Russian Revolution PDF

Churchill hated the Bolsheviks and wanted a full military attack England didn’t until civil war broke out Russian Red Army (bolsheviks), led by Leo Travskiy The white army was mainly up of many generals who fought for the monarch Italy, France, Japan and Canada all fought against the Red...

Churchill hated the Bolsheviks and wanted a full military attack England didn’t until civil war broke out Russian Red Army (bolsheviks), led by Leo Travskiy The white army was mainly up of many generals who fought for the monarch Italy, France, Japan and Canada all fought against the Red. Churchill used chemical weapons on the Bolsheviks. “The right medicine” Woodrow Wilson did not want to get involved; the USA was a peacemaker Russian revolution and ships being sunk led to the USA in WW1 Robert Borden passed a conscription law in 1917. Russia has a population of 126 million. Most Russians were peasants (Souls) or Serfs, “labourers tied to their land owner’s estate..” The Tzar was at the top of the Autocratic Order. Raznochintsy: a small group of usually poor, urban, well-educated and politically conscious men and women from all different ranks The populist: a radical political group opposing industrialization. Terrorist wing “The People’s Will” Tzar Alexader II was assassinated in 1881 by Sofia Perovskaia (the First publicly executed woman in Russia) The assassination led to more oppression of Tzar Alexander III. The Crimean War and Russo-Japanese War drained Russia’s resources The first Russian Revolution failed in 1905 The Republicans wanted a democratically elected parliament and no more Tzar. Bloody Sunday, January 9, 1905. Tsar’s guards shoot at peaceful demonstrators asking for economic reform. (Tsar Nicols II) Many strikes across Russia for protest, mainly the railroad, which stopped the troops from coming home from Japan The October Manifesto by Nicholas II allows for constitutional government. Octobrsit accept this The Cadets (Constitutional Democrats) hold out for more significant reforms. A soviet is made: a council of workers, elected representatives of workers In December 1905, the government disbanded the Soviets. 90% of Russia stopped working due to strikes Instead of a constitution, Nichols made the “Fundamental Laws of 1906,” which still allowed autocratic power for the tsar.  The Duma (parliament) served the whim of the tsar and could be dissolved by him at any time. Political parties were made legal, but socialist parties were harassed and arrested. Prince Felix Yusupox and Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich killed Rasputin. 1917 Boris Pasternak is mainly known as a poet in Russia. Wrote “Doctor Zhivago” could never be published in Russia ○ It was snuck out of Russia and published first in Italian, then in English. Won Nobel prize, embarrassing Russia for literary censorship. He refuses due to “The bias of the country he stands on” and fear of arrest. Poets are significant in Russia and are the consciousness of the country. Pasternak’s poetry style was symbolism (mythicism, spirituality), the first style of Russian modernism. Aleksandr Blok was a lead in Symbolism. Pasternak and Maofaski, a poetic duel of Symbolism vs Futurism and Maofovsfki wins. Futurism is about speed and technology; it is very urban, dirty, and gritty. Acmesim is about word-crafting and precision. All three together are known as the silver age of poetry during WW1 and the revouliton Tsar Nicholas II stepped down and tried to pass it on to his son Alexei, but he was too young, and his brother would not accept. The provincial government was now in charge without a fight but had to compete with the Petrograd Soviet, an elected council of workers. The Germans offered Lenin a sealed train to Russia so that he would destabilize Russia. Lenin makes the two main slogans “All power to the Soviets” and “Bread, peace, land.” Land means land reform. Peace means pulling out of WW1. Most soldiers were peasants Prolaterite is an urban worker By October 1917, the Bolsheviks have grown to 350,000 members  The July days were mob rule. Soldiers deserting from the front line. Troops firing on Bolsheviks on Nevsky Prospekt August 1917 Lavr Kornilow failed coup attempt Alexander Kerensky was the head of the provisional government in 1917 October 24/25, 1917 (Julian, Old) Bolsheviks stormed the winter palace Bolsheviks set up roadblocks on the bridges, non-violent The military of the workers' council helped the Bolsheviks Lenin promised “Total literacy, electricity to small villages, equal women's rights.” The Bolsheviks wanted power, but the worker's council wanted it for the Soviets. ○ The Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries left Congress, leaving the Bolsheviks to vote. ○ The Soviets got power but would be directed by a Central Executive Committee (which was all Bolshevik) ○ Lenin is now Chairman of the People's Commissars. ○ Trotsky was the Commissar of Foreign Affairs. Kerensky failed to take St.Petersburg in 1917, failed and fled to Paris in 1922. ○ Many failed assassination attempts by the Soviets. Bolsheviks won a majority in Petersburg (Petrograd) and Moscow (only won 25% overall) Socialist Revolutionaries won with 40% Bolsheviks seized power in the name of the working class. Bolsheviks planned to “Take Russia out of war, give power to people, and they believed in themself.” Art Marc Chagall was a significant proponent of neo-primitivism ○ Child-like view of the world Lubok - Woodcuts mainly for posters Tramvia's first futurist art exhibit Suprematism, Kasimir Malevich, was into geometrical shape ○ The cross is significant to the death of painting by Suprematism Marc Chagall became the leader of art school in 1918 Malevich claimed that Chagall was terrible at art Vera Ermolaeva, suprematist colleague of Malevich ○ Illustrated children's book “From Paper Without Glue” Vladimir Tatlin, Constructivism came out of the revolution ○ Illard Inteternalion, three times the size of the Empire State Building AKA “First monument without a beard.” ○ Show what the building is made out of ○ Hold conferences, project news, ○ Never built but symbolic of the vision of the revelationary world Constructivism came in 1920, includes dynamic movement, and emphasizes functionality ○ Used photo-montage or collage’s (Alexander Rodchenko.) ○ Designed for workers' clubs, Magazines and newspapers for workers to read Varvara Stepanova, designer for “Real-life” ○ Prodoezhda, everyday ○ Sportodezhda, sport 1. Cubo-Futurism- Before Revouliton, interested in Machines, motion and speed, Vladimir Mayakovsky and David Burliuk 2. Suprematism, 1913- 1919, primary colours, shapes, Kasimir Malechi and Vera Ermolaeva 3. Neo-Primitivism existed before the revolution, imitating folk art, such as woodcuts and Marc Chagall. 4. Constructivism existed after the revolution; it was a dynamic movement used daily and revelled in the material. Vladimir tatlin, alexander rodchenko , varvara stepanova  Natan Altman was put in charge of the first anniversary of the revolution. Kerensky Vist UVIC in 1966 (Age 85) Proletkult - Organization for Proletarian Culture, stod for working-class art ○ Alexander Bogdanov founded it in 1906 and was thrown out by Lenin for arguing three ways to get to socialism. Lenin thought everything must be under the central control of the party 1917- 1921 art war for you respiration the people Letatlin - Airglider by Tatlin Lenin died in 1924; A-line through January to pay respect Russia invested in the Palace of Labor Communal apartments (Komunalka) started due to mass immigration into cities from farmers. ○ Higher priority to working-class families ○ 500,000 people relocated from single-family homes Significant social tension due to if divorced, nowhere to go Civil War From 1918-1920 Lenin signed the Treaty of Breslfcks (Which took Russia out of WW1) Red Army - Bolsheviks White army - Anit Bolsheviks Devasted the economy and left paranoia in the Bolsheviks Civil War proper broke out in the summer of 1918 ○ Before 1918, the capital is Petrograd Several generals led the white army ○ They also fought the Green Army - loyal to neither side Most Red Army constrictions where farmer men Commissar was the second sigher of orders in the military Women fought  Cheka - The All Russian Extraordinary Commission for the Struggle against Counter-Revolution Sabotage and Speculation, 1917-22 ○ The beginning of the secret police ○ Made to handle bandits and looting ○ Ran by Felix Dzerzhinksy ○ 1934-41 NKVD, Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs ○ 1954-1991 KGB 1918-1921 - war communisim ○ The Bolsheviks have taken over everything. Nationalist ○ Food crisis worsens ○ Inflation ruined paper money, and bartering returned ○ Grain reception was government sizes grain from peasants even if they won't sell 1921-1929 Lennin allowed a small amount of private industry to enable the economy to recover, NEP -The New Economic Policy Council of People's Commissars - The highest level of executive power in the Soviet Central Committee - elected at party congresses, the highest party authority Politburo - after 1919, made decisions on matters needing immediate attention The first constitution of soviet russia removed the voting rights of former members of exploiting classes, reversed bias Issac Babel (1894-1940) 1920: dozens of competing writers 1925: Party policy on literature says the party will not involved with literary affairs 1932:all writers are required to join the Union of Soviet writers 1934: Literacy Policy of Socialist Realism is the mandatory genre ○ A positive hero shows class consciousness. All must follow coming into socialist consciousness 1934: First congress of writers, Babel made dark jokes about “losing the right to write badly.” ○ Perfecting a new genre, “Genre of silence.” 