Plant Systematics Biology 2309 Outline PDF

Biology 2309 Outline Plant Systematics Basic Definitions The History of Plant Systematics Binomial Nomenclature and why it is important Taxonomic Hierarchy and Phylogenetics Below the species level Plant Classification  Systematics is the study of the diversificat...

Biology 2309 Outline Plant Systematics Basic Definitions The History of Plant Systematics Binomial Nomenclature and why it is important Taxonomic Hierarchy and Phylogenetics Below the species level Plant Classification  Systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time -the terms systematics, taxonomy, classification, and phylogenetics are commonly used interchangeably  Taxonomy is specifically the identification, description, and naming (i.e. _______________) of organisms while "classification" focuses on placing organisms within hierarchical groups that show their relationships to other organisms. Common Misconception Taxonomy is very difficult and specialized FACT: Taxonomy is part of the cognitive process Everyone’s a taxonomist! One is a prohibited noxious weed in Alberta, the other is a native plant The Polynomial System [Before 1800] Polynomial Nomenclature Ranunculus calycibus, retroflexus, pedulculus falcatus, caule erecto, folis comopositis The buttercup with bent-back sepals, curved flower stalks, erect stems, and compound leaves Binomial Nomenclature Why do we need Latin Binomial names? 1. The same plant may have many __________ common names  Nymphaea alba L. 15 common names in English 44 common names in French 105 common names in German 81 common names in Dutch over 5000 worldwide Many common names may exist for the same species in the same language, in the same or different localities Cornflower Bluebottle Bachelor’s Button Ragged Robin Centaurea cyanus L.  Why do we need Latin Binomial names? 2. Many plant species do not have a common name e.g. ~2000 spp. of Carex L. are called ‘sedge’  Why do we need Latin Binomial names? 3. Different plants may have the __________ common name Knautia arvensis Coult. Tanacetum vulgare L. Centaurea cyanus L. Phylogeny: An Evolutionary Tree Below the species level Plant species can be divided more specifically into 1. subspecies 2. variety 3. ________ 4. cultivar 1. Subspecies 2. A plant variety represents a precisely defined group of plants, selected from within a species, with a common set of characteristics. 3. Hybrid Platanus occidentalis x orientalis 4. Cultivar A cultivar is a plant that has been grown from a stem cutting, grafting, or tissue cultures to ensure it retains the characteristics of the plant parent. Growing a plant from one of these plant's seeds may not produce the same plant as the parent 24  Plant Classification BIG IDEAS Plants must be classified into identifiable groups in order for us to have a clear, organized way of identifying the diverse array of plants that inhabit the planet. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS How are plants categorized into groups? What are the characteristics of plants that are used to classify them? While there are many ways to structure plant classification, one way is to group them into: vascular or non-vascular plants vasculars are then grouped into seed bearing or spore bearing seed bearers are then grouped into angiosperms or gymnosperms Plant Classification ferns and  Nonvascular Plants No vascular tissue Require a constantly ______ environment Classification Group: Bryophytes Always grow small Examples of Bryophytes Moss Liverworts Hornworts ferns and  Introduction to Plants Vascular Tissues ▪ Vascular tissue provides support and structure, so vascular plants can grow larger than nonvascular plants. Vascular Plants Shoots -Found above ground -Have leaves attached - Photosynthetic part of plant Roots -Found below ground -Absorb water & minerals -Anchor the plant 32  Vascular Plants Subdivided into two groups – Seedless vascular plants and Seed-bearing vascular plants Seedless Vascular Plants Includes Horsetails and Ferns Horsetails Ferns Fiddleheads Fronds with spore-producing organs ferns and  Introduction to Plants Seeds ▪ A plant structure that contains an embryo, nutrients, and is covered with a protective coat ▪ These features enable seeds to survive harsh environmental conditions and sprout when favorable conditions exist. Seed Dispersal Seed-Producing Vascular Plants Includes two groups: 1) Gymnosperms have seeds in __________ 1) Angiosperms have ___________ to attract pollinators and produce seeds  Angiosperms ? Flowering plants ? Seeds are formed when an _______ is fertilized by pollen in the ovary ? Ovary is within a flower ? Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds) Angiosperms are the most _________ plants on the planet [Insert Fig. 26.28a,b on p. 633] Fig. 26.28a,b p. 633 Flowering Plants (cont’d) [Insert Fig. 26.28c,d on p. 633] What kind of angiosperm is this? What kind of angiosperm is this? What kind of angiosperm is this? What kind of angiosperm is this? _________ Monocots √ = Chlorophyta Green algae √ Non-vascular √ √ Plants √ √ √ Seedless > Vascular Plants √ √ + Whisk Ferns Seed Plants √ 4 Phyla √ Review Next Lecture: Plant Reproduction and Pollination Perusall Assignment 2 Due Sunday Sept. 29th Practice: