Rules of the Air PDF

International Standards Annex 2 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation Rules of the Air This edition incorporates all amendments adopted by the Council prior to 24 February 2005 and supersedes, on 24 November 2005, all previous editions of Annex 2. For information regarding the applicability of the Standards, see Foreword. Tenth Edition July 2005 International Civil Aviation Organization Published in separate English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish editions by the International Civil Aviation Organization. All correspondence, except orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to the Secretary General. Orders should be sent to one of the following addresses, together with the appropriate remittance in U.S. dollars or in the currency of the country in which the order is placed. Customers are encouraged to use credit cards (MasterCard, Visa or American Express) to avoid delivery delays. 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Supplements to the Catalogue announce new publications, amendments, supplements, etc. The Catalogue is accessible on the ICAO website at www.icao.int. TRANSMITTAL NOTE NEW EDITIONS OF ANNEXES TO THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION It has come to our attention that when a new edition of an Annex is published, users have been discarding, along with the previous edition of the Annex, the Supplement to the previous edition. Please note that the Supplement to the previous edition should be retained until a new Supplement is issued. International Standards Annex 2 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation Rules of the Air This edition incorporates all amendments adopted by the Council prior to 24 February 2005 and supersedes, on 24 November 2005, all previous editions of Annex 2. For information regarding the applicability of the Standards, see Foreword. Tenth Edition July 2005 International Civil Aviation Organization AMENDMENTS Amendments are announced in the supplements to the Catalogue of ICAO Publications; the Catalogue and its supplements are available on the ICAO website at www.icao.int. The space below is provided to keep a record of such amendments. RECORD OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA AMENDMENTS CORRIGENDA Date Date Entered Date Date Entered No. applicable entered by No. of issue entered by 1–38 Incorporated in this edition 39 23/11/06 — ICAO 40 22/11/07 — ICAO 41 20/11/08 — ICAO 42 19/11/09 — ICAO (ii) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Page FOREWORD.................................. (v) APPENDIX 1. Signals...................... APP 1-1 CHAPTER 1. Definitions....................... 1-1 1. Distress and urgency signals............ APP 1-1 2. Signals for use in the event of CHAPTER 2. Applicability of the rules of the air... 2-1 interception.......................... APP 1-2 3. Visual signals used to warn an 2.1 Territorial application of the rules of the air... 2-1 unauthorized aircraft flying in, 2.2 Compliance with the rules of the air......... 2-1 or about to enter a restricted, 2.3 Responsibility for compliance with the prohibited or danger area............... APP 1-3 rules of the air........................... 2-1 4. Signals for aerodrome traffic............ APP 1-3 2.4 Authority of pilot-in-command of an aircraft.. 2-1 5. Marshalling signals................... APP 1-5 2.5 Problematic use of psychoactive substances... 2-1 6. Standard emergency hand signals........ APP 1-17 CHAPTER 3. General rules..................... 3-1 APPENDIX 2. Interception of civil aircraft..... APP 2-1 3.1 Protection of persons and property........... 3-1 1. Principles to be observed by States...... APP 2-1 3.2 Avoidance of collisions.................... 3-2 2. Action by intercepted aircraft........... APP 2-1 3.3 Flight plans............................. 3-4 3. Radiocommunication during 3.4 Signals................................. 3-6 interception.......................... APP 2-1 3.5 Time................................... 3-6 3.6 Air traffic control service.................. 3-6 APPENDIX 3. Tables of cruising levels....... APP 3-1 3.7 Unlawful interference..................... 3-9 3.8 Interception............................. 3-9 APPENDIX 4. Unmanned free balloons....... APP 4-1 3.9 VMC visibility and distance from cloud minima............................ 3-9 1. Classification of unmanned free balloons.. APP 4-1 2. General operating rules................ APP 4-1 CHAPTER 4. Visual flight rules................. 4-1 3. Operating limitations and equipment requirements......................... APP 4-1 CHAPTER 5. Instrument flight rules.............. 5-1 4. Termination......................... APP 4-3 5. Flight notification..................... APP 4-3 5.1 Rules applicable to all IFR flights........... 5-1 6. Position recording and reports........... APP 4-4 5.2 Rules applicable to IFR flights within controlled airspace....................... 5-1 ATTACHMENT A. Interception of civil aircraft. ATT A-1 5.3 Rules applicable to IFR flights outside controlled airspace....................... 5-1 ATTACHMENT B. Unlawful interference..... ATT B-1 ANNEX 2 (iii) 19/11/09 24/11/05 No. 42 FOREWORD Historical background On 15 November 1972, when adopting Amendment 14 to Annex 2 relating to authority over aircraft operating over the In October 1945, the Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Control high seas, the Council emphasized that the Amendment was (RAC) Division at its first session made recommendations for intended solely to improve safety of flight and to ensure Standards, Practices and Procedures for the Rules of the Air. adequate provision of air traffic services over the high seas. These were reviewed by the then Air Navigation Committee The Amendment in no way affects the legal jurisdiction of and approved by the Council on 25 February 1946. They were States of Registry over their aircraft or the responsibility of published as Recommendations for Standards, Practices and Contracting States under Article 12 of the Convention for Procedures — Rules of the Air in the first part of Doc 2010, enforcing the Rules of the Air. published in February 1946. The RAC Division, at its second session in December 1946– Action by Contracting States January 1947, reviewed Doc 2010 and proposed Standards and Recommended Practices for the Rules of the Air. These were Notification of differences. The attention of Contracting States adopted by the Council as Standards and Recommended Prac- is drawn to the obligation imposed by Article 38 of the Con- tices relating to Rules of the Air on 15 April 1948, pursuant to vention by which Contracting States are required to notify the Article 37 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation Organization of any differences between their national regu- (Chicago, 1944) and designated as Annex 2 to the Convention lations and practices and the International Standards contained with the title International Standards and Recommended in this Annex and any amendments thereto. Contracting States Practices — Rules of the Air. They became effective on are invited to keep the Organization currently informed of any 15 September 1948. differences which may subsequently occur, or of the withdrawal of any differences previously notified. Contracting