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REVIEWER (GE 104) HISTORY Study of the past Derived from the Greek word Historia. HISTORIA- Means knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation. History as a discipline Existed around 2, 400 years and as old as Mathematics and Philosophy....

REVIEWER (GE 104) HISTORY Study of the past Derived from the Greek word Historia. HISTORIA- Means knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation. History as a discipline Existed around 2, 400 years and as old as Mathematics and Philosophy. Known as the account of the past of the person or of a group of people through written documents or historical evidence. Write about the lives of important individuals like monarchs, saints, and nobilities. No document, No history. Receipts, personal letters, chronicle’s accounts, government records etc. Historiography Writing of history, especially the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources. ❖ External criticism- practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics ❖ Internal Criticism-is the examination of the evidence. It looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production Historical Sources It is the most important research tool of a historian. It can be classified into two categories: primary and secondary sources. 1. Primary Sources- are those sources produced at the same time as the event period, or subject being studied. 2. Secondary Sources- it can be defined in two ways; it is anything about a historical event which was created using primary sources, and/or which one or more stages removed from the time period and the event. Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources THE 3GS OF COLONIAL HISTORY- When the Philippines is under the Imperial Spain, its discovery was propelled by God, Gold and Glory. THE VOYAGE OF MAGELLAN TO THE PHILIPPINES Magellan was a Portuguese who served under the flag and King of Spain began traveling in 1519 from Spain to make the first voyage around the world. Magellan's exploration consists of five ships called San Antonio, Santiago, Concepcion, Victoria, and Trinidad with 264 sailors. Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage to the Philippines was one of the accomplishments of Spain in early modern times; it was an event during the reign of Charles I (1516-1556). These voyages were the prelude to the great event of early modern times which history writers refer to as the Commercial Revolution. The Treaty of Tordesillas gave Spain the right to venture into the unexplored regions of the South Seas as the Pacific Ocean was then called. Spain, however, did not make use of this right until many years later. In 1519, Spain launched their expedition to the East. That year, Ferdinand Magellan left the port of San Lucas de Barrameda on a voyage of discovery which eventually took him to the Philippines. ❖ 16th march 1521 Magellan arrived at the Archipelago of San Lazaro or Islas de San Lazaro (a term given by Magellan to the Philippines). Since the Spaniards did not yet know that they had crossed the International Date Line, the date was extended by one day and made March 17th. ❖ Homonhon Magellan first went to the island of Homonhon in Samar. Meanwhile, Magellan was able to talk to the natives through Enrique, a Malay who served as an interpreter who was said to be Magellan's slave. Enrique had been with Magellan since 1511 after the Portuguese conquered Malacca. Pigafetta called him Hinrich (in Portuguese). According to Pigafetta, Hinrich or Enrique was a native of Sumatra. ❖ 31st March 1521 The Spaniards reached Limasawa in Leyte and held the first mass in the archipelago led by Father Pedro de Valderrama. The incident is based, according to Antonio Pigafetta, but based on another group, it is said to have been held in Masao, Butuan. which was in Agusan del Norte in Mindanao. After the mass, the Spaniards built a cross on top of a hill. It was witnessed by Rajah Kolambu, leader of Limasawa and his brother Rajah Siaui, leader of Butuan. ❖ 5th April 1521 When Magellan arrived in Cebu, they built a cross on the shore, which means that they claimed the territory on behalf of Spain. ❖ 7th April 1521 The Spaniards came to Cebu. They were accepted by Rajah Humabon, the leader of ❖ 14th April 1521 The baptism of the natives of Cebu was performed. Rajah Humabon and his wife Hara Amihan were also baptized. Magellan gave the image of Santo Ninio as a gift to Hara Amihan. After his baptism, Rajah Humabon was given a new name, Carlos, in honor of King Charle V of Spain while Hara Amihan was named Juana, the wife of Charles V. ❖ 27th April 1521 The battle took place in Mactan where Magellan was killed. Lapu-Lapu, the leader of Mactan refused to recognize the power of Spain. The Spaniards were defeated in battle because Magellan did not plan well in the invasion this is probably because they underestimated the ability of the natives to fight. They also did not think that their cannons would not be useful because they could not get close to the shore because of the coral reefs. When Magellan died, Duarte Barbosa and Juan Serrao succeeded him as head of the expedition, but were later assassinated by Rajah Humabon, who had doubts about his alliance with foreigners. ÁLVARO DE SAAVEDRA CERON was one of the Spanish explorer in the Pacific Ocean. The first to the Far East to be lifted out on Mexican soil consisted of the three ships: the Florida, the Santiago, Espiritu Santo and it had 120 men. The expedition has four (4) goals. First, is to see what might have happened to the survivor of the Magellan expedition. Second, is to look for Trinidad which had not been heard from. Third, is to inquire about what became of the Cabot expedition; and lastly, to see what happened to the Loaisa Expedition. THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION On November 1, 1542, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos starte his expedition to the Philippines from Barra de Navidad, New Spain or Nueva España (now Mexico). He was the brother-in-law of Antonio de Mendoza, then viceroy of New Spain, who appointed him to commander the expedition. THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION The failure of Villalobos' expedition had quite a sobering effect upon Charles I’s colonial ambitions. Since none of the expeditions after Magellan from Loaisa to Villalobos had succeeded in taking over the Philippines, King Charles I stopped sending colonizers to the Islands. However, when Philip II succeeded his father to the throne in1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of Mexico, to prepare a new expedition – to be headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who would be accompanied by Andres de Urdaneta, a priest who had survived the Loaisa mission. 