Lectures on Reading of Basic Science in English PDF

Lectures on Reading of Basic science in English Prepared by Dr. Sapah Yoseef Dr. Nourhan Bahgat Faculty of Education for Faculty of Education for Early Childhood Early Childhood Cairo University Cairo University 1 Table of Contents Titel Page chapter(1 ): 5-37 Part(1): children's book Part(2): Theatre Part(3): Drama chapter(2): 39-62 ) Various reading in Art- Music- museum). chapter(3): 63-101 The role of the teacher in Using (Children’s books - Theatre- Drama-Art-Music- Museum). References 103 2 3 Chapter (1) Various reading in children's book 4 Part (1) 5 Children's book Introduction Childhood is the maker of future; today child is tomorrow's man so, childhood studies and interest are compatible parts of the attention to present and future, as children constitutes a vast segment of society, and make up the next generations, As such, the interest in childhood by society rises as a result of the interest to society's development. What is children's book? Children's book is part of a wider oral tradition, that adults shared with children before publishing existed. - Children's book can be traced to stories and different songs The development of early children's book, before printing was invented, is difficult to trace, Even after printing became widespread, many classic "children's" tales were originally created for adults and later adapted for a younger audience. Children's book is the kind of literary art comprises different methods of prose and poetry particularly for children. - Children’s books are good quality trade books for children from birth to adolescence, covering topics of relevance and interests to children of those ages, through prose and poetry fiction and nonfiction. –Children's books includes stories, books, magazines, andpoems that are enjoyed by children, Modern children's books islassified in two different ways: genre or the intended age of the reader. - By genre a literary genre is a category of literary compositions, Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content, orlength. 6 Definitions of children’s book: - Children's books consider as any book written for or by children aged between one year eighteen years old maybe before and after that too. - Children's book” is defined as material written and produced for the information or entertainment of children and young adults, It includes all non-fiction, literary and artistic genres and physical formats. Importance of children's books: - Children's books help children learn different linguistic terms. - Children's books develop the child's ability to communicate with others. - Children's books make children feel happy by changing their tone of voice. - Observation is increased in the child through the observation of various images. - Children's books help children to develop their intelligence by trying to inquire about the events. - Children's books develop child's curiosity and memory intensifies. - Encourage imagination, thinking, and the development of a child's curiosity. - Children's books help to develop a child's imagination by introducing new ideas. -Children's books help children to learn about their own cultural heritage and the cultures of others people. 7 Objectives of children's book: - Train children to remember, focus attention and the ability to solve the problems. -Children moral values acquisition and development. -Children creative thinking development. - Stimulates Creativity. - Contributes to Better Handwriting. -Improved Focus and Hand to Eye Coordination. - Develop listening, spoken language, reading, writing, and increase vocabulary. - Provide new experiences to children. -help your child develop early literacy skills like the ability to listen to and understand words. - Read, understand, and enjoy several significant literary works for children. - Achieve a general overview of children's book and acquire an historical perspective on its development - Develop an appreciation of the techniques of artistry in language - Recognize some of the more common weaknesses of children's books and the reasons for these weaknesses - Develop standards by which to evaluate children's books and picture- book illustrations 8 Criteria for selecting children’s book for kindergarten: Books suitable for the child are determined by age group: -In the preschool age (3-6), the child is presented with fantasy stories such as talking cats or fruit walking and talking. -From the age of (6-8) here the stage of free fantasy and stories become a scientific imagination. -From the age of (8-11) in the stage, children love the stories of adventures and tournaments such as Sinbad for example and sure in that period will be eligible for stories prophets and companions. -And of course at all stages possible to enter with the stories of scientific areas where there is information about the human body animal world, birds and fish..... Etc. Cover of the book should be: - Attractive and beautiful cover. - Distinctive shape and size - Illustrate the content of the book. - Title should be short, clear, interesting and written in bold font. - Paintings are Clear and colorful. - The title of book should be big enough for children. - Hard (durable) paper. The book: - The size of book should be suitable for children. 9 - The book should appropriates children’s age. - Matters children. - Colors and printing should be bright, attractive, accurate. - Pictures and paintings should be more than words to attract children. - Develops child’s imagination. - Can be used individually or in-group. - Support thinking and good attitude. - Satisfy child’s desire of love adventure and excitement. - The plot should be fun and simple. - The action should move quickly, so each book can be read in one sitting. - The content provides a certain concept, situation or modify a certain behavior. - The clarity of the cover images and their clarification of the contents of the book. - Short. - Brings pleasure, pleasure and imagination. - Simple style. - The idea is clear, objective, and relevant to the child's environment. - Successive events in a logical way. 10 - It is dominated by narrative style. - Prefer one main character and reduce the secondary characters. - On the tongues of animals, birds and mules. - Repetition, poetic or scattering by coyote (is the concurrence of the commas in two or more paragraphs in the last letter, Or is the late sentences concatenate the last word in the paragraph and is in prose only. - The language is sound and fits in its entirety the linguistic dictionary of the target child and is formulated in short sentences Types of children’s books: 1- Literary books. 2- Non- literary books. 3- Electronic Books. 4- Interactive Books (Quiet books). 1)- Literary books: -Picture a world where animals talk, children fly, evil wizards try to destroy the world, and princes and princesses live happily ever. That's the world of fantasy…and it's also the world of children's books. -Children's books not only help kids learn to read; they also teach them a whole lot about themselves and the world around them, We're talking right and wrong, generosity, kindness, emotions of all kind…and just how stuff works. 11 Examples:- (Stories) -Picture storybooks: Reading stories with children introduces them to the complex nature of language and helps them in acquiring important language skills. However, the type of books read to children contributes to the depth of their learning. Parents should try to include a variety of books in their read aloud experience. Include text that is highly associated with the illustrations, making it possible for emergent readers to practice “reading” by telling the story through the pictures. These stories concentrate more on the illustrations than on the text. The text of the story compliments the artwork rather than the pictures adding to the story Text and illustrations tell the story in picture storybooks, this type of book is especially appropriate for young children because the colorful and clear illustrations and artwork support a simple story line. The illustrations often provide additional information not covered in the text. Rhyming stories and books with repeated patterned sounds are particularly interesting to children. Picture storybooks remain children's favorite books long after their preschool years. What is a story? A story is the telling of an event, either true or fictional, in such a way that the listener experiences or learns something just by the fact that he heard the story. A story is a means of transferring information, experience, attitude or point of view. Every story has a teller and a listener 12 A story or narrative is a connected series of events told through words (written or spoken), imagery (still and moving), body language, performance, music, or any other form of communication, You can tell a story about anything, and the events described can be real or imaginary; covering both fiction and nonfiction; and leaving no topic, genre, or style untouched. There are stories about all things and all times; past, present and future, when you are telling somebody about a series of events, you are telling a story, no matter what the subject nor when they occurred. As such, stories are of great value to human culture, and are some of the oldest, most important parts of life. Stories are a major part of every aspect of our lives, from what we read to what we do to what we talk and think about, They are also crucial to our understanding of history and culture, and have been recorded and passed on since man’s earliest days. Stories have always been and will always be at the core of not only literature, but also life. Importance of Story: Stories play a vital role in the growth and development of children. The books they read and the characters they get to know can become like friends. It’s also good for children to understand that books are a useful source of information and that good reading skills are important for success in their future lives. Reading also helps children with their confidence levels, Fill a child's mind with knowledge and information. - Exposure to books contributes to the understanding of print concepts (left to right). - listening to the books assists in the development of literacy skills and language development. 13 - Reading a variety of books exposes children to a wide range of language features and vocabulary. - provides inspiration, thought and reflection for children. - provides children with a time for quiet and calmness in their busy lives. - help children to develop an appreciation for art and writing. - Help children to be intelligent and courteous. - Works to develop the imagination of the child, the more the rate of reading the child expands his imagination, and expanded his perception. - Reading works on the development of children's language. It is an effective tool in this field. - Helps children improve their absorption capacity significantly and significantly. - Seeks to develop the personality of the child in all its aspects. - help children learn different linguistic terms. - develop the child's ability to communicate with others. - make children feel happy by changing their tone of voice.. - help children to develop their intelligence by trying to inquire about the events. - develop child's curiosity and memory intensifies. - Encourage imagination, thinking, and the development of a child's 14 curiosity. - help to develop a child's imagination by introducing new ideas. Criteria for selecting story Attractive and beautiful cover. Distinctive shape and size Illustrate the content of the book. Title should be short, clear, interesting and written in bold font. Paintings are Clear and colorful. The title of book should be big enough for children. Hard (durable) paper. -Folk tales: Tales such as these have been passed down through generations and oral traditions for centuries.an author-illustrator, frequently uses folktales to create stories for children. Myths are often paired with folklore, and these stories specifically attempt to explain different aspects of life. The goal of these stories is to pass down knowledge to younger generations. -A fairy tales: Fairy tales Such as wonder tale, magic tale, are folklore genre that takes the form of a short story that typically features entities such as dwarfs, dragons, elves, fairies, giants, gnomes, goblins, griffins, mermaids, talking animals, trolls, unicorns, or witches, and usually magic or enchantments. 