RRB Staff Nurse Past Paper 2019 PDF

RRB Staff Nurse Previous Year Paper (20 July 2019 ) (Shift I) Total Time: 1 Hour : 30 Minute Total Marks: 100 Instructions Sl Section No. of Maximum Ne...

RRB Staff Nurse Previous Year Paper (20 July 2019 ) (Shift I) Total Time: 1 Hour : 30 Minute Total Marks: 100 Instructions Sl Section No. of Maximum Negative Positive No. Name Question Marks Marks Marks 1 Nursing 70 70 0.33 1 2 Non-Nursing 30 30 0.33 1 1.) A total of 90 minutes is allotted for the examination. 2.) The server will set your clock for you. In the top right corner of your screen, a countdown timer will display the remaining time for you to complete the exam. Once the timer reaches zero, the examination will end automatically. The paper need not be submitted when your timer reaches zero. 3.) There will, however, be sectional timing for this exam. You will have to complete each section within the specified time limit. Before moving on to the next section, you must complete the current one within the time limits.  Nursing 1. Which one of the following is NOT a type of back massage? (+1, -0.33) a. Effleurage b. Soaking c. Tapping d. Petrissage (Chosen option) 2. Urethral opening located behind the penis is known as _______ (+1, -0.33) a. Phimosis b. Epispadias c. Hypospadias d. Hydrocele 3. Vulsellum forcep is used for gripping the_______ (+1, -0.33) a. Perineum b. Fetal head c. Cervix d. Labium 4. Universal safety precautions are a set of guidelines to protect the (+1, -0.33) ________  a. Health care workers b. Patient c. Patient relatives d. General public 5. Which type of crutch is frequently used by patient of all the ages on a (+1, -0.33) short-term basis? a. Platform crutch b. Axillary crutch c. Lofstrand crutch d. Extensor crutch 6. A condition of the inner ear characterized by episodic vertigo, tinnitus and (+1, -0.33) sensorineural hearing loss is referred to as a. Otitis media b. Nystagmus c. Meniere’s disease d. Otosclerosis 7. Growth hormone will be secreted by which of the following endocrine (+1, -0.33) glands? a. Adrenal  b. Pituitary c. Ovaries d. Testes 8. Breakdown of glycogen to glucose is known as (+1, -0.33) a. Glycolysis b. Proteolysis c. Glycogenolysis d. Proteogeolysis 9. Which are the functional unit of the kidneys? (+1, -0.33) a. Nephrons b. Neurons c. Nerve Cells d. Nerve Fibres 10. Inadequate pumping action of the heart is known as ________ (+1, -0.33) a. Obstructive shock b. Septic shock c. Anaphylactic shock  d. Cardiogenic shock 11. What is the average weight gain of the neonate per day? (+1, -0.33) a. 100 to150 grams b. 50 to 60 grams c. 25 to 30 grams d. 5 to 10 grams 12. What is the SI unit of electric current ? (+1, -0.33) a. Joule b. Guass c. Ampere d. Henry 13. Pench National Park is situated in which State? (+1, -0.33) a. Uttarakhand b. Meghalaya c. Madhya Pradesh d. Telangana 14. What does a mixture of surfactants contain? (+1, -0.33)  a. Protein and lipid b. Mucus and chloride c. Protein and chloride d. Lipid and chloride 15. Which one of the following is a tentative answer to a research question? (+1, -0.33) a. Operational definition b. Validity c. Objectives d. Hypothesis 16. Who made valuable contributions to insightful learning? (+1, -0.33) a. Evan Pavlov b. B.F.Skinner c. Kohler d. Throndike 17. Which is the hormone that increases water reabsorption by inserting a (+1, -0.33) water channel or aquaporins? a. Angiotensin hormone b. Aldosterone hormone  c. Anti-diuretic hormone d. Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone 18. The analysis of the patterns of the loci of structures within the body plan (+1, -0.33) of an organism, that forms the basis of taxonomical categorization is _______ a. Experimental morphology b. Molecular morphology c. Functional morphology d. Comparative morphology 19. Bacillus cereus food poisoning is commonly associated with the (+1, -0.33) consumption of: a. Fried rice b. Green beans c. Bottled honey d. Baked potato 20. Which of the following symptoms should be watched for a patient (+1, -0.33) receiving a loop diuretic? a. Increased blood pressure b. Weak irregular pulse  c. Restless and agitation d. Paresthesias 21. How many Union Territories have representation in Rajya Sabha? (+1, -0.33) a. Two b. Six c. Four d. One 22. Which one of the following is a second line drug for Tuberculosis? (+1, -0.33) a. Rifampicin b. Ethambutol c. Amikacin d. Isoniazid 23. The ratio of the number of girls to boys in a school of 3240 students is (+1, -0.33) 35:37. How many more girls should be admitted to make the ratio 1 : 1? a. 90 b. 100 c. 70 d. 80 24. The surgical removal of the entire eye along with a part of the optic nerve (+1, -0.33) is termed as a. Keratomileusis b. Enucleation c. Keratotomy d. Vitreo retinal surgery 25. What is the other term for recovery from an illness? (+1, -0.33) a. Rationalisation b. Reaction formation c. Regression d. Remission 26. The process by which ADP phosphorylated by Pi (inorganic phosphate) to (+1, -0.33) ATP in the electron transport chain is known as _____ a. Oxidative phosphorylation b. Oxygenases c. Hydroperoxidases d. Oxidases 27. The removal of tissue from the pleural space is known as (+1, -0.33)  a. Liver biopsy b. Lung biopsy c. Spleen biopsy d. Pleural biopsy 28. The pacemaker of the heart is characterized by (+1, -0.33) a. Arch of aorta b. Bundle of his c. AV node d. SA node 29. The important characteristic of a primary group is _______ (+1, -0.33) a. Indirect communication b. Impersonal relationship c. Voluntary membership d. Face-to-face contact 30. What is the symbol of the element Tungsten? (+1, -0.33) a. T b. Wn  c. Tn d. W 31. Which of the following is heart shaped pelvis? (+1, -0.33) a. Anthropoid b. Platypelloid c. Gynecoid d. Android 32. The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines (+1, -0.33) and other equipment is called a. Investment b. Disinvestment c. Trade Barrier d. All the above 33. In this question, relationship between different elements is shown in the (+1, -0.33) statement. This statement is followed by three conclusions. Assume the given statement to be true and choose the answer from the given options: Statement: G = L > E < A ≤ M Conclusions:  i) L > M ii) G < A iii) A > L a. All follow b. Only i) and ii) follow c. None follows d. Only ii) and iii) follow 34. Which is the process of recording the electrical potential of skeletal (+1, -0.33) muscles and nerves supplying them by inserting small needle electrodes into the muscles? a. ECT b. EEG c. ECG d. EMG 35. The time interval between infection of suspected person and the (+1, -0.33) appearance of signs and symptom of the disease is called a. Isolation period b. Quarantine period c. Incubation d. Recovery period 36. Which is described as the 'Powerhouse of cells' ? (+1, -0.33) a. Ribosomes b. Norepinephrine c. Mitochondria d. Golgi apparatus 37. Prions include (+1, -0.33) a. Only DNA b. DNA and RNA c. Only RNA d. Proteins 38. Who is recognised as the father of psychoanalysis? (+1, -0.33) a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. Tolmen d. Alfred Adler 39. How many calories does 1 gm of fat give? (+1, -0.33) a. 8  b. 9 c. 4 d. 6 40. Who is known as the 'Napoleon of India'? (+1, -0.33) a. Chandragupta b. Krishnadeva Raya c. Nagarjuna d. Samudragupta 41. Large heaped up mass of scar tissue developed and extending beyond (+1, -0.33) the wound surface is known as a. Keloids b. Acne scars c. Hypertrophic scar d. Contracture scar 42. By selling a CPU for Rs.6325, a man makes a profit of 15%. At what price (+1, -0.33) should he sell it to make a profit of 25%? (in Rs.) a. 6875 b. 6675  c. 6775 d. 6975 43. Two bells ring at intervals of 88 seconds and 58 seconds. If they both ring (+1, -0.33) at 10 O'clock in the morning together, after how many seconds will they ring together again? a. 2662 b. 2552 c. 2772 d. 2442 44. The Preterm infant's elbow may easily brought across the chest with no (+1, -0.33) resistance is _____ a. Sunset sign b. Tonic neck reflex c. Scarf sign d. Grasp reflex 45. The Wellington Trophy is related to which game/sport? (+1, -0.33) a. Horse Racing b. Rowing c. Basket ball  d. Car Racing 46. 78, 65, 82, 69, 86, ? (+1, -0.33) a. 73 b. 59 c. 83 d. 79 47. Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell? (+1, -0.33) a. Optic b. Olfactory c. Vestibulocochlear d. Oculomotor 48. In which condition the phototherapy is used for the treatment? (+1, -0.33) a. Cyanosis b. Eczema c. Diarrhoea d. Jaundice 49. Near-Sightedness is also known as ______ (+1, -0.33)  a. Myopia b. Presbyopia c. Hypermetropia d. Cataract 50. Which among the following products are non-biodegradable? (+1, -0.33) a. Food wastage b. Dead animals c. Polythene bags d. Paper 51. Oxidation in chemical reactions is the __________ (+1, -0.33) a. loss of nitrogen b. loss of oxygen c. gain of hydrogen d. gain of oxygen 52. Which one of the following is the duration of first five year plan ? (+1, -0.33) a. 1969 to 1974 b. 1956 to 1961  c. 1961 to 1966 d. 1951 to 1956 53. A family where the male is the head of the family and possesses all (+1, -0.33) powers is called? a. Nuclear family b. Matriarchal family c. Joint family d. Patriarchal family 54. The Couple who are married in the reproductive age is known as (+1, -0.33) a. Focused couple b. Unfocused couple c. Non eligible couple d. Eligible couple 55. Which principle of management states that the employees should (+1, -0.33) receive orders only from superior? a. Comprehension b. Unity of command c. Free rein direction  d. Efficiency of direction 56. The most common type of stones that occurs in Nephrolithiasis is (+1, -0.33) a. Struvite stones b. Calcium stones c. Uric acid d. Cystine stones 57. The term MRSA in bacteriology stands for (+1, -0.33) a. Methicillin reactive staphylococcus aureus b. Multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus c. Methicillin resistant streptococcus anginosus d. Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus 58. The method of helping the individual by encouraging him to discover the (+1, -0.33) reason for his behaviour is called a. Behavioral therapy b. Cognitive therapy c. Individual psycho therapy d. Crisis intervention 59. The first menstrual flow begins at puberty and it is termed as ________ (+1, -0.33) a. menarche b. menopause c. menostart d. none of the above 60. How much population is usually covered by community health center? (+1, -0.33) a. 30,000 to 50,000 b. 50,000 to 70,000 c. 1,20,000 to 1,90,000 d. 80,000 to 1,20,000 61. What is the most reliable means of obtaining nursing knowledge? (+1, -0.33) a. Authority b. Tradition c. Trial and error d. Scientific research 62. Which grafting of burn wounds are covered with the patient own skin? (+1, -0.33) a. Homografts  b. Xenografts c. Autografts d. Heterografts 63. An abnormal accumulation of fluid is known as ________ (+1, -0.33) a. Inflammation b. Edema c. Epistaxis d. Necrosis 64. Which of the following elements is a polyatomic molecule? (+1, -0.33) a. Chlorine b. Sulphur c. Argon d. Nitrogen 65. The kinetic energy possessed by an object of mass (m), and moving with (+1, -0.33) a uniform velocity (v) is __________ a. 1/2 mv2 b. mv c. 1/4 mv2  d. mv2 66. On dividing a number by 385, we get 54 as remainder. On dividing the (+1, -0.33) same number by 55, what will be the remainder? a. 54 b. 50 c. 48 d. 52 67. A girl stands on the lawn facing East direction. She turns 45 degrees in (+1, -0.33) clockwise direction and 135 degrees in anti-clockwise direction. Which direction is she facing now? a. West b. North c. East d. South 68. Kolkata city is situated on the bank of the river: (+1, -0.33) a. Hooghly b. Krishna c. Gomti d. Sutlej 69. A presenile degenerative disease of the brain affecting the frontal lobe is (+1, -0.33) called a. Oedipus complex b. Orgasm c. Pick's disease d. Neologism 70. Who introduced the principle of inheritance? (+1, -0.33) a. William Harvey b. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek c. Gregor Mendel d. Robert Brown  Non-Nursing 71. Which one of the following mechanical device is used to support the (+1, -0.33) patient's back? a. Bed cradle b. Foot board c. Back rest d. Cardiac table 72. Which of the following works got the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2019? (+1, -0.33) a. The Overstory b. The Art of War c. The White Tiger d. The Silent Patient 73. 1750 boys and 1250 girls are examined in a test; 42% of the boys and 36% (+1, -0.33) of the girls pass the test. The percentage of the total who failed is a. 62.5 b. 60.5 c. 61.5 d. 63.5 74. The chairman and the members of the Union Public Service Commission (+1, -0.33) hold office for a term of a. 4 years b. 5 years c. 6 years d. 7 years 75. Which hormone increases the blood pressure by constricting arterioles (+1, -0.33) during severe haemorrhage? a. Follicular stimulating hormone b. Oxytocin c. Anti-diuretic hormone d. Luteinizing 76. The protein present in mucus is _______ (+1, -0.33) a. Gluten b. Mucin c. Numiin d. Myosin 77. Which one of the following is a natural family planning method? (+1, -0.33)  a. Tubectomy b. Vasectomy c. Breast feeding d. Intra uterine devices 78. Which one of the following experience do NOT easily reach to awareness? (+1, -0.33) a. Pre-consicious b. Semi-consicious c. Conscious d. Unconsicious 79. Normal respiratory rate and rhythm is termed as _________ (+1, -0.33) a. Apnea b. Tachycardia c. Eupnea d. Bradycardia 80. Which one of the following is used to assess the quality of nursing care? (+1, -0.33) a. Bedside clinic b. Nursing Audit  c. Fiscal plan d. Self destruction 81. World heritage site 'Red Fort Complex' is situated in which of the following (+1, -0.33) Union Territories/States? a. Delhi b. Punjab c. Bihar d. Haryana 82. Which type of communication is followed by video conferencing? (+1, -0.33) a. Visual one way b. Audio-visual one way c. Visual two way d. Audio-visual two way 83. The condition where a patient sees a rope and fears it to be a snake is (+1, -0.33) called a. Depersonalization b. Hallucination c. Illusion  d. Delusion 84. The number of oscillations or vibrations per second is called the (+1, -0.33) ________ of oscillation a. wavelength b. frequency c. shrillness d. amplitude 85. The excessive vomiting during pregnancy deteriorating the health of the (+1, -0.33) mother is known as a. Pregnancy induced hypertension b. Pre eclampsia c. Hyperemesis gravidarum d. Abortion 86. Which is the thickest layer of uterus? (+1, -0.33) a. Endometrium b. Perimetrium c. Exometrium d. Myometrium 87. Which is an intervention for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary (+1, -0.33) disease? a. Chronic steroid therapy b. High carbohydrate diet c. High flow oxygen d. Pursed-lip breathing 88. Which one of the following is a quantitative method of data collection? (+1, -0.33) a. Life histories b. Closed ended questions c. Indepth interview d. Diaries 89. Which one of the following is used to record the labor events? (+1, -0.33) a. Silverman assessment b. Fetoscope c. APGAR d. Partograph 90. Which is the protective membrane covering the brain and spinal cord? (+1, -0.33)  a. Peritoneum b. Meninges c. Pericardium d. Pleura 91. Which search engine is most helpful for finding scholarly articles? (+1, -0.33) a. Web Crawler b. Scirus c. Google Scholar d. Bing 92. Process of identifying and implementing the best practices which leads (+1, -0.33) to excellent performance is known as _________ a. PERT Chart b. GANTT Chart c. Table marking d. Bench marking 93. Data are collected at one point in time is known as ________ (+1, -0.33) a. Experimental research b. Longitudinal research  c. Time series research d. Cross sectional research 94. In a certain code language, if ALTER is coded as ODWUH, then how is (+1, -0.33) DEPTH coded in that language? a. HGSKW b. WVKGS c. LXTIH d. GHSWK 95. The process of altering the state of consciousness induced by (+1, -0.33) conditioning and skilled use of suggestions is known as a. Aversion therapy b. Cognitive therapy c. Hypnosis d. Relaxation therapy 96. A brief description of an observed behavior or incident is known as (+1, -0.33) a. Anecdotal record b. Clinical record c. Family record  d. Cumulative record 97. Which condition is also known as Trisomy-18? (+1, -0.33) a. Turner syndrome b. Patau syndrome c. Edward syndrome d. Down syndrome 98. Hernial protrusion of sac like cyst of meninges filled with spinal fluid is (+1, -0.33) known as _____ a. Rachischisis b. Meningomyelocele c. Encephalocele d. Meningocele 99. Which of the following drugs will be administered to treat anaphylaxis? (+1, -0.33) a. Sodium bicarbonate b. Epinephrine c. Atropine d. Digoxin 100. A train passes a station platform in 50 seconds and a man standing on (+1, -0.33) the platform in 34 seconds. If the speed of the train is 29 m/s, what is the length of the platform? (meter) a. 466 b. 464 c. 470 d. 468  Answers 1. Answer: b Explanation: Explanation: Soaking is not a type of back massage, Option 2 is the correct answer. Backcare or Back massage is a procedure given to patients who are bedridden and non-ambulatory. Different techniques and steps are used while giving back care to the patient Purpose: To maintain the circulation. To prevent bedsore or pressure ulcers. To provide relief and comfort to the patient Position Supine, in general, in case of severe patients lateral position can be given. Techniques used in Back Care Effleurage Petrissage Tapping Friction Effleurage: The light friction technique is used to begin the massage. A Long-stroke of light massage is given from the bottom of the back to shoulders with palm or finger pads It helps to stimulate the circulatory and lymphatic systems. Gliding stroke with palms or fingers to enhance the circulation Petrissage Is a massage technique in which deep pressure is applied to the back muscles and tissues. Helps to reduce the muscle spasm. It is basically a kneading movement with hands to apply the deep pressure. Tapping It is a technique of massaging the relaxed muscles and reducing muscle tension. It is also used for the pain relief technique. Friction It is a penetrating pressure applied through the fingertips to release muscle tension. It increases circulation and releases an area that is tight. Additional Information 25 percent alcohol or talcum powder is used for the back massage it helps to prevent the direct rubbing of the skin. Duration for back care is 3 to 5 minutes 2. Answer: c Explanation: Explanation:- The urethral opening located behind the penis is known as Hypospadias. Hypospadias: Is a type of birth defect in which the urethral meatus is not at the penial tip it is located behind the penis. Meatus hole is mainly present at the distal end of the penis. 80 percent of the boys have distal Hypospadias while the remaining 20 percent cases may have a downward curve in the penis and meatus opening is at the down shaft is known as "chordee" It is a birth defect that is caused due to the hormones in the pregnancy. Treatment: Surgical management is the only option for the Hypospadias:  The goal of hypospadias surgery is to make a normal, straight penis with a urinary channel that ends at or near the tip.Surgery steps involved are: Straightening of the urinary shaft Creating a Urinary channel Positioning the meatus at its actual location that is at the tip of the penis Circumcision of the foreskin and to reconstruct the skin The duration of the surgery is around 2 to 3 hours. Additional Information Epispadias: It is a rare congenital anomaly that involves the urethral opening. In boys, the urethra opens at the top of the penis rather than at the meatus, and in Girls, the urethra opens at the clitoris sometimes at the abdomen area. Phimosis: It is a painful condition due to the inability to retract the foreskin. Hydrocele: Condition in which scrotum swells due to fluid-filled sac. 3. Answer: c Explanation: Concept:-  Vulsellum forceps are used to grip the cervical lips to visualize the cervix and it is also used for the Vaginal Hysterectomy. It is a long scissor-type forceps with watched handles and long and thin in appearance. It is basically inward-facing and double-toothed points. Mainly designed for holding the area during uterine surgeries. Additional Information Types of Vulsellum Forceps Billroth (Pratt) tumor forceps Czerny vulsellum forceps Jacobs vulsellum forceps Littlewood vulsellum tissue forceps Museux Palmer vulsellum forceps 4. Answer: a Explanation: Concept:- Universal Precautions are a set of guidelines used to prevent health care workers from developing infections related to blood born conditions especially HIV AIDS and Hepatitis B. Following are the reasons for causing the infection to the health care workers:  semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood, and all body fluids in situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids Any unfixed tissue or organ (other than intact skin) from a human (living or dead) HIV-containing cell or tissue cultures, organ cultures, and HIV- or HBV- containing culture medium or other solutions; blood, organs, or other tissues from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV. Standard Precautions Hand hygiene. Use of personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, masks, goggles,). Respiratory hygiene Needle safety precautions Safe injection practices Sterile instruments and devices These universal precautions are used to protect the health care workers from exposure to the infection at the hospital setup. 