1936-1938: Stalin Purges, random arrest for “crimes against the state” ○ Charged under nummber 58 RSFSR “Enemey of the state”  Terror is called Terron due to no rhyme or reason and affects every level of society NKDP (secret police) arrest at night 1939: Issac Babel was arrested during the Lavrenty Beria Terror (Head of NKDP) ○ During the trial took back confession and was sentenced to death. None of the trails are public. The Red Cavalry campaign was communist propaganda. Marina Tsvetaeve, one of the five best poets of the era ○ Didn’t belong to any group Marina married Sergei Efron(who fought for whites), which was not a good marriage. Swans of the Domain of Swans (Tsvetaeve poems) mean the white army. Tsvetaeva and Ariadna Efron, Tsvetaeva and Sergei reunited in Berlin, moved to Prog, settled in Paris Georgi, youngest son Fall 1937: Sergie begins working with the GPU in Paris ○ He is arrested in connection with the murder of ex-GPU Ignaty Reiss ○ Escapes Paris and returns to the soviet union, sentenced to shot Tsvetaeva quickly followed Sergi with their youngest son 1940: Tsvetaeva moves to somewhere, commits suicide The oldest daughter survived Siberia and was taken care of by the Pasternak Canada In the Russian Civil War Canada sent troops against the Red Army in 1918, but most never returned. PM Robert Borden and War Minister Winston Churchill tried to set up a buffer zone. The soldiers were trained in Carnarvon Park, which was a race track. 1919: The Red Army was concentrated in western and central Russia English, French, Italian and Check sent troops Canadian troops were told to leave in 1918  Soldiers gather at Fort St, Quebeciou. Soldiers refused to March ○ They whooped the soldiers with their belts SS Protesilaus departed from Victoria to Vladivostok on December 26, 1918 The Czechoslovak legion fought on the white side; 66,000 volunteers and former prisoners of war trying to fight out of Russia via Vladivostok ○ They fought for Allied recognition of their country in WW1 Konstantin Sukhanov, President of Vladivostok Soviet 1917-18, killed by the legion The Canadians just chilled; 15 Canadians died, 14 on the way to Russia and 1 of disease, 5 joined the Reds, some came home with Russian wives Women Soldiers fought in Petrograd 1918 Soviet Man Serapion Brothers, Writers Guild, “Art is above politics.” ○ Lead by Evgeny Zamiatin ○ Mastered Skaz, writing style in slang language from 1st person view Skaz writer Zoshchenko was accused of murdering the Russian language ○ Replied, “I had twisted anything. I write the same language the man in the streets talks.” The Nep-man was doing well in 1930 and was viewed by the states as a capitalist It makes fun because they praise communism and are perfect but still have the same flaws, greed Zoshchenko said, “We all sacrificed for a better life; where?” Party policy: “State will not side with on-side on art.” 1934 has to be socialist realism 1946 Mikhail Zoshchenko and Anna Akhmatova were targeted by Andrei Zhdanov, mainly in “The Story of an Ape.” ○ The story is about an ape who escapes from the Leningrad Zoo and meets ordinary people. The objection was that people were “Objectivle has soviet citizens,” i.e. lazy grandma, someone sells the ape.  ○ Andrei Zhdanov said, “Lack of reaction, literary bum,” and Mikhail Zoshchenko was kicked out of the guild. Homo Sovieticus The new soviet worker is ○ Serious, Highminded, Often uninformed, Part of a Larger cause, In top Physical Condition, Also educated and highly literate. This idea comes from Nikolai chernyshevsky's 1864 novel What is to Be Done ○ The idea is Machine is perfectible, so Man is perfectible Youth GO! 1923 manual for the exceptional manager and efficient worker ○ Optimum hours of sleep - 5 ○ Optimum work hours - 9 hr 32min ○ Optimum hours of physical activity - 1hr 28min ○ Optimum diet - no water, ten fresh apples, 2 lbs of nuts Alexei Stakhanov, the cover of TIME 1935, produced 102 tons of coal on one shift (probably fake) 14x quota Stakhanovite, optimal worker Pasha Angelina, a female Stakhanovite sugar beet planter, planted 122x her quota in 1933, agricultural shock worker and Hero Socialist Labour. Soviet years of 1920, people were not fit, very unhealthy Mikhail Bulgakov 1891-1940 published Heart of a Dog in 1925 Women were portrayed as strong, stern, maternal, self-sacrificing, athletic Women were still mainly responsible for child care, cooking, and cleaning Alexandra Kollontai, the only women commissar in the soviet union, lived to 80. Only she and Stalin were alive after the 1930 purges. ○ Stalin sent her to diplomatic service assignments as the first female ambassador, mostly in Scandanvigin countries. Zhentodel, the Women's section of the communist party, was dismantled by Stalin, 1919-1930 Kollontai thought feminism was a bosh title and that reforming marriage was meaningful. 