15 Princes fighting for princesses dominate this genre. These stories have a magical component and are a more detailed way of explaining the world. Fantasy: Fantasy stories are predominantly magical in nature but also comment greatly through this lens on contemporary life. Often an intense struggle of good versus evil occurs. First Books: Nowadays children are introduced to stories even before they are born. Public libraries run programs where caregivers bring their infants to the library and are taught how to read to them. Books made out of board, cloth and plastic all make up this category, and their stories introduce babies to the basic outline of our world. Issue Books: Anew trend in children’s books is the introduction of controversial issues facing society today. Examples of topics include divorce, abuse, sexuality and war. Debate surrounds whether or not children should be exposed to these at a young age. Realistic literature: This is so very important to include. This type of book features real life problems that children may be experiencing themselves, such as going to a new school, being bullied, or welcoming home a new baby Traditional literature: Traditional literature includes fairy tales, folktales, myths and legends from around the world and across the ages of time, Through these 16 likely stories, children become familiar with many different times, cultures, and traditions. Some stories, such as Cinderella, vary slightly from culture to culture, and it is interesting to compare their differences. Myth: This is a folklore genre consisting of narratives that are ostensibly historical, though often supernatural, explaining the origins of a cultural practice or natural phenomenon Fable is a literary genre. legend: This is a genre of folklore that consist of a narrative that features human actions perceived both by teller and listeners to take place within human history and demonstrating human values, and which possesses certain qualities that give the tale verisimilitude. Fiction: This is the classification for any story or setting that is derived from imagination in other words, not based strictly on history or fact. As scientific fiction Historical fiction: Can be an umbrella term; though commonly used as a synonym for describing the historical novel; introduce to children as historic story about historic hero or situation. Non-fiction stories: This is content (sometimes, in the form of a story) whose creator, in good faith, assumes responsibility for the truth or accuracy of the events, people, or information presented.In contrast, a story whose creator 17 explicitly leaves open if and how the work refers to reality is usually classified as fiction. -Board books: Board books are the "baby" of the children's book family, Board books are often marketed as infant, toddler, or baby books, They are meant to be read (and played with) by infants ages 0 to 3 and are designed as such. Infants tend to chew, dribble on, and throw down objects, so the pages of board books are made of thick paperboard with a glossy finish to withstand the wear and tear. Predictable books: involve children in the reading experience. The patterned language, repetitive phrases, and predictable storyline help preschoolers anticipate what is coming next. They also help children to understand language and how sentences and stories are put together, Older preschoolers will often be able to repeat elements of these stories when the book is reread, which is an important pre-reading skill. -Wordless books: Though wordless books contain little or no text, they have a real story to tell. Readers must interpret the stories from the pictures, examining details and expressions carefully. This experience helps children focus on the sequence in the stories and give them the opportunities to use "book language." Some stories in wordless books are simple, but others are quite sophisticated and are meant for older children. -Folktales and fables: The stories in these books are often the result of years of oral storytelling. Many of the stories have a moral concept or theme. Most folktales and fables have some cultural context or historical base and 18 help children learn about diverse cultures and experiences. These stories are often ones that parents can use for storytelling without the benefits of a book. -Poetry: There are a variety of poetry books available for young children: collections of poems written by the same author or related to the same theme, collections of poems from multiple poets, and illustrated versions of a single poem. Each introduces the reader to the sounds of language. Rhyming poetry, especially ones with playful words, help children develop phonemic awareness.. Rebus books: Rebus books aren't usually included in the round-ups of children's book formats I've seen online which is why I'm including them here. Rebus books are a type of picture book where pictures are used to represent certain phrases, words or parts of words (syllables). These word substitution books are great for getting children engaged in reading. Rebus books also allow children to "read" and understand a story that might have been beyond their reading level if text alone was used. Furthermore, rebus books are valuable for helping children understand a key reading principle, i.e., that word represent concepts. Basic elements of literary books: -Theme. (The events of theme should be related) -Plot. (simple and fun) -Character. (main character, anti character, assistant character) -Setting. (time, place) -Style 19 2)- Non- literary books : Non-literary book is one that tells you facts and information about the world around you , it can cover almost any topic , if it's about something that really happened or something that really exist , it's nonfiction. some nonfiction books have illustrations as well as words. other than books , you will find nonfiction writing in newspapers and news websites , and in magazines about sports or crafts , the aim of nonfiction writing is to help you learn about interesting subject. In the work of novelists who have tasted other occupations, one generally finds an inverse correlation over the years between degree of literary success and degree of contact with non- literary reality. Examples:- -Realistic literature : is so very important to include, This type of book features real life problems that children may be experiencing themselves, such as going to a new school, being bullied, or welcoming home a new baby. -Rhythmic Books or (music-songs books): These books usually rhyme or have a musical component. Popular examples of these books are “Green Eggs and Ham” and “The Cat in the Hat” by Dr. Seuss. This genre also includes nursery rhymes and lullabies. -Rhyming books: Rhyming storybooks are a great choice for young children. They benefit from hearing rhyming language and repetitive sounds, Rhyming stories are fun for parents to read and provide lots of opportunities to read with emotion and to change the loudness and softness of the 20 voice, Hearing stories that contain rhymes prepare children for reading by helping them focus on the sounds in words. - Concepts Books: Concepts ranging from getting dressed to sharing are covered in these stories. The example book made on this site is a concept book about the season of spring , Such as (Scientific, sports, linguistic, religious, historical, geographical, social) concepts These books are designed to teach particular concepts that children need to know in order to succeed in school. Concept books may teach about colors, shapes, sizes (big, little), or opposites (up, down). They may focus on classifying concepts (farm or zoo animals, families around the world, different kinds of trucks, or different places to live). -Biographies are of high interest to children. Historical figures, sports and television icons are widely available in a variety of difficulty levels. -Joke and riddle books are very fun for children and are an excellent way for students to -Cookbooks and craft books : Children love to sift through cookbooks and make connections to similar dishes they have made with parents, and many times children are more than happy to read and follow step by step instructions in a craft book. -Nursery Rhymes: Nursery rhymes are a natural for young children, They are often recited from memory by parents or grandparents. Mother Goose rhymes are some of the most familiar, but most cultures have some form of 21 nursery rhymes and songs that are passed down from generation to generation, Children raised on nursery rhymes will pass these tales on to their children. -Alphabet Books: Alphabet or ABC books are used to help children recognize letters and realize that letters are used in language, There are a wide range of alphabet books from the most basic that show the letter and objects beginning with the letter to very sophisticated books that tell a story using the alphabet format, Creative artwork is often used to illustrate and bring new interest to the alphabet, Some alphabet books are themed and use familiar and interesting objects to highlight the alphabet such as fruits, vegetables, colors, animals, the ocean, or flowers. -Counting Books Counting books come in all sizes and shapes. Beginning counting books often provide fun illustrations of everyday items and objects that feature the numbers from 1-5 or 1-10. More elaborate counting books count to one hundred or a thousand and use a theme in presenting their information. Counting books for young children are important because they introduce the language associated with numbers. They also help preschoolers begin to understand the concept that numbers are symbols for counting, just as letters are symbols for sounds and word. -Informational Books: Informational books are non-fiction and are written about topics that children have a natural interest in such as animals, food, vehicles, sports, or seasons of the year. Some informational books also label the 22 illustrations in the book, helping to introduce written language to children. They are usually simple in style and focus on objects and subjects that are familiar to the children's environment. 3)- Electronic Book An electronic book (e-book) is a digital publication that can consist of text, images or a combination of both. An electronic book can be read on a proprietary digital device (an e-reader) or on a computer, which requires special softwar. 4)- Interactive Books (Quiet books) -They go by many names but the idea is the same. A quiet book (my favorite term) is a series of fabric “pages” containing quiet activities to entertain small children. -Quiet books can be made for any age children. I have seen books for babies with fun, contrasting imagery as well as books for older children containing pieces and game boards for classics like hangman, checkers, and tic tac toe. The typical target age range for quiet books is about two to five, focusing on skills like matching, sorting, imaginative play, and getting dressed (zippers, ties, lacing, etc.). -Some people design their pages to be sewn together in a permanent book, while others add grommets to their pages and make books with interchangeable pages (like a binder.) I design all my pages to be interchangeable because I feel the book holds my daughter's interest longer when the pages are constantly changing. I also really enjoy designing and including seasonal pages in our quiet book. The difference between Literary books and Non- literary books. Literary books: depend on basic elements of artistic structure: 23 -Theme -Plot (introduction, median, the end) -Characters (the main, anti, assistant) -Setting (time, place) -Style Literary books: depend on the sequence of events, starting from identifying the reason until reaching conclusion, it is known as the plot. Non- literary books: not depend on basic elements of artistic structure and not depend on the sequence of events. 24 Part (2) (Theater) Children theatre: Asset of puppet or human theatre shows for children, ln children theatre actors perform besides puppets, Children’s Theatre is a term employed to denote the performance of plays by professional actors for a children’s audience. These plays are usually constructed along conventional lines using writers, directors, designers and occasionally puppetry, music and dance. The plays may include some form of seated vocal participation. The term usually distinguishes work for children under 12 years of age as opposed to the term ‘young people’s theatre’, which includes work aimed at teenagers What is children's theatre? Children’s Theatre is a hybrid form of theatre that features an eclectic mixture of styles and their governing conventions. The form (the way a production is made) of a Children’s Theatre show is a mixture of many styles working together to create Dramatic Meaning. The hybrid nature of Children’s Theatre also allows it to serve as an example of Contemporary Theatre. Children’s Theatre is plays specifically created and performed for children. Children’s Theatre is usually targeted for children between the ages of three to eleven. It has specific performance conventions that are incorporated to engage the audience and reinforce meaning. Such elements include direct address, chorus and audience participation. 25 Without theatre, children not only miss an amazing artistic experience, but they lose the chance to experience an endless amount of learning opportunities. With exposure that not only raises school performance, but also encourages creativity, culture, communication, patience, morals, and imagination, an afternoon at the theatre is something that cannot be overlooked 6 Reasons Why Theatre is Great for nursery child Whether it’s sports, music, art, or another activity, as parents, we want to support our children’s interests. Different hobbies offer children different benefits, the performing arts are a great way for young people to meet friends, build self-confidence, and learn about literature. 1) It builds empathy & compassion Theatre portrays many different types of people with many different types of lives. Observing the unique ways people experience life allows us to get a better understanding of what other people go through and helps to encourage empathy. Whether watching a play or jumping onto the stage and acting, when you watch or portray a character in a storyline, you learn to “walk a mile in someone else’s shoes”. Children are able to see what it’s like to be a firefighter, or to be in a band, or to live in the wild, wild west. Being a part of these kinds of experiences can help children view the complex world from new perspectives and frame new settings for experiencing empathy and compassion for others. 2) It teaches teamwork When we hear the word “teamwork”, we think of organized sports. However, theatre offers similar team experiences. Working together to 26 stage a play teaches many tenets of teamwork. As a team, you must listen, work hard, and move toward a unified vision. If you don’t have your lines memorized, you will let other actors down. If you’re not paying attention, you may lose the pace of the show. Taking part in drama classes or being involved in a community production helps young people learn to work as a team to attain goals, and as we all know, being able to work well in a team is an important skill in every-day life. 3) It provides exposure to literature and history Many plays are based on famous books or moments from history. Watching a performance that focusses on history or literature is a great way to bring important events or ideas to life. Often, a child’s first experience with an adaptation of literature is through a secondary medium. Theatre can be a great way to introduce them to classic fairy tales, short stories, and even poetry. 4) Self-expression is improved The arts are a tremendous way to express yourself and theatre is no exception. Children can learn a monologue that inspires them, or sing a song from a musical that makes them happy; both activities being valid ways for children to express themselves. Additionally, playing games, day dreaming, and artistic expression are all great stress relievers. Children (or adults for that matter) can employ these under-valued skills in drama and use them as a great way to stay emotionally healthy. Read this article for additional stress relievers. 27 5) It helps to combat the fear of public speaking Let’s face it, getting up in front of a crowd and giving a speech can be pretty scary. Drama classes can help your children get to their feet and combat that fear of public speaking. By practicing various theatre games or acting, they can build the right kind of confidence to stand in front of a group and feel comfortable and “improve” teaches them to be free thinkers in front of a group. Even if your children don’t want to be Broadway stars, participating in theatre activities can help them in many other careers as they grow older, including law, politics, and education. 6) It fosters creativity and inspires fun Creating theatre and participating in drama classes can help young people activate the creative parts of the brain which, like a muscle, encourages that creativity to get stronger and stronger. Having a strong creative side helps with problem solving and encourages children to think broadly. Here at Kidoodle.TV, we use and encourage creativity each and every day. Creative thinkers and problem solvers are an important part of the Kidoodle.TV team. The Basic Elements of Theatre: (Script/Text, Scenario, Plan) Puppet theatre as a form of children theatre A puppet is an object, often resembling a human, animal or mythical figure, that is animated or manipulated by a person called a Puppeteer. The Puppeteer uses movements of his hands, arms, or control devices such as rods or strings to move the body, head, limbs, and in some cases the mouth and eyes of the puppet. The Puppeteer often 28 speaks in the voice of the character of the puppet, and then synchronizes the movements of the puppet's mouth with this spoken part. The actions, gestures and spoken parts acted out by the Puppeteer with the puppet are typically used in storytelling. Puppetry is a very ancient form of theatre which dates back to the 5th century BC in Ancient Greece. There are many different varieties of puppets, and they are made from a wide range of materials, depending on their form and intended use. They range from very simple in construction and operation to very complex. Two simple types of puppets are the finger puppet, which is a tiny puppet that fits onto a single finger, and the sock puppet, which is formed and operated by inserting one's hand inside a sock, with the opening and closing of the hand simulating the movement of the puppet's "mouth." The sock puppet is a type of hand puppet, which is controlled using one hand that occupies the interior of the puppet and moves the puppet around. A "live-hand puppet" is similar to a hand puppet but is larger and requires two puppeteers for each puppet. A Marionette is a much more complicated type of puppet that is suspended and controlled by a number of strings connected to the head, back and limbs, plus sometimes a central rod attached to a control bar held from above by the puppeteer. A rod puppet is constructed around a central rod secured to the head. A shadow puppet is a cut-out figure held between a source of light and a translucent screen. A ventriloquist's dummy is a human-shaped puppet operated by a ventriloquist performer's hand; the performer produces the puppet's voice with little or no movement of her mouth, which creates the illusion that the puppet is alive. Carnival puppets are large puppets, typically bigger than a human, designed to be part of a large spectacle or parade. 29 Benefits of Using Puppets in a Child Care Setting Puppets are a great way to engage the attention and imagination of children of all ages. Using puppets in the child care curriculum is an enjoyable way to promote children’s learning of new skills and concepts. Benefits of using puppets in child care include the following: Social skills: Puppets can increase children’s communication and social skills by providing structured opportunities to interact with the puppets. Children can also practice these skills by using puppets to interact with other children. Emotional development: Puppets can support children emotionally by giving them a “friend” to talk to, or a way to talk to other children without having to speak directly. Confidence in reading and speaking: Children who are reluctant to speak or read out loud may be more willing to talk or read to a puppet. Music appreciation: Puppets can make music and creative movement more interesting and can teach children the words and movements to new songs. Motor skills: Manipulating puppets can be a positive way to encourage movement and to practice gross and fine motor control. Guidance: Children can learn appropriate behaviors by watching the puppet’s example, or the puppet can introduce and explain class rules. Encouraging creativity: Children can use puppets to come up with stories, scenarios, and creative ways to solve problems. Capturing attention: A puppet can be a good tool to capture the attention of young children in large-group and small-group settings, especially if the adult gives the puppet an engaging “personality.” Promoting dramatic play: Puppets can be easy-to-manipulate characters in a variety of dramatic play themes and stories. 30 Ways to Use Puppets with kindergarten child? Puppets can be used across many different parts of the early childhood curriculum. Here are a few common places where puppets can enhance young children’s play and learning: Dramatic play: Children can use puppets to act out their own scenarios and stories. Transitions: Puppets are a great tool for telling children what activity is coming next. For example, Wanda the Chef might come out of her kitchen to let the children know it’s time to clean up for snack/lunch. Games: Puppets can lead games with children, such as “Simon Says” and “I-Spy.” Puppets can also participate in the game, either as a positive role model or as an example of misbehavior that the children can help correct. Reading: Children can practice reading their favorite books to puppets, especially if they’re too shy to read in front of teachers or other children. Children who are not reading yet can make up stories to tell the puppet, or “read” to them by telling a familiar story using the illustrations in the storybook. Puppets can also read children their favorite books. Creative Art: Puppets can paint with children or introduce a new craft to the children. Puppet Shows: Children can use puppets to put on their own puppet shows for other students or their child care providers. Child care providers can also use puppet shows to introduce new concepts to children. Music Time: Puppets can sing and dance during large. 31 (Puppet – Doll) Doll : Is affixed type of puppets which takes the shape of human or animal shaped toys. Puppet: Is defined as small shape of human to mimic movements, and is moved by hands, sticks, or metal wires. Puppets come in a variety of shapes, sizes, colors, races, and ethnicities. Some puppets have mouths, legs, etc. that move, while others may not. Puppets can be: People Animals Insects Store-bought Homemade Hand-held Wrapped around fingers Pulled over hands Controlled by string Types of Puppets: (Finger- Glove- Shadow- Stick-Talking- Mask- Maionette) How Children Learn from Hand Puppet Play: Hand Puppets are a natural and fun extension of the pretend play that young children engage in so readily. With a little encouragement from you, hand puppets will help your children develop some important learning skills. Hand Puppet play is imaginative and open-ended and 32 equally freeing for adults. Let your child take the lead and you’ll be amazed at where you will go together. Communication and Social Skills Hand Puppets are an ideal springboard for developing speaking and listening skills. Children with mental disability often communicate more easily with puppets, giving them confidence to express their ideas and feelings Shy children can become acquainted with others through the roles they take on Children are free to try on new personalities and take them off again, with a puppet on their hand, broadening their own in the process. Scary animal hand puppets like lions and sharks or shy ones such as a tortoise can help children master uncomfortable feelings Puppet play provides an opportunity to gain some control over their world by working out fears and frustrations. Creative Skills Hand Puppet play helps young children develop creative skills by forcing them to use their imaginations. They make up the roles, the rules, the situations and the solutions. It is through imaginative play that children come to understand the differences between fantasy and reality. The real world becomes more real to children who have opportunities to pretend. 33 Part (3) (Drama) Definition of Drama: Drama is a mode of fictional representation through dialogue and performance. It is one of the literary genres, which is an imitation of some action. Drama is also a type of a play written for theater, television, radio, and film. In simple words, a drama is a composition in verse or prose presenting a story in pantomime or dialogue. It contains conflict of characters, particularly the ones who perform in front of audience on the stage. The person who writes drama for stage directions is known as a “dramatist” or “playwright. Why drama is so good for kindergarten child: It teaches them not only how to speak clearly, loudly and with confidence, but many other communication skills as well. For example, at Perform we have developed games that focus on simple yet important lessons like looking someone in the eye when you talk to them and maintaining that eye contact. Clear diction is encouraged through tongue twisters and raps and voices are nurtured through our singing and vocal warm up exercises. Each week in our drama classes, children play a 'Detective Game' where they have to have an opinion on a subject, even if it's as simple as 'what's your favourite fruit and why?' It gets them thinking and talking in front of a group in a controlled and safe environment where they can practice and perfect analytical thinking without realising it. 34 Our classes also use role-play, which enables children to act out situations that they might have never experienced before, but prepares them for when they might encounter something similar. I'm not saying that escaping the lion in the jungle is ever going to happen in real life (well I hope not!) but it's possible that arguing with a friend or being bullied might, and it's great to equip children with the communication skills to deal with these events. The benefit that I particularly value is that drama teaches empathy. When we do our Florence Nightingale workshops, in schools we take the children back to the Crimean war and they get to feel how the soldiers might have felt in that situation. Personally, I believe that being empathetic with someone is incredibly valuable for developing our communications skills. As you can see, there are many examples of how drama helps a child's communication skills, but I'd like to end with what a Perform dad once told me. He coaches top business executives on improving their presentation skills and he said that if every executive had attended Perform classes when they were young, he'd be out of a job as they wouldn't need any coaching! Types of Drama: Comedy – Comedies are lighter in tone than ordinary works, and provide a happy conclusion. The intention of dramatists in comedies is to make their audience laugh. Hence, they use quaint circumstances, unusual characters, and witty remarks. 35 Tragedy – Tragic dramas use darker themes, such as disaster, pain, and death. Protagonists often have a tragic flaw acharacteristic that leads them to their downfall. Farce – Generally, a farce is a nonsensical genre of drama, which often overacts or engages slapstick humor. Melodrama – Melodrama is an exaggerated drama, which is sensational and appeals directly to the senses of the audience. Just like the farce, the characters are of a single dimension and simple, or may be stereotyped. 36 37 Chapter (2) Various reading in (Art- Music- museum) 38 39 Part (4) Art for kindergarten child (Art) Art is important because it encompasses all the developmental domains in child development. Art lends itself to physical development and the enhancement of fine and gross motor skills. For instance, when kids work with play dough, they fine-tune their muscle control in their fingers. All manipulative movements involved in art help develop hand and finger muscles that are needed to properly hold and use a pencil. Art activities also help children’s social and emotional development. Children learn about themselves and others through art activities. It really helps them build self-esteem. It’s an opportunity for children to make a personal statement about their uniqueness through art while allowing them to express happiness, joy, and pride. Art also enhances children’s cognitive development which can help kids with their early math skills. Children who have experienced a wide range of people and places will have an array of ideas to choose from when doing art. Art reflects what a child knows about the world and enables the child to choose how to translate those ideas and experiences. Art is important because it allows children to be creative. Each piece of clay manipulated or each easel painting is individual and original to each child in your program. Art should be an everyday activity. Even if you don't have a lot of tools at your disposal, it’s really easy to set up a low-cost easel in your home. For toddlers, you would want to include very basic items that focus 40 on the sensory aspects of art, such as finger paint, play dough and fat crayons. For preschoolers you’ll want to add things like paint brushes, an easel, glue, tape and scissors. As your kids get older and start exploring their creativity, you’ll start adding more items to your art supplies, like pie tins, old socks and scraps of fabric. It’s extremely important to make your art activities open-ended because we don't want to stifle children's individual creativity. Children have their own thoughts and ideas of how things should look and they come to art with their own unique experiences. Open-ended experiences are success-oriented because there’s no one right way to do something. Open-ended art activities are motivating for children of all developmental abilities. They build feelings of independence, confidence and an eagerness to learn. All children really need to draw is a blank piece of paper and a writing instrument. Child Care providers should never use coloring books or dittos in their programs. They are creativity stiflers. Drawings in those books are some other artist’s rendering of what objects should look like. Children have their own ideas about how things should look. Never pre-cut or draw things for children. If you pre-cut a bunny rabbit and ask kids to paint or color it, it is not their bunny. It is your idea of what a bunny looks like. The bunny may have no meaning to a child if the child has no prior experience with bunnies. If you draw for a child, the child internalizes that they are incapable of drawing in their own right and may begin to doubt their. 41 The Importance of Art: 1. Art improves your creativity skills. 2. Art gives you joy. 3. Art relieves stress. 4. Art gives you the opportunity to show case your talent. 5. Art gives you confidence. 6. Art helps you do well academically. 7. Art helps you to communicate with other people. 8. Art helps you learn visually 9. Art helps you to express your emotions 10. Art is a different language The Importance of Art for Child. Art plays a more important role in child development than you might think. Artistic activities help children learn other subjects such as reading and math. It also promotes visual, motor and social development. Using art as a vehicle for expression is enriching because children can use it as a communication tool. Different types of art can reveal children’s thoughts, feelings, and interests. 