5. Answer: b Explanation: Concept:- Assistive devices enhances the participation of disabled persons in the home and the community enabling them to make use of the opportunities for education, work and leisure in and assist them to be independent in the activities of daily living. Axillary crutch are the type of mechanical assistive device used for the short term assistance as an ambulatory device. Types of Assistive Devices 1. Orthoses: Orthoses are devices worn over a body part. For example, a brace, a splint or a calliper. These devices align and straighten the body part, prevent or correct deformities and support movement of that part of the body. It is an externally applied deviceused to modifythe structural and functional characteristics of the neuromuscular and skeletal system. They are person-specific and tailor-made to suit his measurements and needs. 1. Prostheses: Prostheses are devices designed to replace, partially or completely, a part of the body. For example, artificial teeth and artificial limbs like legs and arms. These are recommended in case of loss of that part of the body due to accidents, trauma or congenital problems, etc. 2. Crutches: These are mostly used by persons who have a mild level of disability in the lower limbs. Crutches are generally used when one needs more support than what is available with the cane. 3. W alkers: They assist individuals with a moderate degree of difficulty in walking. Walkers are generally without wheels. They offer stability and support while walking. Key Points It is a mobility device used by the patient for the short term basis, it is mainly used to shift the weight from the legs or from lower extrimities to the shoulders. 6. Answer: c Explanation: Meniere's disease is an inner Ear disorder that occurs due to the fluid changes in the middle ear and this condition causes vertigo, the sensation of spinning? It also leads to hearing problems and a ringing sound in the ear. Meniere’s disease usually affects only one ear initially but with time it may affect both ears. Symptoms of the disease may occur like an episode or an attack including Vertigo Hearing Loss in the affected ear Tinnitus or ringing sensation in the ear Loss of balance due to the fluid shift Nausea, Vomiting Headache People with the disease are treated pharmacologically with symptomatic treatment, surgery is not required for the disease. 7. Answer: b Explanation: Concept:- Growth hormone (GH), is also known as somatotropin or human growth hormone, The hormone is secreted by the Anterior lobe of the pituitary. It plays an important role in the growth of essential tissues in the body also in the growth of bones. Cells that secrete the growth hormones are Somatotrophs. The action of growth hormone becomes intense during puberty. Growth hormone stimulates protein synthesis increases fat breakdown, and provides the necessary energy for the body tissues for growth. It also opposes the action of insulin. GH may act directly on tissues, but more of its effect is rendered by the stimulation of the liver and other tissues to produce and release insulin-like growth factors, also known as somatomedin The serum level of insulin-like growth factors increases with the increase in the age and its concentration is reduces after the puberty. 8. Answer: c Explanation: Concept:- Glycogenolysis is a biochemical process in which glycogen breaks down into glucose-1-phosphate and glucose. The site of this reaction is hepatocytes and myocytes cells. Glycogenolysis occurs primarily in the liver and then it is stimulated by the hormones glucagon and epinephrine (adrenaline) During starvation there is a decrease in the blood glucose level, there is an increase in the level of glucagon and is secreted by the pancreas. Simultaneously there is decreased level of insulin secretion because of the actions of insulin, which are aimed at increasing the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen in cells and this process opposes the actions of glucagon. During this process, glucagon travels to the liver, where it stimulates glycogenolysis. Enzymes involved in the regulation of the process are Phosphorylase kinase catalyzes the interconversion between glucose-1- phosphate (G-l-P) and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) Glycogen phosphorylase 9. Answer: a Explanation: Concept:- Nephrons are the functional units present in the kidney, there are about 1,000,000 nephrons in each human kidney. It actually produces urine and helps to produce urine and also to remove the waste products from the body.  Each nephron in the human kidney is like a long tubule, around 30–55 mm (1.2– 2.2 inches) long. At the one edge, this tube is closed and folded in a double-walled or cup-like structure known as Renal Corpuscular Capsule or Bowman's capsule, It is filled with tiny capillaries and structures known as the glomerulus. Blood flows through this glomerulus through tiny arteries known as arterioles which reach and leave the glomerulus through the open end of the capsule. As this filtrate passes through the tubule, its composition is altered by the secretion of certain substances into it and by the selective reabsorption of water and other constituents from it. The final product is urine, which is further going through collecting tubules into the renal pelvis. Additional Information Kidneys receive blood from the renal arteries, left and right, which branch directly from the abdominal aorta Kidney and nervous system connect through renal plexus. Functions for kidney: Filteration Reabsorption Secretion Excretion Hormone Secretion Blood Pressure Regulation 10. Answer: d Explanation: Explanation:- Cardiogenic Shock: Condition in which the heart is unable to pump adequate blood to the systemic circulation is known as cardiogenic shock. Mainly occurs due to heart failure. Signs and Symptoms Pallor, cold and clammy skin Tachycardia Nausea and vomiting Pupil Dilation Weakness or fatigue Complications of cardiogenic shock Cardiopulmonary arrest. Dysrhythmia Renal failure  Multisystem organ failure. Ventricular aneurysm. Thromboembolic sequelae. Stroke Death Phases of Shock Phase 1: Compensated Phase In this stage, the body compensates with the relative fluid loss. In this phase, the body tries to compensate the adequate tissue perfusion to the brain and to the vital organs by increasing the action. The sympathetic Nervous System gets activated in this phase and it increases heart rate and body mechanism. This phase includes Restlessness and agitation Cold and Clammy Skin Delayed capillary refill Phase 2 Decompensated Phase It is the late phase of shock in which the body's compensatory mechanism fails to work or function properly. In this phase, the cardiac output drops, and the vascularity to the vital organs are also reduced. Vital organs like the heart, brain, kidney are unable to function properly. Patients may have disorientation due to decreased oxygen supply to the brain. The signs and symptoms of decompensated shock include: Tachycardia Disorientation Tachypnea Phase 3 Irreversible Phase In the last phase of shock, if a patient goes in this phase the reversal is not possible. This phase leads to multi-organ failure  All body systems functions get deteriorated in this phase. 11. Answer: c Explanation: The weight gain of neonates depends on their nutritional needs. As the weight gain of premature babies is different from that of Full-term babies. Premature babies are those who are delivered before the gestational age like before 37 weeks. Full-term babies are born at their actual gestational period. It might be as little as 5 grams a day for a tiny baby at 24 weeks, or 20 to 30 grams (about 1 ounce) a day for a larger baby at 33 or more weeks. Full-term babies should gain weight of 5 grams a day for the first 24 weeks and then for the next 33 weeks babies should gain weight of 25-30gram per day. Additional Information Weight gain in Premature babies are different because their body is: Not mature enough to balance water level in the body as their kidneys are premature They lose water from the skin and from the respiratory tract because of prematurity. 12. Answer: c Explanation: The correct answer Ampere. Key Points The ampere , symbol A , is the SI unit of electric current.  It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602 176 634 ×10 −19 when expressed in unit C, which is equal to A.s. Additional Information The seven SI base units , which are comprised of: Length - meter (m) Time - second (s) Amount of substance - mole (mole) Electric current - ampere (A) Temperature - kelvin (K) Luminous intensity - candela (cd) Mass - kilogram (kg) Joule : Joule is a unit of energy and is indicated by 'J'. It is expressed as the work required to produce one watt of power for one second. Gauss : The gauss symbol G (Sometimes Gs), is a unit of measurement of magnetic induction , also known as magnetic flux density. The unit is part of the Gaussian. Henry: The SI unit of magnetic permeance is webers per ampere-turn that is H (henry). 