States are On 27 November 1951, the Council adopted a complete also invited to notify the Organization of any differences new text of the Annex, which no longer contained between their national regulations and practices and the special Recommended Practices. The Standards of the amended recommendations contained in Attachment A to this Annex. A Annex 2 (Amendment 1) became effective on 1 April 1952 specific request for notification of differences will be sent to and applicable on 1 September 1952. Contracting States immediately after the adoption of each amendment to this Annex. Table A shows the origin of subsequent amendments together with a list of the principal subjects involved and the Attention of States is also drawn to the provisions of dates on which the amendments were adopted by the Council, Annex 15 related to the publication of differences between when they became effective and when they became applicable. their national regulations and practices and the related ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices through the Aeronaut- ical Information Service, in addition to the obligation of States Applicability under Article 38 of the Convention. The Standards in this document, together with the Standards and Recommended Practices of Annex 11, govern the appli- Promulgation of information. Information relating to the cation of the Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Air applicability of national rules and procedures, and changes Traffic Management (PANS-ATM, Doc 4444) and the Regional thereto, established according to the Standards specified in this Supplementary Procedures — Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Annex shall be notified in accordance with Annex 15. Services, contained in Doc 7030, in which latter document will be found subsidiary procedures of regional application. Use of the text of the Annex in national regulations. The Council, on 13 April 1948, adopted a resolution inviting the Flight over the high seas. It should be noted that the attention of Contracting States to the desirability of using in Council resolved, in adopting Annex 2 in April 1948 and their own national regulations, as far as practicable, the precise Amendment 1 to the said Annex in November 1951, that the language of those ICAO Standards that are of a regulatory Annex constitutes Rules relating to the flight and manoeuvre character and also of indicating departures from the Standards, of aircraft within the meaning of Article 12 of the Convention. including any additional national regulations that were import- Over the high seas, therefore, these rules apply without ant for the safety or regularity of air navigation. Wherever exception. possible, the provisions of this Annex have been written in ANNEX 2 (v) 24/11/05 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Foreword such a way as would facilitate incorporation, without major a) Forewords comprising historical and explanatory textual changes, into national legislation. material based on the action of the Council and including an explanation of the obligations of States with regard to the application of the Standards and Status of Annex components Recommended Practices ensuing from the Convention and the Resolution of Adoption. An Annex is made up of the following component parts, not all of which, however, are necessarily found in every Annex; b) Introductions comprising explanatory material intro- they have the status indicated: duced at the beginning of parts, chapters or sections of the Annex to assist in the understanding of the 1. — Material comprising the Annex proper: application of the text. a) Standards and Recommended Practices adopted by c) Notes included in the text, where appropriate, to give the Council under the provisions of the Convention. factual information or references bearing on the Stan- They are defined as follows: dards or Recommended Practices in question, but not constituting part of the Standards or Recommended Standard. Any specification for physical character- Practices. istics, configuration, matériel, performance, personnel or procedure, the uniform application of which is d) Attachments comprising material supplementary to the recognized as necessary for the safety or regularity of Standards and Recommended Practices, or included international air navigation and to which Contracting as a guide to their application. States will conform in accordance with the Con- vention; in the event of impossibility of compliance, notification to the Council is compulsory under Article 38. Selection of language Recommended Practice. Any specification for physi- This Annex has been adopted in six languages — English, cal characteristics, configuration, matériel, perform- Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish. Each Con- ance, personnel or procedure, the uniform application tracting State is requested to select one of those texts for the of which is recognized as desirable in the interests of purpose of national implementation and for other effects safety, regularity or efficiency of international air provided for in the Convention, either through direct use or navigation, and to which Contracting States will through translation into its own national language, and to endeavour to conform in accordance with the notify the Organization accordingly. Convention. b) Appendices comprising material grouped separately for convenience but forming part of the Standards and Editorial practices Recommended Practices adopted by the Council. The following practice has been adhered to in order to indicate c) Definitions of terms used in the Standards and at a glance the status of each statement: Standards have been Recommended Practices which are not self-explana- printed in light face roman; Notes have been printed in light tory in that they do not have accepted dictionary face italics, the status being indicated by the prefix Note. meanings. A definition does not have an independent There are no Recommended Practices in Annex 2. status but is an essential part of each Standard and Recommended Practice in which the term is used, The units of measurement used in this document are in since a change in the meaning of the term would accordance with the International System of Units (SI) as affect the specification. specified in Annex 5 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Where Annex 5 permits the use of non-SI alternative d) Tables and Figures which add to or illustrate a units these are shown in parentheses following the basic units. Standard or Recommended Practice and which are Where two sets of units are quoted it must not be assumed that referred to therein, form part of the associated Stan- the pairs of values are equal and interchangeable. It may, dard or Recommended Practice and have the same however, be inferred that an equivalent level of safety is status. achieved when either set of units is used exclusively. 2. — Material approved by the Council for publication in Any reference to a portion of this document which is association with the Standards and Recommended Practices: identified by a number includes all subdivisions of the portion. 24/11/05 (vi) Foreword Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Table A. Amendments to Annex 2 Adopted/approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 1st Edition RAC Division, Standards and Recommended Practices — Rules of the Air. 15 April 1948 (1948) Second Session 15 September 1948 (1947) — 1 RAC Division, Complete revision and rearrangement of the Annex. 27 November 1951 (2nd Edition) Fourth Session (1950) 1 April 1952 1 September 1952 2 RAC Committee Radiocommunication failure procedures; flight plan. 17 November 1953 of the European- 1 April 1954 Mediterranean 1 September 1954 Region Fourth Special Meeting (1952) 3 Second Definitions and terminology; VFR flight outside controlled airspace; 11 May 1956 (3rd Edition) Air Navigation distress and urgency signals; signals for aerodrome traffic; marshalling 15 September 1956 Conference (1955) signals. 1 December 1956 4 Air Navigation Guidance material on the application of the definitions of danger area; 14 November 1958 Commission prohibited area and restricted area. — — 5 RAC/SAR Divisions Definitions; prohibition of VFR flights at night within controlled 8 December 1959 (4th Edition) Meeting (1958); airspace; avoidance of collisions; flight plans; visual and instrument 1 May 1960 Air Navigation flight rules; SELCAL; marshalling signals. 1 August 1960 Commission 6 RAC/SAR Divisions VFR flight; table of cruising levels; aircraft navigation lights. 13 December 1961 Meeting (1958); 1 April 1962 Airworthiness 1 July 1962 Committee, Fourth Meeting (1960) 7 Fourth North Application of table of cruising levels in polar areas. 27 June 1962 Atlantic Regional 1 November 1962 Air Navigation 1 December 1962 Meeting (1961) 8 RAC/OPS Divisional Definitions; provisions regarding flight level and altitudes; submission of 29 November 1965 (5th Edition) Meeting (1963); flight plans; establishment of a single table of VFR criteria; prohibition 29 March 1966 Air Navigation of VFR flights at night in uncontrolled airspace and above FL 200; 25 August 1966 Commission communications for IFR flights outside controlled airspace; replacement of quadrantal table of cruising levels by a semi-circular table; vertical separation above FL 290. 9 Air Navigation Guidance material; excerpts from the International Regulations for 29 November 1965 Commission Preventing Collisions at Sea. — — 10 Air Traffic Control Flight plans; deletion of guidance material regarding the International 7 June 1967 Automation Panel Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea and of the associated 5 October 1967 (ATCAP), Fifth application Standard. 8 February 1968 Meeting (1966); Air Navigation Commission (vii) 24/11/05 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Foreword Adopted/approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 11 Fifth Air Navigation Air traffic services reporting office; marshalling signals. 23 January 1969 Conference (1967) 23 May 1969 18 September 1969 12 Sixth Air Navigation Definitions; minimum heights/levels; controlled VFR flights; new 25 May 1970 (6th Edition) Conference (1969) terminology for designating controlled airspace. 25 September 1970 4 February 1971 13 Limited European- Radiocommunication failure procedures; unserviceability markings on 24 March 1972 Mediterranean manoeuvring areas. 24 July 1972 (RAC/COM) 7 December 1972 Regional Air Navigation Meeting (1969); Air Navigation Commission 14 Air Navigation Authority over aircraft operating over the high seas. 15 November 1972 Commission 15 March 1973 16 August 1973 15 Air Traffic Control Repetitive flight plans. 13 December 1972 Automation Panel 13 April 1973 (ATCAP), Fifth Meeting 16 August 1973 (1966) 16 Seventh Note relating to SSR Mode C transmission of pressure-altitude. 23 March 1973 Air Navigation — Conference (1972) 23 May 1974 17 Council action in Practices to be followed in the event that an aircraft is being subjected to 7 December 1973 pursuance of Assembly unlawful interference. 7 April 1974 Resolutions A17-10 and 23 May 1974 A18-10 18 Air Navigation Radiocommunication failure procedures; Note concerning lease, charter 8 April 1974 Commission and interchange of aircraft. 8 August 1974 27 February 1975 19 Technical Panel on Action by an aircraft which is being intercepted; visual signals for use in 4 February 1975 Supersonic Transport the event of interception; guidance material to assist States in eliminating 4 June 1975 Operations (SSTP), or reducing interceptions; provision relating to flight at transonic and 9 October 1975 Fourth Meeting (1973); supersonic speeds; changes to reflect the concept of cruise climbs. Air Navigation Commission 20 Air Navigation Time-keeping accuracy in ATS units and on board aircraft; use of SSR 7 April 1976 Commission code 7500 in the event of unlawful interference. 7 August 1976 30 December 1976 21 Ninth Air Navigation Definitions relating to changeover points and transition altitudes; 7 December 1977 Conference (1976) requirement for aircraft to adhere to the centre line of ATS routes and 7 April 1978 to comply with changeover points; cruising levels; flight plans and 10 August 1978 position reports; alignment of the definition of flight level with that in Annex 3 and Annex 10, Volume II. 24/11/05 (viii) Foreword Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Adopted/approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 22 Air Navigation Unmanned free balloons; estimated time of arrival. 2 March 1981 Commission 2 July 1981 26 November 1981 23 Air Navigation Interception of civil aircraft. 1 April 1981 (7th Edition) Commission 1 August 1981 26 November 1981 24 Air Navigation Aircraft exterior lights. 19 March 1982 Commission 19 July 1982 25 November 1982 25 Air Navigation Definitions relating to height, instrument approach procedure, 21 March 1983 Commission; AGA manoeuvring and movement area, taxiing, and taxiway; use of the phrase 29 July 1983 Divisional Meeting (1981) “HIJACK” in the event of interception of civil aircraft; note regarding 24 November 1983 lease, charter or interchange of aircraft; provisions related to surface movement of aircraft and taxiing; series 2 signals used by helicopters in the event of interception; units of measurement. 26 ATS Data Acquisition, Definitions; contents of flight plans; repetitive flight plans; ATS data 22 June 1984 Processing and Transfer interchange; pronunciations to be used by intercepting aircraft; alignment 22 October 1984 Panel, Third Meeting of the radiotelephony urgency signal with Annex 10, Volume II; 21 November 1985 (1981); Air Navigation Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Commission 27 Council; Air Navigation Identification and interception of civil aircraft. 10 March 1986 (8th Edition) Commission 27 July 1986 20 November 1986 28 Air Navigation Definition of “apron”; special procedures for use during unlawful 16 March 1987 Commission interference. 27 July 1987 19 November 1987 29 Visual Flight Rules Operation of aircraft in mixed VFR/IFR environments; surface movement 12 March 1990 (9th Edition) Operations Panel, Third of aircraft and surface movement guidance and control; acts of unlawful 30 July 1990 Meeting (1986); interference; helicopters as intercepting aircraft. 14 November 1991 Secretariat; Visual Aids Panel, Eleventh Meeting (1987); Air Navigation Commission; amendments consequential to adoption of amendments to Annex 6 30 Secondary Surveillance Definitions; airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS). 