42 The Importance of Art in a Child’s Development Have you ever seen a child smooth cool finger paint over a sheet of paper with both hands, pulling her fingertips through the paint to make squiggles? Or observed a child coloring in bountiful spirals with crayons? If yes, then you have seen the concentration on these children’s faces, and the joyful expressions of art explored. You have witnessed creative art in process! Most of us instinctually know that art is important for our children; we simply believe it’s important because we’ve seen our children deeply involved in art, but beyond what we feel and believe, there is much factual information about why art is important in our children’s development that is both interesting and helpful to know. Creating art expands a child’s ability to interact with the world around them, and provides a new set of skills for self-expression and communication. Not only does art help to develop the right side of the brain, it also cultivates important skills that benefit a child’s development. However, art goes far beyond the tangible statistics measured by studies, it can become a pivotal mode of uninhibited self-expression and amazement for a child. Art matters the same way language matters, or the way breathing matters! It is a fundamental component of what makes us uniquely human. Children Develop Life Skills through Art Activities Art may seem like fun and games and it is! but you may not realize that your child is actually learning a lot through exploring the arts and doing art activities. Your children will gain useful life skills through art, 43 so encourage them to get creative, and you will quickly see that your children are picking up these skills: Communication Skills: When a child draws a picture, paints a portrait, or hangs buttons from a wobbly mobile, that child is beginning to communicate visually. A child may draw to document an actual experience like playing in the park, release feelings of joy by painting swirling colors, or share an emotionally charged experience like the passing of a loved one through art. Art goes beyond verbal language to communicate feelings that might not otherwise be expressed. Problem-Solving Skills: When children explore art ideas, they are testing possibilities and working through challenges, much like a scientist who experiments and finds solutions. Should I use a shorter piece of yarn to balance my mobile? This tape isn’t holding — what should I try instead? How did I make brown — I thought I made orange? Art allows children to make their own assessments, while also teaching them that a problem may have more than one answer. Instead of following specific rules or directions, the child’s brain becomes engaged in the discovery of “how” and “why.” Even when experimenting or learning how to handle art materials effectively, children are solving challenges and coming up with new ways to handle unexpected outcomes. Social & Emotional Skills: Art helps children come to terms with themselves and the control they have over their efforts. Through art, they also practice sharing and taking turns, as well as appreciating one another’s efforts. Art fosters positive mental health by allowing a child to show individual uniqueness as well as success and accomplishment, all part of a positive self-concept. 44 Fine Motor Skills: Fine motor skills enable a child do things like delicately turn the page of a book or fill in a sheet of paper with written words. Holding a paintbrush so that it will make the desired marks, snipping paper with scissors into definite shapes, drawing with a crayon, or squeezing glue from a bottle in a controlled manner all help develop a child’s fine motor skills and control of materials. Self-Expression and Creativity: Children express themselves through art on a fundamental level. Sometimes their artwork is the manifestation of that expression, but more often, the physical process of creating is the expression. Picture the toddler who has a new baby sister busily pummeling his fists into Play-Doh; a six-year-old joyfully painting flowers with huge arm movements blending, reds and yellows; a ten- year-old drawing a portrait of her grandmother who recently passed away. Creating art allows children to work through feelings and emotions, and referring to a finished piece of artwork helps a child talk about feelings in a new and meaningful way. Art also develops a child’s creativity. Rather than being told what to do, answers and directions come from the child. Art is an experience that requires freethinking, experimentation, and analysis all part of creativity. It is important, however, to separate the notion of “talent” from “creativity” a child does not have to create a masterpiece to have a meaningful artistic experience. Art is a process, not a product. It’s tempting to want our children’s art to turn out “cookie-cutter perfect” to prove that they are successful and on track. It is reassuring to know that we can relax! Where art is concerned, it is the process of creating exploring, discovering, and experimenting that has the greatest value. 45 Through self-expression and creativity, children’s skills will develop naturally, and their ability to create will soar. The benefits of art for kindergarten child Art provides a child, even a non-verbal child, and the ability to express their emotions, creatively. Art can provide an outlet for a range of emotions from anger and aggression to joy and beauty. Another benefit is that the arts encourage socialization, which can be difficult to achieve for nursery child, The arts can be made inclusionary to give children the ability to be creative in an environment with other children with disabilities or with able-bodied children, The appreciation for the process of creating art, as well as the appreciation for the result, provides shared experiences. An unexpected benefit that can occur is the further development of language skills, which some studies indicate improves when children have access to drama programs. Because of this, students are replacing what is for some a challenge of vocalization with an opportunity to hone their skills but, the biggest case that can be made in favor of arts programs for people with disabilities is the increase in self-esteem and self-worth that comes when a person creates something new, or something beautiful, that connects with others. Arts give a chance to share their voice, their vision, and their skill through expression on the stage or on the canvas. This is noteworthy because too often, people with physical or cognitive challenges don’t have a clear voice or a platform on which to share. They also have control over creation and a form of expression. 46 Arts programs for the disabled serve as a physical and figurative bridge that can connect and foster a participant’s ties to their family, to friends, and the community as a whole. Sometimes, it can tackle feelings and issues in a way that promotes understanding and goodwill. 47 Part (5) Music for kindergarten child Music ignites all areas of child development and skills for school readiness, including intellectual, social-emotional, motor, language, and overall literacy. It helps the body and the mind work together. Exposing children to music during early development helps them learn the sounds and meanings of words. Dancing to music helps children build motor skills while allowing them to practice self-expression. For children and adults, music helps strengthen memory skills. Music for Children Children of all ages express themselves through music. Even young infants sway, bounce, or move their hands in response to music. Many preschoolers make up songs and, with no self-consciousness, sing to themselves as they play. Children in elementary school learn to sing together as a group and possibly learn to play a musical instrument. Older children dance to the music of their favorite bands, and use music to form friendships and share feelings. Try these activities and games with your children to experience the pleasure and learning that music brings Toddlers and Music: Toddlers love to dance and move to music. The key to toddler music is repetition, which encourages language and memorization. Silly songs make toddlers laugh. Try singing a familiar song and inserting, let children reproduce rhythms by clapping or tapping objects. Preschoolers and Music: Preschoolers enjoy singing just to be singing. They aren’t self-conscious about their ability and most are eager to let their voices roar. They like songs that repeat words and melodies, use rhythms with a definite beat, and ask them to do things. Preschool 48 children enjoy nursery rhymes and songs about familiar things like toys, animals, play activities, and people. They also like finger plays and nonsense rhymes with or without musical accompaniment. What Children Learn from Being Exposed to Music Research undertaken by a team of researchers in the 1990s showed that the exposure to music from early childhood onwards helps children to speak more clearly, develop a larger vocabulary, and strengthen social and emotional skills. The psychologist Howard Gardner already argued in 1983 that music intelligence is as important as logical and emotional intelligence. This is because music has the ability to strengthen the connection between the body and brain to work together as a team. For instance, when dancing and moving to music, children develop better motor skills whereas singing along to a song helps them to practice their singing voice. In general, the exposure to music supports children in their development process to learn the sound of tones and words The importance of music 1. It helps to improve their brainpower It has been scientifically proven that music has advantages and health benefits for children. One of these benefits is that it helps to improve their brainpower and memory functions. According to this research here, it was discovered that the brain of a musician works differently than that of a non-musician. It was also shown that children who were exposed to music while growing up excelled better in academics than those who were not. Music helps in stimulating the part of the brain that is responsible for reading, 49 math, and emotional development. This alone should be enough motivation to get your kids involved in music and related activities. 2. It helps them develop social skills While growing up, many kids will face challenges of adapting socially. The best way to help them overcome this is by encouraging them to learn how to play a musical instrument or be part of a singing group. This helps them develop social skills, such as how to relate with people, how to work in a team, leadership, and discipline, and how to appreciate rewards and achievement. 3. It helps them build their confidence If you notice that your child is having problems with confidence, then learning how to play a musical instrument may help a lot. When he or she realizes that they can develop a skill on their own, it gives them that self-belief and confidence boost that they require. As time goes by, they will become better, and become even more confident in their abilities. 4. It inspires creativity You will definitely agree with me that musicians are some of the most creative people today. Whether it is writing the lyrics to a song or practicing a new way to play the guitar, your kids are going to tap into their inner creative spirits. This gives them that entrepreneurial edge over their friends and gives them an edge later in life. 5. It teaches them patience If you have ever observed a choral band playing, then the one thing you notice is how patient each member is. Band members must always 50 wait for the signal from the person in charge before they play, or else there will be no harmony in the song they are playing. This is the same way it is when your kids are playing with others in a group; they learn the virtues of patience and how it affects others. They also learn how to work together with others while making something as beautiful as music. 6. It is a great form of expression What better way for your kids to express themselves than through music. Skills such as songwriting, singing and stage performance will help your children develop social skills which will, in turn, helps them express themselves. 