13. Answer: c Explanation: The correct answer is Madhya Pradesh. Key Points Pench National Park Pench National Park is located in the state of Madhya Pradesh. It is affectionately known as the "Land of the Jungle Book." It was created in 1975 as part of India's efforts to invest and protect the tiger population. Madhya Pradesh Capital: Bhopal  Chief Minister: Shivraj Singh Chouhan Governor: Mangubhai C. Patel National Parks: Bandhavgarh National Park, Kanha National Park, Madhav National Park, Mandla Fossils National Park, Van Vihar National Park, Panna National Park, Pench National Park, Sanjay National Park, Satpura National Park, Ghughua Fossil Park, Dinosaur National Park State Animal: Barasingha State Bird: Indian Paradise Flycatcher State Tree: Banyan Tree State Flower: Palash State Fruit: Mango Additional Information State National Parks Jim Corbett National Park, Nanda Devi National Park, Rajaji National Uttarakhand Park, Valley of Flowers National Park, Gangotri National Park Meghalaya Nokrek National Park, Balphakram National Park Mrugavani National Park, Kasu Reddy National Park, Telangana Vanasthali National Park 14. Answer: a Explanation: Explanation: Pulmonary Surfactant is the complex of Lipids and Proteins, it is secreted by the respiratory epithelium of the alveolar sacs. The composition of Pulmonary Surfactant is 90 percent lipids and 10 percent of protein. It is also known as Lecithin.  The function of pulmonary surfactant is to reduce the surface tension and to minimize the work during breathing, also to maintain the structural integrity of alveoli. It is produced by the Alveolar Type 2 cells of the lungs. Source of secretion of pulmonary surfactant: Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by two types of cells: 1. Type II alveolar epithelial cells: In the lungs, which are called surfactants secreting alveolar cells or pneumocytes. A characteristic feature of these cells is the presence of microvilli on their alveolar surface. 2. Clara cells: Which are situated in the bronchioles. These cells are also called bronchiolar exocrine cells. Significance of surfactant: Prevents collapse of alveoli Increases lung compliance Keeps alveoli dry Keeps lungs expanded Prevent pulmonary edema Allows fetal lung maturity 15. Answer: d Explanation: Concept:-  A hypothesis refers to a reasonable guess about the solution of a problem, which the researcher goes on to verify based on the relevant information collected by him/her. The purpose of the hypothesis is to define the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Hypothesis testing is framed in terms of two hypotheses: Research Hypothesis (H1): It consists of a statement about the expected relationship of the variables. It indicates the expected outcome of the study. If the researcher obtains a statistically significant finding for a research hypothesis, then the hypothesis is supported. For example, the hypothesis, “There is a difference between the learning styles of boys and girls”. Statistical/Null Hypothesis (H0): A null hypothesis proposes or predicts that there is no relationship between the two variables specified. It is a proposition that undergoes verification to determine if it should be accepted or rejected in favor of an alternative proposition. For example, the hypothesis: "There is no significant change in the performance of students when they are given remedial teaching", is an example of a null hypothesis. Rejection of the null hypothesis is equivalent to acceptance of the research hypothesis. So if a researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis then it means, the results are not significant and that there is insufficient evidence to support the idea of a real difference. Hence, from the above points, it can be concluded that if a researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis (H0) in his/her research, then it implies that the research hypothesis is rejected. 16. Answer: c Explanation: The correct answer is Kohler. Key Points Insightful learning Insight learning is one of the first cognitive theories of learning. Wolfgang Kohler was a psychologist who conducted experiments in which insight learning was observed in animal behaviour. Kohler experiment is to show the occurrence and importance of perceptual organization and insight in learning. Insight learning is the abrupt realization of a problem's solution. It happens regularly in each of our lives and all around us. Insight learning is also expressed as the "Aha moment". Insight is 'sudden' & doesn't need practice. Kohler He was a German psychologist and phenomenologist. His theory explains thinking and differing mental processes and how they are influenced by internal and external factors to produce learning in individuals. He stated that our perception is meaningful when we perceive them as wholes rather than the mere accumulation of sensations, images, or ideas. He considered learning as a reorganization of the learner's perceptual or psychological world. He proposed that not all kinds of learning depend on trial error or conditioning we use our cognitive processes also to learn. Additional Information Evan Pavlov He was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. He carried out experiments on the digestive glands, as well as investigated the gastric function of dogs.  He won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904. B.F. Skinner He was an American psychologist, behaviourist, author, inventor, and social philosopher. He developed behaviour analysis, especially the philosophy of radical behaviourism. Skinner, John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov are considered to be the pioneers of modern behaviourism. 17. Answer: c Explanation: Concept: Water reabsorption in the body is mainly done by the Anti Diuretic Hormone. Antidiuretic Hormone is also known as Vasopressinor arginine vasopressin. It is synthesized by the hypothalamus. Function: It helps to reabsorb the water through the kidneys. In case of hypovolemia or hyponatremia, the pituitary gland releases ADH which helps in the absorption of water. Explanation: Deficiency of ADH leads todiabetes insipidus. The body excretes a large amount of water in diabetes insipidus. 18. Answer: d Explanation: Comparative morphology is mainly the analysis of the pattern of the loci of the structures within the body plan of an organism that helps in forming the taxonomical categorization. This also helps in understanding the process of evolution because it helps in studying both living organisms and the fossils of their ancestors, and the studies ultimately get the origin of their species. Comparative anatomy and morphology similarities and differences among organisms of today and those who existed years ago. By interpretation of these similarities and differences, biologists can trace if such organisms have common ancestors or not. One of the very well-studied examples is the pattern of bones of forelimbs of animals like whales, tigers, bats, and man. Through these forelimbs, these animals perform different functions but the anatomical structure of these  organs is very similar. All of them have humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, & phalanges. Hence these animals have the same structure developed in different ways to adapt to different needs. These structures are known as homologous organs. These homologous organs prove to be important evidence in support of the theory of evolution. Homology indicates commonancestry. 19. Answer: a Explanation: Concept:- Bacillus Cereus is a microorganism that mainly causes Fried Rice Syndrome. Bacteria mainly causes two types of toxins Causes Diarrhea Vomiting  Bacteria also colonizers in uncooked rice also, so prevent the bacteria hot food to be kept at 140 degrees Fahrenheit or cold food lower than 40 degrees Fahrenheit. Bacillus cereus: B. cereus is a gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria. Its optimal temperature for growth is 30° C, with a minimum temperature for growth at 10° C and a maximum of 49° C. The pH range for growth is 4.9 to 9.3. Extremely large numbers (108 per gram) of viable cells of B. cereus must be ingested to develop signs and symptoms of the syndrome. Two syndromes are recognized: Diarrheal syndrome and Emetic syndrome.. Important Points Symptoms of Diarrheal syndrome : diarrhea, sometimes with blood and/or mucus nausea abdominal pain Symptoms usually start 8 to 16 hours after ingestion of contaminated food. Usually, symptoms disappear in 12 to 24 hours. Symptoms of E metic syndrome : vomiting nausea sometimes diarrhea Symptoms usually start 0.5 to 5 hours after ingestion of contaminated food. Usually, symptoms disappear in 6 to 24 hours. 20. Answer: b Explanation: Concept:-  A diuretic is defined as a drug thatincreases the rate of urine production and hence increases fluid loss from the body. Loop diuretics are the type which acts on the Loop of Henle. Diuretics flush potassium from the body so it can lead to low potassium levels in the blood. The imbalance of potassium leads to irregular heartbeat and it may cause a weak irregular pulse rate. Key Points Diuretics act by inhibiting sodium reabsorption from one or more sites along the nephron. And increased sodium excretion is accompanied by an anion chloride. Since sodium chloride is the major determinant of extracellular fluid volume. Hence diuretics reduce the extracellular fluid volume that is effective in edema by decreasing total body sodium chloride content (Hence option 1 is correct). Important Points Based upon the site of action diuretics can be classified as: Carbonic anhydrase act on Proximal Convoluted Tubule Loop diuretics act on Ascending loop of Hanle Thiazides act on DCT Potassium-sparing diuretics act on later distal tubule and collecting duct. Uses edema; Congestive heart failure; hypertension; Diabetes insipidus. 21. Answer: a Explanation: The correct answer isTwo. Key Points Union Territories Representation  Union Territories Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Andaman and Nicobar Islands - 1 Chandigarh - 1 Dadra and Nagar Haveli - 1 Daman and Diu - 1 Delhi 3 7 Lakshadweep - 1 Puducherry 1 1 Important Points Rajya Sabha Rajya Sabha is the second house and upper house of the Parliament and represents the states and union territories of the country. It has the right to protect the interests of the States and Union Territories when there is interference in their work by the Center. The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is 250 members (current strength - 245). The President of India nominates a total of 12 members to the Rajya Sabha. The Fourth Schedule of the Indian Constitution deals with the seat allocation of the Rajya Sabha. The election process of Rajya Sabha involves a method of proportional representation. The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Chairman:Jagdeep Dhankar Vice-Chairman: Harivansh Narayan Singh Additional Information Lok Sabha  Article 81 deals with the Composition of the Lok Sabha. The total strength of the Lok Sabha is 543. The Lok Sabha (Lower house of the People) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections were held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952. The Lok Sabha is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the Council of ministers. Speaker: Om Birla 22. Answer: c Explanation: Amikacin has the highest potential to cause ototoxicity among aminoglycoside antibiotics. It comes under the Second Line Drug for the treatment of Tuberculosis. Explanation: Treatment for TB Disease When TB bacteria become active (multiplying in the body) and the immune system can’t stop the bacteria from growing, this is called TB disease. TB disease will make a person sick. People with TB disease may spread the bacteria to people with whom they spend many hours. It is very important that people who have TB disease are treated, finish the medicine, and take the drugs exactly as prescribed. If they stop taking the drugs too soon, they can become sick again; if they do not take the drugs correctly, the TB bacteria that are still alive may become resistant to those drugs. TB that is resistant to drugs is harder and more expensive to treat. TB disease can be treated by taking several drugs for 6 to 9 months. The first-line anti-TB agents that form the core of treatment regimens are:  Isoniazid (INH) Rifampicin (RIF) Ethambutol (EMB) Pyrazinamide (PZA) Streptomycin 23. Answer: a Explanation: Given: The total students = 3240 The ratio of girls to boys of the school = 35 : 37 Concept: If A and B are in ratio then A:B= A B ​ Calculation: Let us assume the girls and boys in the school be 35x and 37x respectively and number of girls admitted be X ⇒ The sum of the boys and girls = 3240 ⇒ 35x + 37x = 3240 ⇒ 72x = 3240 ⇒ x = 45 ⇒ The number of girls = 35x = 35 × 45 = 1575 ⇒ The number of boys = 3240 - 1575 = 1665  ⇒ Now, according to the question ⇒ 1575 + X 1665 ​ = 1 1 ​ ⇒ 1575 + X = 1665 ⇒ X = 1665 - 1575 = 90 ⇒ The number of girls are added = 90 ∴ The required result will be 90. 24. Answer: b Explanation: Concept:- Enucleation is the removal of the entire eye along with the part of the optic nerve, so option 2 is correct and the process is the oldest form of surgery in ophthalmology. In the present era, the alternative surgeries for eye removal are Evisceration (which is the removal of only content of eyes and leaving behind the sclera) Exenteration. Indication of Enucleation: Intraocular malignancy like (uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma) Trauma without visual potential Blind and painful eye Severe infection without visual potential Sympathetic ophthalmia Microphthalmos Additional Information Phantom Eye Syndrome: is the phantom eye pain and visual hallucination after removal of the eye.  Enucleation of an eye and, similarly, retinal damage, lead to a cascade of events in the cortical areas receiving visual input. Cortical GABAergic (GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid) inhibition decreases, and it further leads to visual hallucinations. 25. Answer: d Explanation: Concept:- A term used for recovery from illness is known as Remission. It is also the temporary or permanent reduction in the symptoms. Types of Remission: Partial remission: is called when partially symptoms go. Complete remission: this is also called full remission when all the signs and symptoms completely go away. For both types of remission, the condition may last for at least one month of duration. 26. Answer: a Explanation: Key Points Phosphorylation refers to a process of addition of a phosphate group to a compound by reacting with inorganic phosphate or transfer of phosphate group from another organic phosphate. Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway by which ATP is formed as a result of phosphorylation reaction from ADP.  It forms an important part of the cellular respiratory system and is vital for energy production. Cellular respiration starts with glycolysis in the cytoplasm where glucose molecules are broken down to form pyruvate, ATP and NADH. Pyruvate goes into the TCA cycle which takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, to produce NADH and FADH2. After glycolysis and TCA cycle, there are 4 molecules of ATP, 10 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of FADH2 produced from 1 molecule of glucose. The NADH and FADH2 molecules transfer electrons to molecular oxygen and such redox reactions release energy to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. In order to harvest this energy in usable form, the release of energy should be gradual and thus, the electrons are transferred through a series of carriers located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This is known as the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation is linked to this. The ETC comprises of different protein complexes that act as electron carriers: Complex I - is NADH dehydrogenase that transfers electrons from NADH to Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone). Complex II - is succinate dehydrogenase that transfers electrons from succinate (TCA cycle intermediate) to coenzyme Q via FADH2. Complex III - receives the electrons from coenzyme Q, passes it from cytochrome b to cytochrome c and ultimately to complex IV. Complex IV - is cytochrome oxidase that carries electrons from cytochrome c to molecular oxygen, reducing it to H2O. Complex V - is ATP synthase that has the F0 and F1 components that are responsible for driving the phosphorylation reaction of ADP to form ATP. Important Points The electron transfers are coupled with proton transport from the matrix outwards through the complexes I, III and IV. This creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The proton gradient forms a pH gradient as well as electric potential, which forms an electrochemical gradient together and drives the protons back into the matrix from cytosol.  The ATP synthase complex acts as a protein channel for the protons to move through as the membrane itself is impermeable to ions. As the protons move through the F0 component, the F1 component undergoes rotation that drives ATP synthesis. Oxidative phosphorylation yields 32-34 ATP molecules. 27. Answer: d Explanation: Concept:- A pleural biopsy is a procedure to take a small piece of pleura to check for any cancerous growth. The site for aspiration is 10 cm lateral to the spine at 1 and 2 intercostal spaces. A biopsy is the removal of tissue from any part of the body to examine it for the disease. Some may remove a small tissue sample with a needle while others may surgically remove a suspicious nodule or lump. Most needle biopsies are performed on an outpatient basis with minimal preparation.  Additional Information During a needle biopsy, a long, thin needle is inserted through the skin and into the suspicious area. Cells are removed and analyzed to see if they are cancerous. During a needle biopsy, the doctor uses a special needle to extract cells from a suspicious area. A minimally invasive biopsy (for example, most skin biopsies) may be done in the doctor's office during the same visit the lesion is discovered. A small injection of numbing medicine can make the procedure almost painless. 28. Answer: d Explanation: Concept:- SA node is the natural pacemaker of the heart due to its ability to generate electrical impulses,it plays an important role in the conduction system of the heart. It generates 60 to 100 electrical stimuli per minute in a normal condition. The Sinoatrial node is a group of cells located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart. It is a node of muscles located on the lateral wall of the right auricle of our heart.  Its function is to generate contraction of auricles and thence, is known as a natural pacemaker. Human Heart The human heart is one of the most important organs responsible for sustaining life. The human heart is a four-chambered muscular organ. The size of the heart is the size of about a clenched fist. It functions throughout a person’s lifespan and is one of the most robust and hardest working muscles in the human body. Its function is to maintain a constant flow of blood throughout the body. This replenishes oxygen and circulates nutrients among the cells and tissues. 29. Answer: d Explanation: Concept:- As a primary group is a small group and the people of this group mainly have Face to face interaction. Primary groups are the group of people who are closely related to each other, they are emotionally connected with each other and share a basic life rule with each other. They share the decision of each other and mutual respect and understanding play an important role in the primary group. People in the primary group are connected in many ways like thought, attitude, and emotions Characteristics of Primary Group Face-to-face interaction: Members of the primary group has a close face-to-face interaction especially in the family set with the members. Intimacy: Members share a stronger and more intimate relationship with each other. Mutual Aid & Help: Members are always there to help each other in every pros and cons. We Feeling: Members have we dealing towards each other and they have a common feeling towards other members Small in Size: Primary groups are smaller in size. A large number decreases intimacy and loses the bond of the group. Physical proximity or nearness: Family members reside near each other and they live in close proximity. Frequent Interaction: As a small group has a small number of people they have frequent interactions with each other. Personal relation: Relation between people of a small group are nonformal in nature. The similarity of background: Small group people show similar backgrounds. Key Points As the people in the small group are emotionally connected and they have a nonformal kind of relationship so the options one is correct, other options are opt-in the characteristics of the small group.  The concept of the primary group was introduced by Charles Cooley, a sociologist from the Chicago School of sociology, in his book Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind (1909). Additional Information According to Charles Cooley - Family is the primary group and we are members of the primary group. The history of mankind is the history of the family. At birth, the child is only a biological being. His needs are fulfilled by his family. Right from birth to death, the family exerts a constant influence on the child. 30. Answer: d Explanation: Concept: Elements and their symbol: An element is a naturally occurring pure substance made up of the same type of atoms. They have identical nuclei consisting of the same number of protons. There are 118 elements found in nature and are arranged in a table according to their atomic number known as the periodic table. The elements are represented by their symbols. Each element has a unique symbol and some of the symbols are derived from their Latin names such as Au for Gold from Aurum , Pb for the lead from Plumbum. The periodic table shows us all the elements and their symbols.  Explanation: Tungsten ( W) is called wolfram. Tungsten is a greyish-white lustrous metal, which is solid at room temperature. Properties of Tungsten: Atomic Number: 74 Group Number: 6 T, Wn, Tnthese do not belong to any elements. 31. Answer: d Explanation: Explanation The pelvis is a basin-shaped structure that supports the spinal column and supports abdominal organs Additional Information Types Android pelvis It is the female pelvis with masculine features, it has the inlet of heart shape due to prominent sacrum and triangular anterior segment. Also known as Male pelvis More robust, narrower, and taller than the female pelvis. Gynecoid pelvis Female pelvis More delicate, wide, and not higher than the male pelvis. The pubic arch is wide and round The gynecological pelvis is the most common and ideal pelvis Anthropoid pelvis Narrow and deep. Shame is that of an upright egg or oval. Platypeloid Pelvis Transversely wide, flattened shape, and anteriorly wide. Short sacrum. 32. Answer: a Explanation: The correct answer is Investment. Key Points Investments The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines, and other equipment is called Investment. An investment is an asset or item acquired with the goal of generating income or appreciation. An investment involves putting capital to use today in order to increase its value over time. An investment requires putting capital to work, in the form of time, money, effort, etc., in hopes of a greater payoff in the future than what was originally put in. It can refer to any medium or mechanism used for generating future income, including bonds, stocks, real estate property, or a business, among other examples. Additional Information Disinvestment Disinvestment is the action of an organization or government selling or liquidating an asset or subsidiary. Disinvestments can take the form of divestment or a reduction of capital expenditures. It is carried out for a variety of reasons, such as strategic, political, or environmental. Trade Barrier Trae barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade. 33. Answer: c Explanation: Statements: G = L > E < A ≤ M Conclusion: i) L > M → False (As L > E < A ≤ M, There is definite relation between L and M) ii) G < A → False (As G = L > E < A, There is definite relation between G and A) iii) A > L → False (As L > E < A, There is definite relation between A and L ) Hence,None follows. 34. Answer: d Explanation: Concept:- Electro Myography (EMG) is the test done to measure the muscle response of electrical activity of muscles in response to nerve stimulation and the test is mainly done to detect neuromuscular abnormalities. During this test, the needle shape structure is inserted into the nerves through the skin or muscles known as Electrodes. After the insertion of electrodes into the muscle, the activities of the electric potential of skeletal muscles are seen on the monitor known as Oscilloscope. Results are seen in the form of waves, as the electrodes are inserted, the body responds by slight and forceful muscle contractions. Nerve conduction studies are also done for the same purpose as Electro Myography both are used to detect the nerve conduction of the muscles. The patient may feel little pain and discomfort during the EMG study.  EMG results show nerve damage and dysfunctions in the nerves and the signs of nerve damage are: Numbness or tingling sensations in the extremities Peripheral Muscle weakness Unable to hold the objects Sharp prickling pain at the extremities 35. Answer: c  Explanation: Concept:- The incubation period is also known as the Latent period or Latency Period, it is the time duration from first exposure to the infection or to the microorganisms to the appearance of first signs and symptoms. The diseases incubation period shows the multiplication time taken by the microorganism to develop the infection. The duration of the incubation period depends on the nature of the disease condition and its microorganism's replication capabilities. Additional Information Isolation Period: Period after confirmed infection to prevent the spreading of the infection to the others. In this phase infected person has to use personal protective equipment to prevent the spreading of infection. Quarantine Period: It is also the period in which the person who is infected and the others of their close contact has to be kept separate to prevent the spreading of infection. Recovery Period: This is the time duration after a disease condition when a person recovers to a healthy state from an unhealthy state. 36. Answer: c Explanation: Mitochondria are known as the "Power House of Cells" Concept: It is a double-layered cell organelle , in which the outer layer is porous and the inner layer is folded upon itself is known to be cristae. The number of mitochondria in a single cell may be up to 50 to 5000.  The inner lumen of mitochondria contains ribosome phosphate particles and DNA molecules. It has the potential to synthesize its own protein and oxidation of carbohydrates and fats are taken place with the help of enzymes in mitochondria. This energy is stored in the form of ATP ( Adenosine Triphosphate ) so, these are known as the "Powerhouse of the cell". Explanation: Cytochrome c is a small hemeprotein that is present on the inner mitochondrial membrane. It acts as a mobile electron carrier and transports electrons from complex III to Complex IV during ETS All the enzymes of the TCA cycle or Krebs cycle are present in the matrix of mitochondria except marker enzyme succinic dehydrogenase, which is present on the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP is synthesized in the inner mitochondrial membrane by the action of the enzyme ATP synthase, not in the per mitochondrial space. During Glycolysis 8 molecules of ATP are formed, but there is a net gain of only 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation). The rest of the ATPs are yielded during ETS. Additional Information  Points to remember about Mitochondria It is called the Powerhouse of the cell They make energy through respiration Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is made in Mitochondria Mitochondria are found in the Cytoplasm within the cell The outer membrane of Mitochondria is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. 37. Answer: d Explanation: Proteins- It is a type of protein that triggers the function of normal protein in the brain to fold. The smallest proteinaceous infectious particle is known as prions. Prions are infectious particle which is made up of only protein. Prions were named by Stanley Prusiner. The most notable diseases caused by prions are bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) commonly called mad cow disease in cattle and its analogous variant Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (CJD) in humans. Additional Information  Mad Cow Disease: Disease forms present in the cattles in which the infection is caused by the prions and it slowly destroys the brain and the spinal cord of the animal. and the human variant of this disease is known as Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease. The disease occurs due to infectious meat. There is no treatment and cure available for the disease. 38. Answer: a Explanation: Concept:- Psychoanalytic Approach: This approach developed by Sigmund Freud in the early 1900s, involves analyzing the root causes of behavior and feelings by exploring the unconscious mind and the conscious mind’s relation to it. Psychoanalysis can take on a variety of forms, varying from practitioner to practitioner. Psychoanalytical and psychodynamic therapies are based on an individual’s unconscious thoughts and perceptions that have developed throughout their childhood, and how these affect their current behavior and thoughts. Psychoanalysis focuses on an individual’s unconscious, deep-rooted thoughts that often stem from childhood. Through free association, dreams or fantasies, clients can learn how to interpret deeply buried memories or experiences that may be causing them distress. The central hypothesis of Freudian psychoanalysis is that human behavior is determined largely by unconscious motives. According to Freud, the unconscious contains repressed and unpleasant memories as these feelings might create pain or conflict, they are buried in the unconscious. It is a cost-effective psychoanalytic therapy in a naturalistic clinical setting. This theory helps in uncovering the roots of neurosis. The term ‘neurosis’ means a personality or mental disturbance due to any neurological dysfunction. It includes anxiety, post-traumatic stress,  compensation neurosis, depression, etc. The theory focuses on the unconscious mind and states that childhood experiences shape how a person feels and behaves throughout life. 39. Answer: b Explanation: Concept:- Each gram of fat gives 9 calories. Calories are the amount of energy released by the food when the food is digested and gets absorbed in the body. The more amount of calories a food provides more energy is released for the body. Calories are the unit of Energy. 40. Answer: d Explanation: The correct answer is Samudragupta. Key Points Samudragupta Samudragupta was the greatest king of the Gupta dynasty. He ruled from 335 AD to 380 AD. Samudragupta's military campaigns justify the description of him as the Napoleon of India by V.A. Smith. He assumed titles such as Kaviraja Param Bhagavat Ashvamedha- parakrama Vikram Sarva-rajochchhett only Gupta ruler had the title of Sarva-raj-ochchhetta.  He was on friendly terms with neighboring kings. He permitted the king of Ceylon to build a Buddhist monastery at Bodh-Gaya for the convenience of the Buddhist monks. Additional Information Founder of the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta Greek traveler Megasthenes visits India during his reign. He was assisted by the great philosopher Chanakya. He is known as Andhra Bhoja and Kannada Rajya Ramana. Krishnadeva He built the Vithalaswamy Temple and Hazar Rama Raya Temple in the Hoysala style of architecture. He was an Indian Mahayana Buddhist thinker, scholar- saint, and philosopher. Nagarjuna He is one of the greatest thinkers in the history of Asian philosophy. 41. Answer: a Explanation: Concept:- Keloid scars are the abnormal growth of scar or extended growth of scar beyond the border of the original injury. Keloids may have Pruritus and Hyperesthesia and have the chances of reoccurrence after the excision. Keloids occur because of soft skin injury, insect bite, acne, or any invasive mark including body piercing, sometimes due to bumps or scars. These are Non-Contagious or Non-Cancerous.  Keloids are caused by an excess protein deposition on the skin during healing. Keloids may grow for months or years then they stop growing, but Keloids may disappear only after the treatment. The symptoms of a keloid are: Pink and Red colored skin area. Raised and Lumpy area. Continuous growth in the skin edges. Itchy patch on the skin. Treatment: Cryotherapy Corticosteroid Treatment Keloids are sometimes confused with Hypertrophic Scars but the only difference between both is Keloids needs treatment to heal while Hypertrophic scars get healed with the time when the skin heals. Hypertrophic scars are painful and itchy as compared with the Keloids. Keloids can be prevented during wound healing by applying Pressure pads and Silicon Gel pads. 42. Answer: a Explanation: Given: The selling price of the CPU = 6325 The profit % = 15% Formula used: P% = SP − CP CP ​ × 100 P% = S P − C PC P × 100P%= SP − CPCP ×100 P % = SP − CP CP ​ × 100 Where, P = The profit, SP = The selling price, and CP = The cost price Calculation: Let us assume the cost price of the CPU be X  ⇒ According to the question ⇒ X + 0.15X = 6325 ⇒ 1.15X = 6325 ⇒ X = 5500 ⇒ The selling price of the CPU when it sell for 25% profit = 5500 + (5500 × 0.25) = 5500 + 1375 = 6875 ∴ The required result will be 6875. 43. Answer: b Explanation: Given: The bells ring at intervals = 88 and 58 seconds Concept: LCM = The least common multiple of the two or more numbers is the smallest non- zero common number of two or more numbers Calculation: Let us assume both ring will ring together again in X seconds ⇒The LCM of (88,58) = 2552 ⇒ The bells will ring together after 10 O'clock = 2552 seconds ∴ The required result will be 2552. 44. Answer: c  Explanation: Concept:- It is a New Born assessment findings in infants elbows cross the body midline without showing any resistance as the examiner stretches the one arm to another should. It is present in preterm infants born before 30 weeks of gestation. Also known as the Cross Body Adduction test. It is testing the passive tone of the flexors about the shoulder girdle. Infant positioned in the supine position, by adjusting infants head to the midline and supports infants hand across the upper chest with one hand. Key Points Tonic neck reflex: the tonic neck reflex is demonstrated in infants who are placed on their abdomens. Whichever side the child’s head is facing, the limbs on that side will straighten, while the opposite limbs will curl. This reflex lasts until the baby is about 5 to 7 months old. Gripping reflex: babies will grasp anything that is placed in their palm. The strength of this grip is strong, and most babies can support their entire weight in their grip. 45. Answer: b Explanation: The correct answer is Rowing. Key Points The Wellington Trophy is associated with Rowing. Rowing Rowing is the sport of racing boats using oars. Rowing is divided into two disciplines: Sculling and Sweep rowing.  It is one of the oldest Olympic sports. Additional Information Sports Trophy Horse Racing Grand National, Derby, Basketball Larry O'Brien Trophy, Walter A. Brown Trophy Car Racing Australian Tourist Trophy, AB Crookall Trophy. 46. Answer: a Explanation: The correct answer is 73. Key Points We observe that there is the formation of two series : One is 78,82,86 and another is 65,69,? In first pattern is: 78 + 4 = 82 82 + 4 = 86 Also in second series this pattern follows 65 + 4 = 69 69 + 4 = 73 So, the no in place of ? is 73. 47. Answer: b Explanation:  Concept:- Olfactory nerve aids sense of smell. That is the main nerve responsible for odor. Damage to the nerve can cause odor and taste distortion. Key Points The nerves which arise from the brain are called the cranial nerves. Humans and other mammals have 12 cranial nerves. There are 3 types of cranial nerves based on their action. Sensory Motor Mixed Explanation: There are three pairs of cranial nerves present in mammals that are purely sensory. These are I, II, VIII pairs of cranial nerves. Additional Information Purely Motor cranial nerves: III, IV, VI, XI, XII Mixed cranial nerves: V, VII, IX, X Important Points The longest cranial nerve is the Vagus nerve. The largest cranial nerve is the Trigeminal nerve. The smallest cranial nerve is the Abducens cranial nerve Olfactory nerve aids sense of smell. That is the main nerve responsible for odour. Damage to the nerve can cause odor and taste distortion. 48. Answer: d Explanation: Explanation: Phototherapy is also known as Light therapy or heliotherapy. In Phototherapy, either natural or artificial light is used to treat certain pathological conditions. Indications of Phototherapy: Newborns with hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice. Hyperbilirubinemia refers to the yellow appearance of the skin due to the deposition of bilirubin in the dermal and subcutaneous tissues. Neonatal Jaundice is also known as 'Icterus Neonatorum' Clinical findings indicate: Total Serum Bilirubin: > 5mg/dl Types of hyperbilirubinemia: Physiological and pathological Treatment:Phototherapy and Exchange Blood Transfusion Management of Phototherapy in Newborn Jaundice:  By the process of Structural isomerization, phototherapy converts unconjugated bilirubin molecules into a water-soluble form that is excreted via urine. The required wavelength of the light is 425-475 nm Distance between the baby and light is 30-45cm To avoid associated risks cover the baby's eyes and genitals Complications of Phototherapy: Retinal damage Hypocalcemia Rough and dry skin Gonadal Damage Bronze Baby Syndrome Additional Information Hypoglycemia: refers to a low blood glucose level in the blood characterized by tiredness, dizziness, and trembling. Necrotizing enterocolitis: it is an intestinal disease that commonly occurs in neonates. It is characterized by tissue injury or inflammation in the small or large intestine and causes them to die. Hemolytic disease: also known as erythroblastosis fetal which is developed as a result of Rh incompatibility in the fetus. 49. Answer: a Explanation: Concept:- Myopia is caused due to excessive curvature of the eye lens and can be corrected by using a concave lens. Myopia: Also known as near-sightedness.  The far point is nearer than infinity. A person with this defect can see nearby objects but cannot see distant objects distinctly. The image of the distant object is formed in front of the retina. Arise due to - (a) excessive curvature of the eye lens, (b) elongation of the eyeball. Correction - concave lens of suitable power. Hypermetropia: The focal length of the eye lens is too long and can be corrected by the convex lens of suitable power. Presbyopia: Decreases the power of accommodation and can be corrected by using bi-focal lenses. 50. Answer: c Explanation: Explanation: Bio-Degradable : Substances that are broken down by biological processes (bacteria) are said to be biodegradable.  For example all living and non-living plants and animals, vegetables, jute and fruits, paper, food wastage. Non-Bio- Degradable: Substances that are not broken down by biological processes(bacteria) are said to be non-biodegradable. These substances may be inert and simply persist in the environment for a long time. They may harm the various members of the ecosystem. For example plastics, oil, detergent, glass, metals concrete, nylon, polythene bags etc. Thus,Polythene bags are non-biodegradable waste. 51. Answer: d Explanation: The correct answer is gain of oxygen Concept: Chemical Reactions: A process in which one or more compounds are formed as products completely different from the reacting substances is known as a chemical reaction. There is generally a change in heat, colour, or appearance when a chemical reaction takes place. The evolution of gas may also occur. A chemical reaction may be reversible or irreversible in nature. Oxidation reaction: Oxidation Reaction refers to a reaction in which either the addition of Oxygen takes place or the removal of Hydrogen takes place.  It can also be said as the process of loss of one or more electrons by atoms or ions. Example is: 2Mg + O 2 = 2MgO Reduction Reaction: Reduction Reaction refers to a reaction in which either the addition of Hydrogen takes place or the removal of oxygen takes place. In the process of reduction, a chemical species also gains electrons. It is the reverse of the oxidation reaction. Example is: H 2 + F 2 → 2HF Explanation: Oxidation is a chemical reaction that is characterized by loss of electron addition of oxygen atom removal of the hydrogen atom The substance that undergoes oxidation is said to be oxidized. The loss of electrons and an increase in the oxidation state are the characteristics of an oxidation reaction. For example: H 2S + Cl 2 → 2HCl + S In this reaction, the chlorine is getting reduced to hydrochloric acid (HCl) on the addition of hydrogen provided by Hydrogen sulfide (H 2S). 