26 February 1993 Radar Improvements and 26 July 1993 Collision Avoidance 11 November 1993 Systems Panel, Fourth Meeting (SICASP/4) (1989) 31 Review of the General Definitions; air-taxiing; separation between aircraft; formation flights by 18 March 1994 Concept of Separation civil aircraft in controlled airspace; automatic dependent surveillance. 25 July 1994 Panel, Seventh Meeting 10 November 1994 (1990); Air Navigation Commission; Automatic Dependent Surveillance Panel, Second Meeting (1992) (ix) 24/11/05 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Foreword Adopted/approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 32 Air Navigation Note related to carriage requirements of airborne collision avoidance 19 February 1996 Commission systems. 19 February 1996 — 33 Air Navigation Communication failure procedures. 26 February 1997 Commission 21 July 1997 6 November 1997 34 Automatic Dependent Definitions; automatic dependent surveillance systems and procedures; 19 March 1998 Surveillance Panel, data interchange between automated ATS systems; ATS applications for 20 July 1998 Fourth Meeting (1996); air-ground data links; problematic use of psychoactive substances. 5 November 1998 Review of the General Concept of Separation Panel, Ninth Meeting (1996); consequential to Amendment 162 to Annex 1 35 Air Navigation ATS airspace classifications; visual meteorological conditions clearance; 10 March 1999 Commission; Visual runway-holding position. 19 July 1999 Aids Panel, Thirteenth 4 November 1999 Meeting (1997) 36 Consequential as a result Revised definitions of “air traffic control unit”, “approach control unit”, 12 March 2001 of Amendment 40 to “alternate aerodrome” “flight crew member”, “pilot-in-command” and 16 July 2001 Annex 11; Amendments 23 “visibility”; editorial amendments. 1 November 2001 and 25 to Annex 6, Part I; Amendments 20 and 7 to Annex 6, Parts II and III, respectively; and Amendment 72 to Annex 3 37 Separation and Airspace Pilot procedures in the event of unlawful interference; editorial 28 February 2003 Safety Panel (SASP) amendments. — — 38 Secretariat Definitions; marshalling signals; communication failure procedures; 23 February 2005 (10th Edition) interception manoeuvres; editorial amendments. 11 July 2005 24 November 2005 39 Secretariat Restructuring of text to emphasize the responsibility of the pilot-in- 20 February 2006 command for the avoidance of collisions. 17 July 2006 23 November 2006 40 Air Navigation Definitions and associated procedures for ADS-B, ADS-C and ADS-C 26 February 2007 Commission agreement; pilot procedures in the event of unlawful interference. 16 July 2007 22 November 2007 41 Secretariat with the Amendment to a definition and Standard to align required navigation 10 March 2008 assistance of the Required performance (RNP) and area navigation (RNAV) terminology with the 20 July 2008 Navigation Performance performance-based navigation (PBN) concept. 20 November 2008 and Special Operational Requirements (RNPSOR) Study Group 19/11/09 24/11/05 (x) No. 42 Foreword Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Adopted/approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 42 Recommendation 8/1 Amendments to standard emergency hand signals for emergency 4 March 2009 of the seventh meeting of communications between aircraft rescue and firefighting personnel and 20 July 2009 the Operations Panel flight and/or cabin crews; and harmonization of cruising levels. 19 November 2009 (OPSP/7); Secretariat with the assistance of the APANPIRG task force on RVSM (xi) 19/11/09 24/11/05 No. 42 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS CHAPTER 1. DEFINITIONS Note 1.— Throughout the text of this document the term Note.— An aircraft is in the vicinity of an aerodrome when “service” is used as an abstract noun to designate functions, it is in, entering or leaving an aerodrome traffic circuit. or service rendered; the term “unit” is used to designate a collective body performing a service. Aerodrome traffic zone. An airspace of defined dimensions established around an aerodrome for the protection of Note 2.— The designation (RR) in these definitions indicates aerodrome traffic. a definition which has been extracted from the Radio Regu- lations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). A publication (see Handbook on Radio Frequency Spectrum Requirements issued by or with the authority of a State and containing for Civil Aviation including statement of approved ICAO aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to policies (Doc 9718)). air navigation. When the following terms are used in the International Stan- Aeronautical station (RR S1.81). A land station in the aero- dards for Rules of the Air, they have the following meanings: nautical mobile service. In certain instances, an aeronautical station may be located, for example, on board ship or on a Acrobatic flight. Manoeuvres intentionally performed by an platform at sea. aircraft involving an abrupt change in its attitude, an abnor- mal attitude, or an abnormal variation in speed. Aeroplane. A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on sur- ADS-C agreement. A reporting plan which establishes the con- faces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight. ditions of ADS-C data reporting (i.e. data required by the air traffic services unit and frequency of ADS-C reports which Airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS). An aircraft have to be agreed to prior to using ADS-C in the provision system based on secondary surveillance radar (SSR) trans- of air traffic services). ponder signals which operates independently of ground- based equipment to provide advice to the pilot on potential Note.— The terms of the agreement will be exchanged conflicting aircraft that are equipped with SSR transponders. between the ground system and the aircraft by means of a contract, or a series of contracts. Aircraft. Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the Advisory airspace. An airspace of defined dimensions, or reactions of the air against the earth’s surface. designated route, within which air traffic advisory service is available. Air-ground control radio station. An aeronautical tele- communication station having primary responsibility for Advisory route. A designated route along which air traffic handling communications pertaining to the operation and advisory service is available. control of aircraft in a given area. Aerodrome. A defined area on land or water (including any Air-taxiing. Movement of a helicopter/VTOL above the surface buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used of an aerodrome, normally in ground effect and at a ground either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface speed normally less than 37 km/h (20 kt). movement of aircraft. Note.