7. It teaches them discipline Learning how to play a musical instrument or become a better singer requires discipline and patience. Your children will need a lot of practice. When your kids pick up this habit, it teaches them the importance of discipline and following through. They know that in order to get better, they need to put in the time. This helps them become better disciplined and pursue their goals. Benefits of music for kindergarten children There are many benefits that music provides for children as they continue to grow. The benefits that young children acquire through music include social skills, emotional self-regulating abilities, cognitive benefits, and physical benefits. Socially, children have the opportunity to learn how to take turns and play with others while still playing individually, for example a band of little players each playing their instrument but yet looking at the big picture of playing with a group of 51 little friends as well. Music also allows a smooth transitioning throughout daily activities, whether it be at home or in a classroom, setting children get the idea of the following activity. It is allowing children to play with others, including adults or older siblings also gives them a boost of self-esteem. Also, different songs show children the different words used for emotions and body awareness, as well as extending their vocabulary in general. Additionally, by extending children’s vocabulary they can also learn of different cultural music and languages, for some the benefit to integrate home within their care-giving setting. Cognitive benefits also include learning how to count, recognizing sequencing and patterns, phonemic awareness, memorizing different songs for different experiences, and simply memorizing songs and their pace and tone. Physically, children’s all around gross and fine motor skills grow rapidly by learning how to move their body to music, moving their bodies to actions of a song, and as they grow by learning how to hold and play an instrument. Forms and activities Music education for young children is offered privately through classes and music organizations or integrated into educations private and public schools. Activities and classes can start as early as prenatally or newborn and in private education, music programs are often integrated in as early as preschool. Early childhood music education in public school settings widely varies, but music programs have been established in some schools starting in kindergarten even in remote areas. Most early childhood music education is accomplished through parent or teacher guided interactive play. Prenatal activities can include singing and playing music so that it can be heard in the womb and 52 continued on with newborns. From birth, children can listen to music and observe other children in music classes and participate in tactile and parent assisted activities. With parental assistance, infants can partake in body movement and rhythm exercises to sing songs and recorded music and through play. As these children develop independent motor skills, they progress to doing these activities on their own. Infants and toddlers are often encouraged to sing and explore rhythm through body movements and percussion instruments such as egg shakers, drums, and xylophones. As young children progress, activities can include concepts that introduce counting, solfege, and notation. Some programs then allow for young children to shift easily into more formalized dance and instrumental instruction starting at a very early age. Many children like making very loud music respectively noise. In this case, it is common to use noisemakers like very loud maracas, pea whistles, the head joint of a recorder or vuvuzelas for rhythm exercises. This is usually only done private at home because of the noise regulations in school course Fun ways to add music to your everyday activities Here are some simple and fun ways to make it part of your routine: Sing bedtime stories to them before they sleep Get at-home karaoke equipment and sing some classic tunes with your kids Teach them some songs to add to their routines such as when they brush their teeth or songs to help them remember the names of the planets. 53 Take them on a music tour around your neighborhood Going on a long-distance drive? Add some car karaoke to entertain them Plan a musical outing such as visiting a symphony or opera house. Musical Instruments for children Music and learning to play an instrument can have so many benefits for your child! Learning how to play music, how to sing and listen to music are all a natural part of life. Music is about communication, self- expression and having fun. A rewarding experience that can help your child improve their ability to listen and focus, promote good self-esteem, self-expression and problem solving skills, and best of all help your child grow as a person. The best kids’ musical instruments to learn first can be partly dependent on the age of the student and how long or short their fingers are, but the benefits are the same. The other important element to consider in choosing the best kids’ musical instruments is what your child is most interested in, have they expressed an interest in a particular instrument already. 5 Reasons Why Musical Instruments for Children Are Importan 1-Speeds up brain development. 2-Helps with sensory development, when they are able to create and explore ideas using musical instruments for kids, it creates more pathways in their brains. 54 3-Build upon gross and fine motor skills – banging on a drum helps build gross motor skills. but opening and closing fingers helps with fine motor skills. Using a variety of instrument sizes and types, gives them the best of both worlds to improve their physical skills. 4-Assists with developing self-confidence and decision-making. 5- Improves listening skills yes, kids get incredibly excited when they are first introduced to instruments. But as time passes, they start to experiment with the sounds each instrument makes. This in turn develops their listening skills Types of musical instruments Drums- Xylophones and Glockenspiels - Loog Guitar- Hand bells – Piano- Kalimba – Ocarinao carina- Wak-a-tubeswak-a-tube- Piece Junior Drum Kitjunior-drum-kit-Ehome Percussion Instruments With Storage Backpack-Schylling Kids Accordion- Toys Parum Pum Pum Drum - VTech KidiBeats Kids Drum Set. Music games for Children of all ages Children of all ages express themselves through music. Even young infants sway, bounce, or move their hands in response to music. Many preschoolers make up songs and, with no self-consciousness, sing to themselves as they play. Children in elementary school learn to sing together as a group and possibly learn to play a musical instrument. Older children dance to the music of their favorite bands, and use music to form friendships and share feelings. Try these activities and games with your children to experience the pleasure and learning. 55 Infants and Music: Infants recognize the melody of a song long before they understand the words. Quiet, background music can be soothing for infants, especially at sleep time. Loud background music may overstimulate an infant by raising the noise level of the room. Sing simple, short songs to infants. Try making up one or two lines about bathing, dressing, or eating to sing to them while you do these activities. Find more musical learning activities for infants. Infant Music Activity Toddlers and Music: Toddlers love to dance and move to music. The key to toddler music is repetition, which encourages language and memorization. Silly songs make toddlers laugh. Try singing a familiar song and inserting a silly word in the place of the correct word, like “Mary had a little spider” instead of lamb. Let children reproduce rhythms by clapping or tapping objects.. Preschoolers and Music: Preschoolers enjoy singing just to be singing. They aren’t self-conscious about their ability and most are eager to let their voices roar. They like songs that repeat words and melodies, use rhythms with a definite beat, and ask them to do things. Preschool children enjoy nursery rhymes and songs about familiar things like toys, animals, play activities, and people. They also like finger plays and nonsense rhymes with or without musical accompaniment. School-Age Children and Music: Most young school-age children are intrigued by kids’ singalong songs that involve counting, spelling, or remembering a sequence of events. School-age children begin expressing their likes and dislikes of different types of music. They may express an interest in music education, such as music lessons for kids. Teens and Music: Teenagers may use musical experiences to form friendships and to set themselves apart from parents and younger kids.. 56 Part (6) Museum for kindergarten child. Children's museums are places that encourage learning, exploration, and discovery through playful interactive exhibits. There are subtle differences among all children's museums as each embodies the social and cultural values of the local context or community. Children's museums differ from other museums in a number of ways: they are specifically planned for children, place a high priority on interdisciplinary education, and use their collections as teaching tools—not as an end in themselves, but as a means to an end. In contrast to the subject-centered approach of many regular museums, children's museums have embraced a client-centered philosophy. In the United States alone there are already more than 300 children's museums, a development that implies a greater role for this institution in the life of a community. Museums were once regarded as sanctuaries of high culture remote from the interests of children at large. Traditional museums served a select group of people through their collections, but contemporary museums are now changing as some curators and exhibition developers, trained in design or education, attempt to reach the general public, especially children. Children's museums— along with discovery, nature, and science centers—are partially responsible for these changes. Arguably, as contemporary museums take on a new look, the boundaries are minimized among children's museums, science centers, and other museums that cater to families. Children’s museums are known for being joyful spaces for learning and play, and much more than just places to visit. In fact, all children’s museums—regardless of size—function as local destinations (featuring designed spaces such as exhibits), educational laboratories (via 57 programming), and act as community resources and advocates for children.Every children’s museum implements these roles differently. They may be at the forefront of critical dialogues around children and families in their communities, leading coalitions, and changing policy and practice. They may also play supporting roles, leveraging their physical locations and relationships to advance partners’ efforts. What is a Children’s Museum? A children’s museum is defined as a nonprofit educational and cultural institution committed to serving the needs and interests of children by providing exhibits and programs that stimulate curiosity and motivate learning. Children’s museums are unique community institutions where Children are valued citizens with the right to developmentally-appropriate high and-quality learning experiences. Museums are buildings in which we see many things of artistic, cultural, historical, traditional and objects of scientific interest. It is a great source of knowledge. It not only gives us knowledge but also makes us familiar with our history, culture, civilization, religion, art, architecture of our country. In the museum, there are many things which are kept for the public ,Through all these things we can come to know how people of ancient times lived, what they used and what things they made. Therefore, Museums are also called storehouse of history. Children’s museums are places where children learn through play and exploration in environments designed just for them. Reflecting their diverse communities, children’s museums create playful, interactive learning experiences. In an increasingly complex world, children’s museums provide a place where all kids can learn through play with the 58 caring adults in their lives. Many children’s museums are located in major travel and tourism destinations. More and more families visit children’s museums each year for unique, face-to-face fun, enlightenment and shared experiences not found in traditional museums or other popular destinations. Importance of museum Museums collect and preserve our objects and materials of religious, cultural and historical value. They are a good source of entertainment. These museums help to preserve and promote our cultural heritage. Museums are a storehouse of old artefacts, sculptures, objects, history Museums help in research and study. They are the main attraction for tourist. They are a good source of knowledge. The Educational Benefits of Taking children to Museums: 1. Museums encourage critical thinking skills Most museums in Los Angeles offer a feast for the senses and will encourage kids to compare and contrast the sights and sounds around them. An art museum, for example, will help develop their critical faculties in relation to artistic styles, techniques, and subjects. Adults can help in this process by engaging in conversations with kids about the exhibits. 59 2. Museums spark curiosity Visiting a museum represents the perfect opportunity for children to ask questions about new subjects and to satisfy their innately curious minds. Indeed, finding answers to questions is a great way for kids to learn the value in asking questions. 3. Museums offer historical lessons not taught in schools Whilst most schools try to offer a history curriculum that spans a range of eras and geographies, it would be impossible to teach lessons that covered the entire history of people and the world. If you have a future historian on your hands, it is well worth taking them out to museums to supplement the knowledge they get from elsewhere. 4. Museums encourage creativity Most museums have exhibits designed specifically for kids, encouraging interactivity and creative activities for kids to get involved with. Art galleries, for example, represent the perfect opportunity for young people to try their hand at drawing. Check out the museum’s event listings prior to your visit so you can make the most of any learning experiences on offer. The Museum of Illusions is one of the best museums in LA to inspire kids to interact with their surroundings and learn while having fun. Taking photos is a key part of the experience, which means you’ll have plenty of memories of the day which fosters a positive memory they’ll treasure forever. Types of Museums There are different types of museums. Here are some of them: 60 Archaeology museums. They display archeological artifacts. They can be open-air museums or they can exhibit items in a building. Art museums. Also known as art galleries. They are spaces for showing art objects, most commonly visual art objects as paintings, sculpture, photography, illustrations, drawings, ceramics or metalwork. Encyclopedic museums. They are usually large institutions and they offer visitors a wide variety of information on many themes, both local and global. They are not thematically defined nor specialized. Historic house museums. A house or a building turned into a museum for a variety of reasons, most commonly because the person that lived in it was important or something important happened in it. House is often equipped with furniture like it was in the time when it was used. Visitors of the house learn through guides that tell story of the house and its inhabitants. History museums. They collect objects and artifacts that tell a chronological story about particular locality. Objects that are collected could be documents, artifacts, archeological findings and other. They could be in a building, historic house or a historic site. Living history museums. Type of a museum in which historic events are performed by actors to immerse a viewer and show how certain events looked like or how some crafts were performed because there is no other way to see them now because they are obsolete. Maritime museums. Specialized museums for displaying maritime history, culture or archaeology. Primarily archaeological maritime museums exhibit artifacts and preserved shipwrecks recovered from 61 bodies of water. Maritime history museums, show and educate the public about humanity's maritime past. Military and war museums. Museums specialized in military histories. Usually organized from a point of view of a one nation and conflicts in which that country has taken part. They collect and present weapons, uniforms, decorations, war technology and other objects. Mobile museums. Museums that have no specific strict place of exhibiting. They could be exhibited from a vehicle or they could move from museum to museum as guests. Also a name for a parts of exhibitions of a museum that are sent to another museum. Natural history museums. Usually display objects from nature like stuffed animals or pressed plants. They educate about natural history, dinosaurs, zoology, oceanography, anthropology, evolution, environmental issues, and more. Open-air museums. Characteristic for exhibiting outdoors. Exhibitions consist of buildings that recreate architecture from the past. First opened in Scandinavia near the end of the 19th century. Pop-up museums. Nontraditional museum institutions. Made to last short and often relying on visitors to provide museum objects and labels while professionals or institution only provide theme. With that is constructed shared historical authority. Science museums. Specialized for science and history of science. In the beginning they were static displays of objects but now they are made so the visitors can participate and that way better learn about different branches of science. 62 Chapter (3) The role of the teacher in Using (Children’s books - Theatre- Drama- Art-Music- Museum) 63 64 )The role of the teacher in using children’s books) The role of teacher: The kindergarten teacher plays a large role in the first six years of the child's life, its role is to build and shape its personality and to build the foundations of its concepts, knowledge, options, tendencies and trends, it is scientifically proven that these six years constitute a fundamental stage and foundation, all aspects of growth are social, emotional, linguistic or moral. Kindergarten teacher is interested in exploiting the stage of early childhood in the preparation of reading to the child by providing (appropriate environment in the classroom by: the means of clarification and teaching aids and books on the training of readers, such as picture books and letter books) and provide activities studied, which ultimately lead to the construction of reading skills The child reaches the stage of basic education and has mastered all the sub-skills that. Kindergarten teachers often build on this enthusiasm by offering projects that encourage children to delve deeper into the areas that interest them, Children may make life-size tracings of themselves as they learn about the human body, or study animal habitats by researching information about the class pet. Many kindergarten classrooms offer more formal learning and traditional school experiences than preschool, but kindergarten is still intended to stimulate children’s curiosity to learn more about the world around them, It’s the job of the kindergarten teacher to help children become comfortable working in a classroom setting and to introduce 65 some basic literacy and math-related skills in the midst of their important discoveries Teachers read a variety of poems, stories, and non-fiction books aloud to children, Kindergarten children learn that letters and sounds go together to form words, and how to identify alphabet letters and their sounds. Many kindergarten children are expected to read words by the end of the year. It is important for young children to:- Learn how to handle books appropriately, learn about book features like front and back covers, book top and bottom book. Know that the book has an address, written by an author, and has drawings by a painter, Know that letters and words are printed from left to right across the page and from and to from top to bottom. -There are some things you can do to help kids learn about books: Help children learn how to hold a book and presentation that we read from front to back and we go through the book page by page, for older children, point to book features like front cover and title. There are some basic points to keep in mind: Babies and Toddlers: -Very young children are attracted by brightly colored pictures of simple objects. -They are listeners, and respond well to books with simple texts and good rhythms. -Wordless books stimulate them both visually and mentally, and encourage them to create their own stories. 66 -They are delighted with board books and cloth books, which have the virtue of being practically indestructible. Preschool and Kindergarten: - Nursery stories, and other books depicting familiar objects and experiences are enjoyable to children in this age group. -These children like listening to slightly complex texts with good rhythm and effective word repetition. -They are also coordinated enough to have constructive fun with toy-like books that may pop up, move, or provide other astonishments. Young children are like sponges, every day they learn skills that will help them become readers, Infants, toddlers, and preschoolers become aware of books and print and learn about sounds and letters, Preschool educators play a critical role in promoting literacy, preventing reading difficulties, and preparing young children for kindergarten, The following research-based information was collected especially for preschool teachers, Head Start teachers, teacher aides, and other staff, as well as for parents, The information reflects what we know about instructional and parenting practices that build a foundation for literacy in the formative years between infancy and five years of age. 67 The role of the teacher in using (Literary books (story) - Non- literary books) Sharing stories, talking and singing every day helps your child’s development in lots of ways, Reading and sharing stories can: help your child get to know sounds, words and language, and develop early literacy skills learn to value books and stories spark your child’s imagination and stimulate curiosity help your child’s brain, social skills and communication skills develop help your child learn the difference between ‘real’ and ‘make- believe’ help your child understand change and new or frightening events, and also the strong emotions that can go along with them. Sharing stories with your child doesn’t mean you have to read. Just by looking at books with your child, you can be a great storyteller and a good model for using language and books. Your child will learn by watching you hold a book the right way and seeing how you move through the book by gently turning the pages. Reading stories with children has benefits for grown-ups too. The special time you spend reading together promotes bonding and helps to build your relationship, you can start reading aloud to your baby as early as you like – the earlier the better, your baby will love being held in your 68 arms, listening to your voice, hearing rhyme and rhythm, and looking at pictures. Reading isn’t the only way to help with your child’s language and literacy development. Telling stories, singing songs and saying rhymes together are also great activities for early literacy skills – and your child will probably have a lot of fun at the same time. Sometimes your child might enjoy these activities more than reading. You can read, sing and tell stories with your child in whatever language you feel most comfortable speaking, using a language you’re comfortable with helps you to communicate more easily and helps to make reading, singing and storytelling more fun for you both. Your child will still learn that words are made up of different letters, syllables and sounds, and that words usually link to the pictures on the page. When to read, sing and tell stories with your child Bedtime, bath time, potty time, on the train, on the bus, in the car, in the park, in the pram, in the cot, when you’re in the GP’s waiting room... any time is a good time for a story! You can make books part of your daily routine – take them with you to share and enjoy everywhere. Knowing when to stop can be just as important as finding the time to share a story in the first place. Pay attention to your child’s reaction to the story, and stop if he isn’t enjoying it this time. You can always try a book, song or story at another time. If you don’t have a book or can’t make up a story on the spot, don’t worry. There are many other ways you and your child can share letters, words and pictures. 