52. Answer: d Explanation: The correct answer is 1951 to 1956. Key Points First five-year plan The first five-year plan was based on the Harrod-Domar Model. It was launched in 1951 and mainly focused on the development of the primary sector. The process began with the setting up of the Planning Commission in March 1950. Its objective is to promote a rapid rise in the standard of living of the people by efficient use of the resources of the country, increasing production, and offering opportunities to all for employment in the service of the community. The Planning Commission was charged with the responsibility of making assessments of all resources of the country, augmenting deficient resources, formulating plans for the most effective and balanced utilization of resources, and determining priorities. 53. Answer: d Explanation: The correct answer is Patriarchal family. Key Points Patrilocal Family: A patriarchal family is a type of family in which all authority belongs to the paternal side. In this family, the eldest male or the father is the head of the family. He exercises his authority over the members of the family. He presides over the religious rites of the household; he is the guardian of the family goods. A patrilocal residence is structured by a rule that a man remains in his father's house after reaching maturity and brings his wife to live with his family after marriage. Daughters, conversely, move out of their natal household when they marry. Thus, a p atriarchal type family comes under the male head of the family possessing all powers. Additional Information Joint Family A family which lives together with all family members up to the second generation like grandparents, parents, uncles, aunts, and their children is called a joint family. Such a type of family arrangement is especially common in India. Extended Family An extended family is used in a broader sense than a joint family. The extended family is a family that consists of parents, children, uncle, aunt, grandparents, their relatives, etc. Matrilocal Family It is a form of family in which authority is centered on the wife or mother. The matriarchal family system implies the rule of the family by the mother, not by the father. In this type of family, women are entitled to perform religious rites and the husband lives in the house of the wife.  Nuclear Family A nuclear family consists of a couple and their children(1 or more). It is also known as elementary family conjugal family or small family. Single Parent Family Single - parent families are families with children under age 18 headed by a parent who is widowed or divorced and not remarried, or by a parent who has never married. In such types of families, children live with only one parent. 54. Answer: d Explanation: Concept:- Eligible Couple: Are they currently married couples in their reproductive age or childbearing age. Key Points The Union Cabinet on 15 December 2021 took the decision to raise the legal age of marriage for women from 18 to 21 years. The legal age of marriage for men is already 21 years. The government will amend the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, Special Marriage Act, and the Hindu Marriage Act to implement the new decision to increase the legal age of marriage of women. Important Points The proposal was based on the recommendation of the NITI Aayog task force headed by Jaya Jaitly. Senior officials of the health ministry, women and child development ministry, and law ministry were members of the task force set up in June 2020. The task force was formed to examine matters pertaining to the age of motherhood, imperatives of lowering MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate), improvement of nutritional levels, and related issues.  The task force has also recommended that sex education be formalized and introduced in the school curriculum. Additional Information Personal laws of various religions that deal with marriage have their own standards, often reflecting custom. For Hindus, The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 sets 18 years as the minimum age for the bride and 21 years as the minimum age for the groom. In Islam, the marriage of a minor who has attained puberty is considered valid. The Special Marriage Act, 1954 and the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 also prescribe 18 and 21 years as the minimum age of consent for marriage for women and men, respectively. For the new age of marriage to be implemented, these laws are expected to be amended. 55. Answer: b Explanation: The correct answer is Unity of Command. Key Points Unity of Command It is the management principle states that no subordinate in a formal organization should take orders and report to more than one superior. Its purpose is to ensure unity of effort, under a responsible person, to complete a task. It is one of Henry Fayol's 14 management principles. This principle states that there should only be one superior for a subordinate. That is, an employee or worker should not have many bosses or superiors. Additional Information  Management Principles Division of work- All tasks are specialized. Authority- The right to give orders and sanction subordinates. Discipline- Obedience of subordinates. Unity of Command- Each subordinate answers to only one manager, not several. Unity of direction- Each area of the hierarchy should have one objective. Subordination of interests- Individual interests are secondary to those of the organization as a whole. Remuneration- FAir pay for all employees. Centralization- Degree of delegation down through the ranks. Scalar chain- Authority should go from one step down to the next, but communication ion allowed across levels where necessary. Order- Resources and people to be in the right place at the right time. Equity- Equal treatment for all employees. Tenure- Stable employment prospects. Initiative- Employees are allowed to exercise their own initiative. Esprit de corps- Team spirit, everybody working together in unity and harmony. 56. Answer: b Explanation: Concept:- Kidney stones, also known as Nephrolithiasis are formed mainly by Calcium Oxalate. Kidney stones are basically solid masses that are formed due to the high presence of oxalate in the urine and very less liquid. The crystals of the oxalate along with cysteine or phosphate forms a solid mass known as the kidney stone. Explanation  From the above explanation, we can see that the stones formed in the human kidney mainly consist of calcium oxalate Calcium oxalate is the main constituent of most stones, many of which form on a foundation of calcium phosphate called Randall’s plaques, which are present on the renal papillary surface. Stone formation is highly prevalent, with rates of up to 14.8% and increasing, and a recurrence rate of up to 50% within the first 5 years of the initial stone episode. Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome are considered risk factors for stone formation, which, in turn, can lead to hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and end-stage renal disease. Management of symptomatic kidney stones has evolved from open surgical lithotomy to minimally invasive endourological treatments leading to a reduction in patient morbidity, improved stone-free rates, and better quality of life. Prevention of recurrence requires behavioral and nutritional interventions, as well as pharmacological treatments that are specific for the type of stone. 57. Answer: d Explanation: Concept:- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus is the term used for any strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics which include the penicillins and cephalosporins. Important Points It can be transmitted to others via direct contact i.e. human-to-human contact and droplet infection; indirectly by contaminated objects. Clinical manifestations are soft tissue infection, musculoskeletal infection, respiratory infection and bacteremia, and related complications. Precautions are handwashing, use of personal protective equipment, environmental hygiene, and injury prevention.  Management: Key Points While the treatment options are limited, hence it results in higher morbidity and mortality. Drug of choice for MRSA- Antibiotics such as Clindamycin; Vancomycin; Doxycycline; Linezolid and Daptomycin 58. Answer: c Explanation: Concept:- Psychotherapy: it is a form of treatment used to facilitate positive changes in personality, behavior, or adjustment. While giving psychotherapy an individual is considered and therapy is given to change his/her behavior is known as Individual Psychotherapy. Explanation: The objective of psychotherapy: 1. Removing modifying or retarding existing symptoms. 2. Changing disturbed patterns of behavior. 3. Promoting positive personality growth and development. 4. Finding out causes for emotional problems. 5. Environmental manipulation. 6. Manage – discomfort or distress. Additional Information Psychotherapy: is a way to help people with a broad variety of mental illnesses and emotional difficulties. Psychoanalysis:therapy that aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and  bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free association. 59. Answer: a Explanation: Explanation- The menarche marks the onset of puberty in females. The average age is 13 years. In females, menarche is the first menstrual cycle. The menarche time is influenced by female biology, as well as genetic nutritional, and environmental factors. It is the signal of fertility in women. Terms Description Menopause It is a time at which a woman's reproductive capacity is over. Adolescence Humans are between the ages of 13 years to 18 years. It is the periodic discharge of blood and mucosal tissue through Menstruation the vagina from the inner lining of the uterus. 60. Answer: d Explanation:  Concept:- One Community Health Centre (CHC/Rural Hospital) for a population of 1,20,000 people in the plains and for 80000 in tribal and hilly areas. Community Health Centre (CHC): A 30 bedded Hospital/Referral Unit for 4 PHCs with Specialized services Additional Information The three-tier system is based on the following population criteria: Population Norms Centre Plain Area Hilly/Tribal/Difficult Are Sub Centre 5000 3000 Primary Health Centre 30,000 20,000 Community Health Centre 1,20,000 80,000 61. Answer: d Explanation: Concept:- Research is a systematic way of investigation, a process of discovering new knowledge. A research strategy is ideally a research model of conducting research that can be verified by the research community. Scientific research: Scientific research is the systematic investigation of existing scientific theories and hypotheses. T