— The actual height may vary, and some helicopters Aerodrome control service. Air traffic control service for may require air-taxiing above 8 m (25 ft) AGL to reduce ground aerodrome traffic. effect turbulence or provide clearance for cargo slingloads. Aerodrome control tower. A unit established to provide air Air traffic. All aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring traffic control service to aerodrome traffic. area of an aerodrome. Aerodrome traffic. All traffic on the manoeuvring area of an Air traffic advisory service. A service provided within advisory aerodrome and all aircraft flying in the vicinity of an airspace to ensure separation, in so far as practical, between aerodrome. aircraft which are operating on IFR flight plans. ANNEX 2 1-1 22/11/07 No. 40 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Chapter 1 Air traffic control clearance. Authorization for an aircraft to Alternate aerodrome. An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed under conditions specified by an air traffic control proceed when it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to unit. proceed to or to land at the aerodrome of intended landing. Alternate aerodromes include the following: Note 1.— For convenience, the term “air traffic control clearance” is frequently abbreviated to “clearance” when used Take-off alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an in appropriate contexts. aircraft can land should this become necessary shortly after take-off and it is not possible to use the aerodrome Note 2.— The abbreviated term “clearance” may be pre- of departure. fixed by the words “taxi”, “take-off”, “departure”, “en route”, “approach” or “landing” to indicate the particular portion of En-route alternate. An aerodrome at which an aircraft flight to which the air traffic control clearance relates. would be able to land after experiencing an abnormal or emergency condition while en route. Air traffic control service. A service provided for the purpose of: ETOPS en-route alternate. A suitable and appropriate alternate aerodrome at which an aeroplane would be able a) preventing collisions: to land after experiencing an engine shutdown or other abnormal or emergency condition while en route in an 1) between aircraft, and ETOPS operation. 2) on the manoeuvring area between aircraft and Destination alternate. An alternate aerodrome to which an obstructions, and aircraft may proceed should it become either impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended b) expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic. landing. Air traffic control unit. A generic term meaning variously, area Note.— The aerodrome from which a flight departs may control centre, approach control unit or aerodrome control also be an en-route or a destination alternate aerodrome for tower. that flight. Air traffic service. A generic term meaning variously, flight Altitude. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory considered as a point, measured from mean sea level service, air traffic control service (area control service, (MSL). approach control service or aerodrome control service). Approach control service. Air traffic control service for Air traffic services airspaces. Airspaces of defined dimensions, arriving or departing controlled flights. alphabetically designated, within which specific types of flights may operate and for which air traffic services and Approach control unit. A unit established to provide air traffic rules of operation are specified. control service to controlled flights arriving at, or departing from, one or more aerodromes. Note.— ATS airspaces are classified as Class A to G. Appropriate ATS authority. The relevant authority designated Air traffic services reporting office. A unit established for the by the State responsible for providing air traffic services in purpose of receiving reports concerning air traffic services the airspace concerned. and flight plans submitted before departure. Appropriate authority. Note.— An air traffic services reporting office may be established as a separate unit or combined with an existing a) Regarding flight over the high seas: The relevant unit, such as another air traffic services unit, or a unit of the authority of the State of Registry. aeronautical information service. b) Regarding flight other than over the high seas: The Air traffic services unit. A generic term meaning variously, air relevant authority of the State having sovereignty over traffic control unit, flight information centre or air traffic the territory being overflown. services reporting office. Apron. A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to Airway. A control area or portion thereof established in the accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading form of a corridor. passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance. Alerting service. A service provided to notify appropriate Area control centre. A unit established to provide air traffic organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue control service to controlled flights in control areas under aid, and assist such organizations as required. its jurisdiction. 22/11/07 1-2 No. 40 Chapter 1 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Area control service. Air traffic control service for controlled Clearance limit. The point to which an aircraft is granted an flights in control areas. air traffic control clearance. Area navigation (RNAV). A method of navigation which Control area. A controlled airspace extending upwards from a permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within specified limit above the earth. the coverage of ground- or space-based navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self-contained aids, or Controlled aerodrome. An aerodrome at which air traffic a combination of these. control service is provided to aerodrome traffic. Note.— Area navigation includes performance-based Note.— The term “controlled aerodrome” indicates that air navigation as well as other operations that do not meet the traffic control service is provided to aerodrome traffic but does definition of performance-based navigation. not necessarily imply that a control zone exists. ATS route. A specified route designed for channelling the flow Controlled airspace. An airspace of defined dimensions within of traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic services. which air traffic control service is provided in accordance with the airspace classification. Note 1.— The term “ATS route” is used to mean variously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncontrolled route, Note.— Controlled airspace is a generic term which covers arrival or departure route, etc. ATS airspace Classes A, B, C, D and E as described in Annex 11, 2.6. Note 2.— An ATS route is defined by route specifications Controlled flight. Any flight which is subject to an air traffic which include an ATS route designator, the track to or from control clearance. significant points (waypoints), distance between significant points, reporting requirements and, as determined by the Controller-pilot data link communications (CPDLC). A means appropriate ATS authority, the lowest safe altitude. of communication between controller and pilot, using data link for ATC communications. Automatic dependent surveillance — broadcast (ADS-B). A means by which aircraft, aerodrome vehicles and other Control zone. A controlled airspace extending upwards from objects can automatically transmit and/or receive data such the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit. as identification, position and additional data, as appropri- ate, in a broadcast mode via a data link. Cruise climb. An aeroplane cruising technique resulting in a net increase in altitude as the aeroplane mass decreases. Automatic dependent surveillance — contract (ADS-C). A means by which the terms of an ADS-C agreement will be Cruising level. A level maintained during a significant portion exchanged between the ground system and the aircraft, via of a flight. a data link, specifying under what conditions ADS-C reports would be initiated, and what data would be con- Current flight plan. The flight plan, including changes, if any, tained in the reports. brought about by subsequent clearances. Note.