1920, the idea of marriage was socially and detrimental to women and a Bolshoi title 1896, Kollontai went on a trip to textile factories in Narva. One of the reasons for the revolution was that there was a sleeping child in the middle  of the day. The woman said that the child had died and someone would take him away The first person Lenin reached out to Kollontai during exile before his return she lived in Norway April 1917, Kariscky arrests Kollontai, integrated all night for info on Lenin and stayed till August. Paid Delicate a fine, Father of social realism, the elected central figure of the Bolshevik March 1917 Women are allowed to vote after the February Revolution; all legal ○ A wife was expected to follow her husband where he was posted for the job ○ Equal rights to hold land ○ Legal heads of household could inherit wealth ○ Participate in demire, rural communes ○ All divorce restrictions, no proof of violence ○ Equal pay for equal work becomes law Family code 1918, Child care would be provided at government-expensive Conditions of revolution and war still meant Bolsheviks could barely meet the minor need November 1918, Kollontai runs the first all-Russian Congress of Worker and Peasant women ○ A new model of providing state-run laundry mending shops, house cleaning crews, and restaurants ○ Child care and cheap cafeterias in every school and workplace are the only ones that passed Along the same line of the Isreal kibbutz 1918-1920 Kollontai worked in the women's section of the communist party ○ Worked for prostitutes because there were so many, proposed not to make illegal, treated as any worker in need of re-training ○ Peasant women 1920-1940, more than 50 million adults become literate Rabfaki, university faculties allow only a tiny quota of students not from working-class families into higher education ○ 10-15% of workers in faculties were peasant women Kollontai stares, clashing with Lenin, dislikes NEP,  1922 11th party congress, Zinoviev, Stalin and Dzerzhinskii attempted to expel Kollontai, didn't expel them but was sent on diplomatic missions Kollontai was removed as Zhenotdel leader in 1922 and closed permanently in 1930 Anna Akhmatova, never associated with revolution, encouraged her to immigrate from all sides; she was also not a feminist, poet, or poetess Alexander Blok, leader of symbolism Maycovski, futurism Akhmatova wrote Evening 1911 and Rosary 1914 Acmeist was about precise language to describe Osip Mandelstam was arrested in 1934 for an unpublished poem making fun of Stalin's mustache, sentenced to exile, and detained in 1938 and sentenced to hard labour in a Siberian camp. Died in December 1938 ○ Freed because Pasternak said, “asking if another poet is great is if asking if wome if another is beautiful.” Akhmatova's poem Requiem is about waiting to help their son in prison Lev Gumilyov was the son in prison to control Akhmatova Andreu Zhdanov called her a “Half harlot half nun” and could not kick her out of the writers' union cause she never joined Nadezhda Krupskaia “Fish” cause she ugly 1869-1938 Lenin’s wife ○ Entrusted with the secret testament written by Lenin before his death, he warned about Stalin and advised him to be removed. Inessa Armand, Lenin’s mistress, was on the train. After the affair ended, she was still in his life. Until 1922, Lenin had been a Stalin supporter. ○ One theory is that the rift was caused by how Stalin treated Krupskaia and warned against his “crudeness and aggressiveness.” Lenin carefully prepared instructions; he thought it would be between Stalin and Trotsky, “Commander Stalin, having become general secretary, has unlimited power in his hands.” ○ “Commandrad Trotsky overbrims with self-confidence and is preoccupied with the admirative side.” ○ Lenin added another part to remove Stalin from the secretary. After Lenin's death, the Russian Institute of The Brain with 33,000 parts of his brain dissected to find his genius  Stalin suppressed the Testament. Golden Age of Russian Film Lenin favoured film over other arts: “Above all the arts, film is the most important for us.” ○ Less expensive than theatre, mass illiteracy stopped books August 1919 Decree on the Nationalization of the Film Industry Lenin wanted the correct ratio of propaganda to entertainment Agitprop is Agtianonal Propagande ○ Ficitonal film caputes real life Dziga Vertoc (Denis Kaufman) Man with a Movie Camera ○ They started as a documentary filmmaker during the Civil War Kingo-glaz (Movie-eye) start by Dziga Vertoc Dmitry Shostakovich composed Man with a Movie Camera The Commissariat of Enlightenment (Lunacharsky and dept Krupskaie) ran state film 1918 film school at Moscow State University ○ Ran by Lev Kuleshov ○ Produced all top soviet directors 1925, Kuleshov graduates started making first-class material recognized in the west Film was the art of the revolution Sergei Einstien and Valdim Mayakofski worked in theater first Children's literature and film were safe writing Futurist art was prominent in film costumes and sets Queen of Mars by Yakov Protazanov 1924 was the first blockbuster film in Russia ○ Adventure, messages received by radio towers, soviets traced it to Mars, build a spaceship and fly into space, socialists save the Martian enslaved people Battleship Potemkin by Sergei Eisenstein 1925, one of the most influential films of all time ○ No one hero but a group of working-class, untrained heroes with attractive faces,  ○ The notes step scene is one of the most studied montages in film history Sergei Eisenstein was the best at montage Montage, an editing film technique splicing two shots together, is used to “tell the story.” Kulshov Effect filmed an actor's face and showed it in a montage next to three shots. It seemed as if the actor's face had changed. Montage of attractions influenced by circus shows “Different shots shouldn't be linked together, set up between contrast, shock and jar” called the Film Fist. Montage was created due to no film stock, cut up old film and taped together. New Utopian Society The short novel We 1920 by Evgeny Zamyatin Shows a society of the Future. All problems have been solved, and the collective is a dystopian Evgeny Zamyatin, based on the character in We, half letters are English, half are Russian, Hero is an English D503 ○ Freedom vs Happiness, Irrationality and Rationality, Entrapey 1920 Evgeny Zamyatin stopped supporting the Bolshevik party Evgeny Zamyatin joined the Serapion Brothers ○ Named after a character in a story by German author E.T.A Hoffman R.A.P.P other writers' groups claimed the lead group and campaigned against other groups and individual writers for politically incorrect Evgeny Zamyatin was singled out for publishing We abroad ○ Live in a glass house, no husband and wife register number partner, Lexsexual (every number as the sexual right to one another), sex is registered. Publishing abroad was considered to support the white side Evgeny Zamyatin was permitted to immigrate from Russia and lived in Paris until his death Utopia means the nowhere place, given by Sir Thomas More Scienfiction was called Utopian fiction  The hours table was based on Taylorism scientific time management to increase productivity. The ancient house is a private family home that is the only thing before the war in We Mass youth group movements to shape ideal youth (1922-1991) Pioneer Summer Camps 1923 grade 3 with good grades Stalin brought back curriculum, grades, books 1930, all soviet children go to school grade 8 and above only for university Aged 14-26, they join Komsomol, a young communist group, Palace of Culture, Kharkiv, was a rec center Komsomol was an anti-religious camping ○ Also tried to replace long-term religious holidays with non-religious Pioneer and Komsomol war heroes joined to fight the nazis 1930 Komsomol newspaper published accurate accounts of the war Emelian Yaroslavsky 1925, League of Militant Godless January 1918, state support to the church nationalized all church property ○ Allowed church to retain buildings and necessary religious objects and freedom of religious and anti-religious propaganda Breaking the church was one of the most effective ways of getting the rural population on the farms to control agriculture Militant five-year plan ○ First year: all churches must be closed ○ 2nd: all government officials declaring religion will not have works, 150 anit religious film shown especially in school ○ 3rd, increase the activity of anti-religious cells for ○ 4th, all churches will be transformed into things that will have people spend time intellange ○ 5th consulting the work by May 1st, 1932, not a single religious building will not be on the soil of the USSR Creating