69 Tips for sharing books with children Make a routine and try to share at least one book every day. A reading chair where you’re both comfortable can become part of your reading routine. Turn off the TV or radio, and find a quiet place to read so your child can hear your voice. Hold your child close or on your knee while you read, so she can see your face and the book. Try out funny noises and sounds – play and have fun! Involve your child by encouraging talk about the pictures, and by repeating familiar words and phrases. Let your toddler choose the books when he’s old enough to start asking – and be prepared to read his favourite books over and over again! If you have older children, they can share books with your younger children, or you can all read together. Taking turns, asking questions and listening to the answers are all important skills that will help your child when she starts learning to read. Even reading for a few minutes at a time is effective – you don’t always have to finish the book. As children grow, they’re usually able to listen for longer. What sort of books to read with your child There are so many books to choose from that it can be hard to know where to start. 70 Choose books that are the right length for your child and that match your child’s changing interests, for a guide to what might suit your child, you might like to look at the following articles: Reading with babies from birth Reading with babies from 12 months Reading with toddlers Reading with preschoolers. You can also vary the books and printed materials you read. Picture books, e-books, magazines, instruction manuals, TV guides and letters can all be interesting and engaging for your child. Using literary and non- literary books: The teacher uses literary and non-literary books through daily activities of the child (as a scientific activity) and develops reading, writing, arts and drawing of the child by providing (artistic or linguistic activity) using literary and non-literary books that we talked about before. Where it is possible to do a dramatic work in which the children after reading a story about a particular concept, or recount a story and ask each child to put it to an end. We can present children's books through: -library center. -at the time of learning center. -the story time. -different activities 71 How do you organize your classroom library to young children? -One way that I have found that works very well with four and five year olds is to categorize the books by theme, and then color code the books with colored sticky dots. - Each book tub has a picture label on the front as well as a colored sticky dot, the book boxes are available to every student, every day of the year and are never put away, but instead remain as permanent fixtures in our library center. -Each book in each box has a corresponding sticky dot on the lower left hand corner so; the books can easily be matched to the boxes by the children, when I ran out of colors of sticky dots I started adding a gold star in the middle of the dot or another, smaller sticker, I do add books by season or theme and rotate them out in one particular tub you can also use a book display shelf for these thematic books so they don’t get mixed up with your regular classroom library books. -For reading to or with children, select picture books with strong storylines and character development. -For the child who is reading independently, choose a book with a straightforward story employing words that will be familiar from everyday use. -A lot of informational books have been published for the early grades. These non-fiction books encourage children to read about topics that interest them and to satisfy their curiosity about complex subjects. -Adopting a child's perspective: : children’s abilities should be considered when selecting picture books. Children’s interests and life experiences should also be considered 72 when selecting picture books, with the focus on facilitating a child to enjoy reading and to resonate with what they have read. Things to be considered during creating the library center: 1- simplicity: It’s not important to be full of furniture and toys to attract children, but it’s important to be comfortable and funny at the same time, and includes lovable plates for the child. 2- colors: Choosing suitable and attractive colors for children, such as, blue, pink, green, yellow, and white mixed with vitality and delightful colors to be visually enjoyable for child. -putting some lovable toys for children without multiplying them. 3-Simple shelves: Should be affordable for children so he can take the books and put them back in the shelf without asking for help,easy-to- reach shelf. The teacher makes sure that the bookshelves contain a variety of books— traditional storybooks, modern storybooks, alphabet books, number books, wordless picture books, and books about animals, plants, and the other types of books. Prepares one shelf for cassette players, headphones, and tapes for the children to use to listen to stories. 4-Calm and privacy: Teacher must choose the place of library center away from the noise (calm place) to make child feel comfortable during reading. -lighting should be good and suitable. 73 -In the case of large and empty areas, she places a rug and big pillows in the Library Corner, making it a cozy, inviting place. -The children quickly learn that they can go there with several friends to look at and discuss books and magazines. 5-Innovation &encouragement: Customize a panel to write what children read from in the certain duration specified by the teacher, and when finishing from reading a certain number of books, the teacher rewards children with new books, gifts, or toys. What types of books should be included in the library center and how many? -Including books by favorite authors, good non-fiction, and books your children have shown interest in are all factors to consider when choosing books for library center. -Nothing makes a book more appealing to a child than a book that the teacher has read aloud, including books you have read aloud to your children in your classroom library, also allows for independent practice of reading, nothing is more rewarding than seeing your children fight over copies of Brown Bear, Brown Bear because they all feel comfortable and successful “reading” it independently. -The number of books included in a classroom library is simply as many as space and budget will allow. The more books children are exposed too, the more likely they will find ones that they like and which inspire them to learn to read and love books. There are some things to be considered before presenting book or story: :- -Choosing suitable book. “criteria” 74 -Knowing the choice of story: The story and events are suitable for the ages of children and meet their needs and desires. -Pre - preparation: Before telling the story, the teacher to attend to and give them time to absorb them and feel the events and feel the details. Choosing the time for reading book, it is known that children concentrate at the beginning of the day, and at the end of day, they feel tired and bored so, it is better for the teacher to introduce books on the end of school day. -Time: It is known that children focus at the beginning of the day and at the end feel tired and bored so the teacher can tell them the story at the end of the school day as the children around her eager to hear new stories exciting events beyond their pressure -Place: The best place to tell the story is the carpet, which must be in the corner dedicated to reading, specifically in the corner of the library -Setting the place: Closes the parameter curtains and put quiet music and do this atmosphere the necessary element of suspense, to withdraw the book and invites children to get around them using a standard method kept by children each time the story tells them. Also sitting on the carpet at the height of a semi-circle -Organizing children’s set: :- -The best set is to make children set like letter U. -Teacher should make children feel free with the system/organizing seating. -It is better for teacher to not sit directly in the teacher’s chair/place in the beginning of presenting book, but to walk slowly towards her chair/place. 75 -Presenting children's books: :- 1-Introducing the book. -Include identifying the title, author, and illustrator. -Discuss cover illustrations, asking children what they think the book might be about using the cover picture, and asking them if they know anything before about this book. 2-Tell -It is much easier to get the attention of the children if you tell them about book as a story rather than reading it. - Do not start your book presentation by reading, because if you lose them there they won’t hear you anymore later. -Look at them and talk to them. Start telling them your story, take them in your world and make sure that they are with you, once they are in, they will be ready to listen to your reading. 3-Read. -Telling instead of reading is very important, especially at the beginning, but never avoid reading story completely, children need to hear, you are also conveying the message that reading is fun. 4-Show. -Take with you something to show, so that they can also see the easiest thing to do is to print a bigger version of some illustrations of the book, to show them characters and places when you tell or read about them. 76 Presenting storybook: :- -It is better for teacher to not sit directly in the teacher’s chair/place in the beginning of presenting book, but to walk slowly towards her chair/place. -The teacher can use a background music to activate the necessary thrill element. -It is important to pay attention to the light direction. Because if children are sitting off the strong light, they can’t follow. Steps of storytelling: :-- -Presenting story in dialogue style to make children interact and unleash their imagination. -The teacher starts story with a quiet, audible voice, and then her voice rises and falls according to the story events. -When the teacher reaches the plot, she must present it with a voice that ignites children’s attention, and in a way that makes them look forward to the solution. -When the teacher tell the solution, her voice should show that she is finishing the story. -Teacher’s voice layers should show the characters and status of each character. -When teacher find a child unheeding, she must not stop, but she can say his name during telling the story, or look at him as a reproach. -Avoid

Lectures on Reading of Basic Science in English PDF

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