— The abbreviated term “ADS contract” is commonly Danger area. An airspace of defined dimensions within which used to refer to ADS event contract, ADS demand contract, activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at ADS periodic contract or an emergency mode. specified times. Ceiling. The height above the ground or water of the base of Data link communications. A form of communication intended the lowest layer of cloud below 6 000 metres (20 000 feet) for the exchange of messages via a data link. covering more than half the sky. Estimated off-block time. The estimated time at which the air- Changeover point. The point at which an aircraft navigating craft will commence movement associated with departure. on an ATS route segment defined by reference to very high frequency omnidirectional radio ranges is expected to trans- Estimated time of arrival. For IFR flights, the time at which fer its primary navigational reference from the facility it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over that desig- behind the aircraft to the next facility ahead of the aircraft. nated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended that an instrument approach procedure Note.— Changeover points are established to provide the will be commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associated optimum balance in respect of signal strength and quality with the aerodrome, the time at which the aircraft will between facilities at all levels to be used and to ensure a com- arrive over the aerodrome. For VFR flights, the time at mon source of azimuth guidance for all aircraft operating which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the along the same portion of a route segment. aerodrome. 1-3 22/11/07 20/11/08 No. 41 40 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Chapter 1 Expected approach time. The time at which ATC expects that Height. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the holding considered as a point, measured from a specified datum. fix to complete its approach for a landing. IFR. The symbol used to designate the instrument flight rules. Note.— The actual time of leaving the holding fix will depend upon the approach clearance. IFR flight. A flight conducted in accordance with the instrument flight rules. Filed flight plan. The flight plan as filed with an ATS unit by the pilot or a designated representative, without any IMC. The symbol used to designate instrument meteorological subsequent changes. conditions. Flight crew member. A licensed crew member charged with Instrument approach procedure. A series of predetermined duties essential to the operation of an aircraft during a flight manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments with speci- duty period. fied protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival Flight information centre. A unit established to provide flight route to a point from which a landing can be completed and information service and alerting service. thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a position at which holding or en-route obstacle clearance criteria apply. Flight information region. An airspace of defined dimensions Instrument approach procedures are classified as follows: within which flight information service and alerting service are provided. Non-precision approach (NPA) procedure. An instrument approach procedure which utilizes lateral guidance but Flight information service. A service provided for the purpose does not utilize vertical guidance. of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights. Approach procedure with vertical guidance (APV). An instrument approach procedure which utilizes lateral and Flight level. A surface of constant atmospheric pressure which vertical guidance but does not meet the requirements is related to a specific pressure datum, 1 013.2 hectopascals established for precision approach and landing operations. (hPa), and is separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure intervals. Precision approach (PA) procedure. An instrument approach Note 1.— A pressure type altimeter calibrated in accordance procedure using precision lateral and vertical guidance with the Standard Atmosphere: with minima as determined by the category of operation. a) when set to a QNH altimeter setting, will indicate altitude; Note.— Lateral and vertical guidance refers to the guidance provided either by: b) when set to a QFE altimeter setting, will indicate height above the QFE reference datum; a) a ground-based navigation aid; or c) when set to a pressure of 1 013.2 hPa, may be used to b) computer-generated navigation data. indicate flight levels. Instrument meteorological conditions. Meteorological con- Note 2.— The terms “height” and “altitude”, used in ditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, Note 1 above, indicate altimetric rather than geometric heights and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual and altitudes. meteorological conditions. Flight plan. Specified information provided to air traffic Note.— The specified minima for visual meteorological services units, relative to an intended flight or portion of a conditions are contained in Chapter 4. flight of an aircraft. Landing area. That part of a movement area intended for the Flight visibility. The visibility forward from the cockpit of an landing or take-off of aircraft. aircraft in flight. Level. A generic term relating to the vertical position of an Ground visibility. The visibility at an aerodrome as reported aircraft in flight and meaning variously, height, altitude or by an accredited observer or by automatic systems. flight level. Heading. The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an Manoeuvring area. That part of an aerodrome to be used for aircraft is pointed, usually expressed in degrees from North the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, excluding (true, magnetic, compass or grid). aprons. 22/11/07 20/11/08 1-4 No. 41 40 Chapter 1 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Movement area. That part of an aerodrome to be used for the Note.— In radiotelephony phraseologies, the expression take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the “holding point” is used to designate the runway-holding manoeuvring area and the apron(s). position. Pilot-in-command. The pilot designated by the operator, or in Safety-sensitive personnel. Persons who might endanger the case of general aviation, the owner, as being in command aviation safety if they perform their duties and functions and charged with the safe conduct of a flight. improperly including, but not limited to, crew members, aircraft maintenance personnel and air traffic controllers. Pressure-altitude. An atmospheric pressure expressed in terms of altitude which corresponds to that pressure in the Signal area. An area on an aerodrome used for the display of Standard Atmosphere.* ground signals. Problematic use of substances. The use of one or more Special VFR flight. A VFR flight cleared by air traffic control psychoactive substances by aviation personnel in a way that: to operate within a control zone in meteorological conditions below VMC. a) constitutes a direct hazard to the user or endangers the lives, health or welfare of others; and/or Taxiing. Movement of an aircraft on the surface of an aerodrome under its own power, excluding take-off and landing. b) causes or worsens an occupational, social, mental or physical problem or disorder. Taxiway. A defined path on a land aerodrome established for the taxiing of aircraft and intended to provide a link between Prohibited area. An airspace of defined dimensions, above the one part of the aerodrome and another, including: land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited. a) Aircraft stand taxilane. A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access to aircraft Psychoactive substances. Alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, stands only. sedatives and hypnotics, cocaine, other psychostimulants, hallucinogens, and volatile solvents, whereas coffee and b) Apron taxiway. A portion of a taxiway system located tobacco are excluded. on an apron and intended to provide a through taxi route across the apron. Radiotelephony. A form of radiocommunication primarily intended for the exchange of information in the form of c) Rapid exit taxiway. A taxiway connected to a runway at speech. an acute angle and designed to allow landing aeroplanes to turn off at higher speeds than are achieved on other exit Repetitive flight plan (RPL). A flight plan related to a series taxiways thereby minimizing runway occupancy times. of frequently recurring, regularly operated individual flights with identical basic features, submitted by an operator for Terminal control area. A control area normally established at retention and repetitive use by ATS units. the confluence of ATS routes in the vicinity of one or more major aerodromes. Reporting point. A specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft can be reported. Total estimated elapsed time. For IFR flights, the estimated time required from take-off to arrive over that designated Restricted area. An airspace of defined dimensions, above the point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the it is intended that an instrument approach procedure will be flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associated with the specified conditions. destination aerodrome, to arrive over the destination aero- drome. For VFR flights, the estimated time required from Runway. A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome take-off to arrive over the destination aerodrome. prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft. Track. The projection on the earth’s surface of the path of an Runway-holding position. A designated position intended to aircraft, the direction of which path at any point is usually protect a runway, an obstacle limitation surface, or an ILS/ expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic or grid). MLS critical/sensitive area at which taxiing aircraft and vehicles shall stop and hold, unless otherwise authorized by Traffic avoidance advice. Advice provided by an air traffic the aerodrome control tower. services unit specifying manoeuvres to assist a pilot to avoid a collision. Traffic information. Information issued by an air traffic * As defined in Annex 8. services unit to alert a pilot to other known or observed air 1-5 22/11/07 20/11/08 No. 41 40 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Chapter 1 traffic which may be in proximity to the position or intended b) the greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of route of flight and to help the pilot avoid a collision. 1 000 candelas can be seen and identified against an unlit background. Transition altitude. The altitude at or below which the vertical position of an aircraft is controlled by reference to altitudes. Note 1.— The two distances have different values in air of a given extinction coefficient, and the latter b) varies with the Unmanned free balloon. A non-power-driven, unmanned, background illumination. The former a) is represented by the lighter-than-air aircraft in free flight. meteorological optical range (MOR). Note.— Unmanned free balloons are classified as heavy, Note. 2.— The definition applies to the observations of medium or light in accordance with specifications contained in visibility in local routine and special reports, to the observa- Appendix 4. tions of prevailing and minimum visibility reported in METAR and SPECI and to the observations of ground visibility. VFR. The symbol used to designate the visual flight rules. VFR flight. A flight conducted in accordance with the visual Visual meteorological conditions. Meteorological conditions flight rules. expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, equal to or better than specified minima. Visibility. Visibility for aeronautical purposes is the greater of: Note.— The specified minima are contained in Chapter 4. a) the greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions, situated near the ground, can be seen and VMC. The symbol used to designate visual meteorological recognized when observed against a bright background; conditions. 22/11/07 20/11/08 1-6 No. 41 40 CHAPTER 2. APPLICABILITY OF THE RULES OF THE AIR 2.1 Territorial application of Note 2.— A pilot may elect to fly in accordance with the rules of the air instrument flight rules in visual meteorological conditions or may be required to do so by the appropriate ATS authority. 2.1.1 The rules of the air shall apply to aircraft bearing the nationality and registration marks of a Contracting State, wherever they may be, to the extent that they do not conflict with the rules published by the State having jurisdiction over 2.3 Responsibility for compliance the territory overflown. with the rules of the air Note.— The Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization resolved, in adopting Annex 2 in April 1948 and 2.3.1 Responsibility of pilot-in-command Amendment 1 to the said Annex in November 1951, that the Annex constitutes Rules relating to the flight and manoeuvre of The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall, whether manipu- aircraft within the meaning of Article 12 of the Convention. Over lating the controls or not, be responsible for the operation of the high seas, therefore, these rules apply without exception. the aircraft in accordance with the rules of the air, except that the pilot-in-command may depart from these rules in circum- 2.1.2 If, and so long as, a Contracting State has not notified stances that render such departure absolutely necessary in the the International Civil Aviation Organization to the contrary, it interests of safety. shall be deemed, as regards aircraft of its registration, to have agreed as follows: 2.3.2 Pre-flight action For purposes of flight over those parts of the high seas Before beginning a flight, the pilot-in-command of an aircraft where a Contracting State has accepted, pursuant to a shall become familiar with all available information appro- regional air navigation agreement, the responsibility of pro- priate to the intended operation. Pre-flight action for flights viding air traffic services, the “appropriate ATS authority” away from the vicinity of an aerodrome, and for all IFR referred to in this Annex is the relevant authority designated flights, shall include a careful study of available current by the State responsible for providing those services. weather reports and forecasts, taking into consideration fuel requirements and an alternative course of action if the flight Note.