major division between generations In the journal Godless, there was a page explicitly included for children ○ It had cut an ant-religious easter cake 1938, atheism becomes an official part of the school curriculum Music Scriabin was a modernist, not popular with the Soviets Rachmaninov, not Russia, lived in the wet, very Russian music Igor Stravinsky, the most modern, considered western Prokofiev and Lina(Foreign Birth) ○ In 1927, Prokofiev did a 3-month tour of the Soviet ○ 1929, toured again in soviet ○ 1936, moved from Paris to Moscow ○ 1947, marriage was declared null and void, and children were illegitimate ○ In February 1948, Lina was arrested for espionage and 8 years in a camp. 1972, she can leave ○ Lina age 88 Prokofiev and Eisenstein (Potemkin) teamed up to make musical scores for movies 1941, Nazia invade Russia 1946, Illegal for Russians to marry foreigners 1939-1941, non-agression pact On March 5, 1953, Stalin and Prokofiev died on the same night Dmitry Shostakovich, 1906-1975, wrote Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District ○ Stalin criticized the overt sexuality and musical style, which people liked until Stain criticized 1948, composer conference, Prokofiev and Shostakovich were criticized for writing anti-soviet and inaccessible music 1981, Shostakovich's testimony was his memoirs, which counters the image of a soviet loving Shostakovich; people claimed it was a forgery, and more evidence emerged that Shostakovich hated the Soviet Composers of musical propaganda were called “The Activist.” ○ Themes of the exploits of the Red Army, the attraction of atheism, critical moments in Lenin's life, Declamation was another form of music to represent factory whistle and factory sounds Alexander Mosolov, 1930, all music is under soviet control The Betrayal of the Revolution Hope against hope Two major people to take over after Lenin's death were Stalin and Trotsky Stalin, Lev Kamenev, Nikolai Bukharin, and Grigory Zinoviev accused him of having left-leaning views opposition in 1924 to destabilize him 1929, Trotsky is exiled from the Soviet Union Stalin expelled Zinoviev and Kamenev for being too right about Stalin's views. An internal passport shows that you are allowed to live in the city you are registered in 1956, The testimony is read aloud by Nikita Khrushchev 1929, the black year, the year of the great turning point by Stalin ○ Collection of the countryside (state-run farms) and have to sell less than market price to the state 1929, NEP ends Bori Pilnyak, Chairman of the Union of Writers of USSR (non-mandatory),1929 ○ Tale of the Unextinguished Moon (1926) 1932, Writers have to join the Writers Guild to be published Commander Mikhail Frunze, People’s Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs. He died on an operating table like the Moon. The ulcer had healed but reacted badly to 60mg of chloroform and 100g of something. Killed by KGB spy Mikhail Frunze's similarities to Pilnyak's story caused him to be attacked by the state This led to a campaign against Pilnyak and Zamyatin in 1929, who were accused of publishing abroad. Aimed to replace Pilnayk and Zamyatin with State loving writers 1936, publishing abroad or criticizing the party became an actual crime On April 14, 1930, Mayakovsky shot himself VAPP, the All-Union Association of Proletarian Writers First 5-year plan, 1929-1932: “We will turn the first 5-year plan into a 4-year plan!” Political opposition or not 100% with the 5-year plan was treason.  This era is called “The War against the Nation” or “The Revolution from the Top.” Police chief Nicole Yezhov was killed by NKVD (secret police) in 1940 and then erased from photos. The Great Terror 1936-1948 The Shakhty Trail ○ Shakhty was a mining region; engineers were accused of sabotaging the mining, put in the press with links to foreign powers, and confessions were reported in the media. Stalin distrusted the peasants and the old Boshize. Collectivization, the state farms (Kolkhozes) worked for small salaries and sold all food for less than the market price. It began in 1928 ○ Stalin unleashed class war and blamed the Kulak (rich peasant), who was eliminated as a class and blamed everything on class enemies. ○ The effect of removing well-trained and successful from the industry caused them to suffer 1924, Trotsky vs Old Bolshevik (Karmenc, Zinoviev and Stalin) 1926-1927 Karmenc and Zinoviev vs. Stalin and Nikole Bukharin (Editior of Pravda) 1929 Stalin vs. Bukharin 1936 Kamenev and Zinoviev shot 1938 Bukharin shot 1938, the great purge Bukharin was for NEP and against grain requisition Grain fixed quota for collectivization Sergei Prokofiev was experimental music