomic keys Oxygen Dichotomous key Primary producers ○ Compare two contrasting Economically important to humans statements: ○ agricultural plants (food): Couplet = two contrasting vegetables, fruits, seeds leads ○ flavoring plants: herbs & spices Polyclave key ○ euphoric/hallucinogenic plants ○ List presence/absence of all ○ fiber, wood plants features ○ medicinal plants ○ plant extracts: essential oils, gums, rubber, etc. Plant Identification Identification Associating an unknown entity with a known one  Agatep POGI Written description Specimen comparison