— The phrase “regional air navigation agreement” cannot be completed as planned. refers to an agreement approved by the Council of ICAO normally on the advice of a Regional Air Navigation Meeting. 2.4 Authority of pilot-in-command of an aircraft 2.2 Compliance with the rules of the air The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall have final authority The operation of an aircraft either in flight or on the movement as to the disposition of the aircraft while in command. area of an aerodrome shall be in compliance with the general rules and, in addition, when in flight, either with: a) the visual flight rules; or 2.5 Problematic use of psychoactive substances b) the instrument flight rules. No person whose function is critical to the safety of aviation Note 1.— Information relevant to the services provided to (safety-sensitive personnel) shall undertake that function while aircraft operating in accordance with both visual flight rules under the influence of any psychoactive substance, by reason and instrument flight rules in the seven ATS airspace classes of which human performance is impaired. No such person is contained in 2.6.1 and 2.6.3 of Annex 11. shall engage in any kind of problematic use of substances. ANNEX 2 2-1 24/11/05 CHAPTER 3. GENERAL RULES 3.1 Protection of persons and property 3.1.6 Parachute descents Parachute descents, other than emergency descents, shall not 3.1.1 Negligent or reckless operation of aircraft be made except under conditions prescribed by the appropriate authority and as indicated by relevant information, advice An aircraft shall not be operated in a negligent or reckless and/or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit. manner so as to endanger life or property of others. 3.1.2 Minimum heights 3.1.7 Acrobatic flight Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or except by No aircraft shall be flown acrobatically except under con- permission from the appropriate authority, aircraft shall not be ditions prescribed by the appropriate authority and as indicated flown over the congested areas of cities, towns or settlements by relevant information, advice and/or clearance from the or over an open-air assembly of persons, unless at such a height appropriate air traffic services unit. as will permit, in the event of an emergency arising, a landing to be made without undue hazard to persons or property on the 3.1.8 Formation flights surface. Aircraft shall not be flown in formation except by pre- Note.— See 4.6 for minimum heights for VFR flights and arrangement among the pilots-in-command of the aircraft 5.1.2 for minimum levels for IFR flights. taking part in the flight and, for formation flight in controlled airspace, in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the 3.1.3 Cruising levels appropriate ATS authority(ies). These conditions shall include the following: The cruising levels at which a flight or a portion of a flight is a) the formation operates as a single aircraft with regard to to be conducted shall be in terms of: navigation and position reporting; a) flight levels, for flights at or above the lowest usable b) separation between aircraft in the flight shall be the flight level or, where applicable, above the transition responsibility of the flight leader and the pilots-in- altitude; command of the other aircraft in the flight and shall include periods of transition when aircraft are b) altitudes, for flights below the lowest usable flight level or, manoeuvring to attain their own separation within the where applicable, at or below the transition altitude. formation and during join-up and breakaway; and Note.— The system of flight levels is prescribed in the c) a distance not exceeding 1 km (0.5 NM) laterally and Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aircraft Operations longitudinally and 30 m (100 ft) vertically from the (Doc 8168). flight leader shall be maintained by each aircraft. 3.1.4 Dropping or spraying 3.1.9 Unmanned free balloons Nothing shall be dropped or sprayed from an aircraft in flight An unmanned free balloon shall be operated in such a manner except under conditions prescribed by the appropriate authority as to minimize hazards to persons, property or other aircraft and as indicated by relevant information, advice and/or clear- and in accordance with the conditions specified in Appendix 4. ance from the appropriate air traffic services unit. 3.1.10 Prohibited areas and restricted areas 3.1.5 Towing Aircraft shall not be flown in a prohibited area, or in a No aircraft or other object shall be towed by an aircraft, except restricted area, the particulars of which have been duly in accordance with requirements prescribed by the appropriate published, except in accordance with the conditions of the authority and as indicated by relevant information, advice restrictions or by permission of the State over whose territory and/or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit. the areas are established. ANNEX 2 3-1 24/11/05 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Chapter 3 3.2 Avoidance of collisions aircraft that at night it should be unable to see either of the aircraft’s left (port) or right (starboard) navigation lights. An Nothing in these rules shall relieve the pilot-in-command of an aircraft that is being overtaken has the right-of-way and the aircraft from the responsibility of taking such action, including overtaking aircraft, whether climbing, descending or in collision avoidance manoeuvres based on resolution advisories horizontal flight, shall keep out of the way of the other aircraft provided by ACAS equipment, as will best avert collision. by altering its heading to the right, and no subsequent change in the relative positions of the two aircraft shall absolve the Note 1.— It is important that vigilance for the purpose of overtaking aircraft from this obligation until it is entirely past detecting potential collisions be exercised on board an and clear. aircraft, regardless of the type of flight or the class of airspace in which the aircraft is operating, and while operating on the movement area of an aerodrome. 3.2.2.5 Landing Note 2.— Operating procedures for use of ACAS detailing 3.2.2.5.1 An aircraft in flight, or operating on the ground the responsibilities of the pilot-in-command are contained in or water, shall give way to aircraft landing or in the final PANS-OPS (Doc 8168), Volume I, Part VIII, Chapter 3. stages of an approach to land. Note 3.— Carriage requirements for ACAS equipment are 3.2.2.5.2 When two or more heavier-than-air aircraft are addressed in Annex 6, Part I, Chapter 6 and Part II, Chapter 6. approaching an aerodrome for the purpose of landing, aircraft at the higher level shall give way to aircraft at the lower level, but the latter shall not take advantage of this rule to cut in in

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