13th February 1565 Legaspi's expedition landed in Cebu island. After a short struggle with the natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi made a blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a sign of friendship. Legaspi was able to obtain spices and gold in Bohol due to his friendship with Sikatuna. 27th April 1565 Legaspi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Rajah Tupas and establish a settlement. On orders of King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico. They built the port of Fuerza de San Pedro which became the Spanish trading outpost and stronghold for the region. 8th May 1565 Martin de Goiti arrived at Manila and they were welcomed by the natives and formed an alliance with Rajah Suliman, their Muslim king but as the locals sensed the true objectives of the Spaniards, a battle between the troops of Suliman and the Spaniards erupted. Because the Spaniards were more heavily armed, the Spaniards were able to conquer Manila. Soon after Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to join Goiti in Manila. Legaspi built alliances and made peace with Rajahs Suliman, Lakandula and Matanda. In 1571, Legaspi ordered the construction of the walled city of Intramuros and proclaimed it as the seat of government of the colony and the capital of the islands. In 1572, Legaspi died and was buried at the San Agustin Church in Intramuros. In 1574, Manila was bestowed the title "Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de España" (Distinguished and ever loyal city of Spain) by King Philip II of Spain. Juan de Plasencia, Customs of the Tagalogs Juan de Plasencia, a Spanish priest of the Franciscan Order, spent most of his missionary life in the Philippines, where he founded numerous towns in Luzon and wrote several religious and linguistic books. Plasencia is reported to have arrived in the Philippines in 1578 and joined forces with another missionary, Fray Diego de Oropesa. He wrote number of books intended to promote the understanding of both the Spanish language among the natives, and the local languages among the missionaries, to facilitate the task of spreading Christianity. Plasencia is believed to have authored the first book printed in the Philippines, the Doctrina Cristiana, which was not only printed in Spanish but also in Tagalog, in both Latin script, and the commonly used Baybayin script of the natives of the time, and it even had a version in Chinese. KARTILLA NG KATIPUNAN Emilio Jacinto y Dizon (December 15, 1875 -April 16, 1899)was one of the highest ranking officers during the Philippine Revolution. He joined the secret society Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, better known as the Katipunan, at the age of 19. Born in Trozo, Tondo Manila. Parents: Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon. Wife: Catalina de Jesus Heserved as the advisor on fiscal matters and secretary to Andres Bonifacio. He edited the revolutionary newspaper of the Katipunan called Kalayaan under the pseudonym “Dimasilaw” and used the monicker “Pingkian” in the secret society. Identified as the Brain of the Katipunan, he authored the Kartilya ng Katipunan. Kartilla served as the guidebook for new members of the organization, which laid out the group's rules and principles. Died on April 16, 1899 (23 years old) at Brgy. San Juan, Sta. Cruz Laguna. Resting place: Manila North Cemetery then later transferred at Himlayang Pilipino Memorial Park in Quezon City. Examination of the Author’s Main Argument In analyzing the author’s argument and point of view, you should ask yourselves the following questions: 1. Who is the speaker/source? (Age, gender, profession/work, social status, etc.) 2. What is the occasion? (Circumstances, current situation, place, time, etc.) 3. Who is the intended audience?(Written privately or written to be read/heard by others) 4. What is the purpose? (Motives, beliefs, ideology, etc.) 5. What is the subject? (Topic, content, ideas) 6. What is the tone? (Emotions, etc.) DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE The Filipinos painstakingly struggled for detachment from their colonial masters. While It took the early revolts a myriad of motives, the 1896 Philippine Revolution led by Andres Bonifacio and his Katipunan, hoped for a better cause – freedom. While Bonifacio was the supremo of Katipunan, it was Emilio Jacinto who laid the values that every Katipunero had to carry with them at all times. Below is Jacinto’s “Teachings of Katipunan” or sometimes called “Kartilla.” Though Bonifacio and Jacinto did not see the fruits of their struggles, on June 12, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo, along with the generals of the revolution, declared the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite. SITES OF THE FIRST MASS On Easter Sunday, 31st of March 1521 a small island port named Mazaua hosted the first Christian mass. The two eyewitnesses Antonio Pigafetta (1523) and Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas (1601) “Massawa,”-means bright light and clear crystal. The historian Sonia Zaide identified the site of the first Christian mass in Butuan as Masao (also Mazaua). Zaides claim was supported by the diary of Magellan’s chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta. 1. Limasawa Island, Southern Leyte- The most famous is Limasawa Island, an island town in Southern Leyte, which the Philippine government recognized as the actual site of the First Mass. Island was also known by the powerful Roman Catholic Church as the site of the first mass landed by Magellan with his crew. 2. Masao or Mazaua in Butuan City, Agusan del Norte- The Butuanons and their supporters advocate that Magellan and his men landed in Mazaua for the reason that it has the anchorage, rice fields, gold, antique “balanghai” and other artifacts which they unearthed in scattered areas in Butuan City. 3. Homonhon Island, Eastern Samar- According to the groups that were supporting the first mass in Homonhon: Magellan and his companions on the island, they had a mass in the Isle to thank God for their safe journey from Guam and the vast Pacific Ocean. 4. Mahaba Island, Placer, Surigao del Norte- Finally, in the North-East of Mindanao, another group, said that the expedition of Magellan was the first Mass in Surigao del Norte, Mahaba Island. CAVITE MUTINY Jose Rizal dedicated his novel “El Filibusterismo” to the three priests, Mariano Gomez, 85 years old, Jose Burgos, 30 and Jacinto Zamora, 35 who were executed at Bagumbayan Field in the morning of February 17, 1872. THE SPANISH PERSPECTIVE OF THE 1872 CAVITE MUTINY- Jose Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish historian documented the event and highlighted it as an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. THE FILIPINO VERSION OF THE CAVITE INCIDENT- Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and researcher, wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite. In his point of view, the incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges.