RPH-PRELIM-REVIEWER.docx

**I. Introduction to Historical Inquiry** \- Definition of history as a discipline focused on human activities in the past. \- Importance of understanding historical context and methodologies. **II. Key Terms and Concepts** 1\. Discipline Concerned with Human Activities in the Past \- History a...

**I. Introduction to Historical Inquiry** \- Definition of history as a discipline focused on human activities in the past. \- Importance of understanding historical context and methodologies. **II. Key Terms and Concepts** 1\. Discipline Concerned with Human Activities in the Past \- History as the systematic study of past events, societies, and cultures. \- Emphasis on the analysis of human behavior and societal evolution. 2\. Greek Word for Knowledge Acquired Through Inquiry \- The term \"historia\" translates to inquiry or investigation, highlighting the importance of research in historical studies. 3\. Father of Scientific History \- Thucydides is recognized as the Father of Scientific History due to his rigorous methods in documenting the Peloponnesian War. \- His approach emphasized factual accuracy, reliance on eyewitness accounts, and critical analysis of sources, distinguishing his work from that of earlier historians like Herodotus. 4\. Humanistic Focus in Historical Recording \- Herodotus, often called the Father of History, approached history with a narrative style that included storytelling and myth, contrasting with Thucydides\' more analytical perspective. \- Herodotus emphasized cultural and moral lessons from historical events, making his work a blend of history and literature. **III. Philosophical Foundations of Historical Inquiry** 5\. Essential Philosophy Anchoring the Scientific Method \- Empiricism asserts that real knowledge comes from observation and experience, forming the basis for historical research methods. \- Thucydides exemplified this by prioritizing direct evidence and firsthand accounts in his writings, setting a standard for future historians. 6\. Determinations Made by Historians \- Historians interpret events based on available evidence, context, and their analytical frameworks. \- This subjective element underscores the importance of critical thinking in historical scholarship. **IV. Types of Historical Sources** 7\. Simultaneous Sources \- Primary sources are materials created during the time under study, such as letters, official documents, and eyewitness accounts. \- Thucydides\' work is a prime example, as he documented events he personally experienced, providing invaluable insights into the Peloponnesian War. 8\. Criticism of Primary Sources \- Source criticism involves analyzing the authenticity, context, and bias of primary sources. \- Historians must evaluate the reliability of sources to construct accurate narratives of the past. **V. Significant Historical Evidence** 9\. New Historical Evidence of Philippine Trade \- Recent findings indicate that the Philippine islands were engaged in trade as early as the 10th century, challenging previous assumptions about their historical development. \- This evidence enhances our understanding of Southeast Asian trade networks and cultural exchanges during that period. 10\. Important Travelogue in Pre-Colonial Philippines \- The travelogue of Antonio Pigafetta, chronicling Ferdinand Magellan\'s expedition, serves as a crucial primary source for studying pre-colonial Philippine history. \- Pigafetta\'s accounts provide insights into local cultures, economies, and interactions with European explorers, highlighting the complexity of historical narratives in the region. **VI. Conclusion** \- The study of history is a dynamic field that relies on rigorous methodologies and critical analysis. \- Understanding the contributions of figures like Thucydides and Herodotus enriches our comprehension of historical inquiry and its evolution as a discipline. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ History is a multifaceted discipline that encompasses the study of past human experiences and their impact on the present. Unlike other fields that focus on the divine or mythical, history is uniquely concerned with the actions, decisions, and circumstances that have shaped the course of human civilization. This focus on human activities sets history apart as a discipline that seeks to understand the complexities of the human condition through the lens of the past. At its core, history is a field of inquiry that employs systematic methods to collect, analyze, and interpret evidence from the past. Historians, much like researchers in other scientific disciplines, engage in a process of investigation to uncover the unknown and answer questions about the human experience. Through the careful examination of primary sources, such as documents, artifacts, and oral histories, historians construct narratives that shed light on the past and its relevance to the present. One of the defining characteristics of history is its concern with the past. While other social sciences may focus on contemporary issues and trends, historians are primarily interested in understanding the events, processes, and developments that have occurred over time. By studying the past in its historical context, historians can gain insights into the factors that have influenced human behavior, social structures, and cultural traditions. This focus on the past allows historians to trace the evolution of ideas, institutions, and societies, and to identify patterns and continuities that can inform our understanding of the present. The three dimensions of history -- its focus on human activities, its nature as a field of inquiry, and its concern with the past -- work together to create a rich and multifaceted discipline that offers valuable insights into the human experience. By studying the actions and decisions of individuals and societies in the past, historians can shed light on the complexities of the human condition and the factors that have shaped the course of human civilization. Through the systematic collection and analysis of evidence, historians construct narratives that challenge our assumptions and expand our understanding of the past, present, and future. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Repositories of Primary Sources** Primary sources are first-hand accounts or original materials that provide direct evidence of a topic or event. These sources can be found in various repositories, including archives, libraries, and museums. Archives Archives are collections of materials, often rare or unique, generated or created by individuals or organizations, which are of historical value and preserved for current and future use. Examples include: \- National Archives of the Philippines - houses about 60 million documents from the Spanish rule, American and Japanese occupations, and the Republic \- Regional and local archives - may contain letters, diaries, photographs, government records, and other historical documents Libraries Libraries, especially research libraries, may have collections of primary sources such as manuscripts, rare books, maps, newspapers, and other historical documents. Some notable examples are: \- National Library of the Philippines - the official national library, located near other culturally significant buildings \- University and academic libraries - often have special collections and archives related to specific fields of study Museums Museums collect, preserve, and display objects of historical or cultural significance, which can serve as primary sources. These include artifacts, art, maps, sound and video recordings, furniture, and realia. Government Agencies Government agencies may maintain archives or repositories of primary sources related to administrative records, policy documents, legal proceedings, and other materials related to governance. Examples include: \- National Historical Commission of the Philippines - promotes Philippine history and cultural heritage through research, dissemination, conservation, and sites management \- Government archives and records offices To conduct thorough historical research, it is essential to explore multiple repositories and utilize both primary and secondary sources. By accessing these diverse collections, researchers can gain a comprehensive understanding of the past and draw their own conclusions. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **I. Introduction** \- Overview of the significance of historical texts in understanding pre-colonial Philippines. \- Brief introduction to the three texts: Laguna Copperplate Inscription, Chau Ju Kua\'s "Chu Fan Chi", and Antonio Pigafetta\'s account of Magellan\'s voyage. **II. Laguna Copperplate Inscription** A. Description and Discovery \- Official acquittance certificate inscribed on copper, dated to A.D. 900. \- Discovered in 1989 near the Lumbang River, Laguna, Philippines. \- Written in Old Malay with Sanskrit and Old Javanese elements. B. Content and Historical Significance \- Documents the existence of political entities in the Philippines, including the Tagalog city-state of Tondo. \- Details the clearance of a debt, indicating a structured society with rulers and trade networks. \- Challenges previous notions of isolation in pre-colonial Philippine history and suggests connections with broader Southeast Asian trade systems. **III. Chau Ju Kua\'s "Chu Fan Chi"** A. Overview A 13th-century Chinese text detailing trade and foreign relations, particularly with Southeast Asia. B. Content and Insights \- Descriptions of various Southeast Asian countries, including the Philippines. \- Provides insights into the trade practices, cultural exchanges, and perceptions of foreign lands from a Chinese perspective. C. Historical Context \- Highlights the significance of maritime trade in shaping regional interactions. \- Reflects the complexity of pre-colonial societies and their economic activities. **IV. Antonio Pigafetta\'s Voyage Around the World by Magellan** A. Background \- Italian explorer and chronicler who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan on his expedition (1519-1522). B. Content of the Account \- Detailed observations of the cultures, peoples, and geography encountered during the voyage. \- Notable descriptions of the Philippines, particularly the encounter with local leaders and customs. C. Historical Significance \- Provides one of the earliest European accounts of the Philippines, shaping Western perceptions of the archipelago. \- Highlights the impact of European exploration on indigenous societies and subsequent colonial narratives. **V. Comparative Analysis** A. Cultural and Historical Contexts \- Comparison of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription\'s focus on local governance and debt relief with the broader trade and cultural exchanges depicted in "Chu Fan Chi" and Pigafetta\'s account. B. Influence on Historical Understanding \- How each text contributes to a more nuanced understanding of pre-colonial Philippine society and its connections to regional dynamics. **VI. Conclusion** \- Summary of the importance of these texts in reconstructing the history of the Philippines prior to Spanish colonization. \- Reflection on the ongoing relevance of these historical documents in understanding cultural heritage and identity. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **External criticism** focuses on verifying the authenticity and genuineness of the historical source itself. It examines the physical characteristics of the document, such as: \- The quality of the paper, ink, and materials used \- The language, writing style, and terminology consistent with the claimed time period \- Whether the content describes events, places or people that were unknown during the claimed time period \- If the document has been altered or is an original draft vs copy \- Determining the date, location, and authorship of the source The goal is to establish if the source is what it claims to be and can be considered a valid historical record. **Internal Criticism** Internal criticism, in contrast, evaluates the accuracy, truthfulness and reliability of the information contained within an authenticated source. It examines: \- The competence, honesty and potential biases of the author \- How long after the events the source was written \- If the account agrees with or contradicts other reliable sources \- The literal vs intended meaning of the text \- Separating truth from falsehoods or propaganda in the content The aim is to determine the credibility and meaning of the source\'s testimony about historical events and people. In summary, external criticism establishes the source\'s authenticity, while internal criticism assesses its accuracy and reliability as a historical record. Both are necessary to critically evaluate primary sources used in historical research. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Primary and secondary sources are fundamental concepts in research and scholarship, serving distinct roles in the gathering and interpretation of information. Understanding these sources is crucial for researchers, students, and anyone engaged in critical analysis of information. **Primary sources** are original materials created during the time under study or by individuals who directly experienced the events. They provide firsthand accounts and are considered authoritative. Examples of primary sources include: Diaries and letters: Personal accounts that offer insights into the thoughts and feelings of individuals during specific historical moments. Official documents: Such as birth certificates, trial transcripts, treaties, and government reports, which provide factual data and legal context. Creative works: Original artworks, literature, and music that reflect the cultural and artistic expressions of their time. Interviews and speeches: Direct statements from individuals involved in events, providing personal perspectives. Research reports: Articles presenting new findings or discoveries in various fields, which are considered primary when they report original research. Primary sources are invaluable for gaining direct insight into historical events, cultural phenomena, and scientific advancements, allowing researchers to analyze the context and significance of these original materials. In contrast, **secondary sources** analyze, interpret, or summarize information from primary sources. They are one step removed from the original material and often provide context, commentary, or evaluation. Common examples of secondary sources include: Biographies: These recount the lives of individuals but are based on primary materials like letters, diaries, and interviews. Textbooks and scholarly articles: These often synthesize information from various primary sources to provide a broader understanding of a topic. Documentaries: While they may include primary footage or interviews, they primarily serve as interpretations of events. Critiques and reviews: These analyze creative works, offering insights and evaluations based on the original pieces. Secondary sources are essential for contextualizing primary data, offering interpretations that can inform or challenge existing narratives. They often help researchers understand the implications of primary sources within broader historical, social, or scientific frameworks. Contextual Dependence The classification of a source as primary or secondary can vary depending on the research context. For instance, a newspaper article written shortly after an event can be a primary source, while a retrospective analysis of that event in a modern publication would be secondary. Similarly, a textbook might serve as a secondary source in a specific field but could be considered a primary source when studying the evolution of educational materials over time. Understanding the distinction between primary and secondary sources is crucial for effective research. It enables scholars to select appropriate materials that support their arguments and provides a framework for analyzing the reliability and relevance of the information they encounter. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Positivism and Historical Sources** Positivism, a philosophical approach that emphasizes empiricism and the scientific method, has had a significant influence on historical research and writing. The positivist mantra \"no document, no history\" underscores the importance of primary sources as the foundation for historical analysis. Positivist historians believe that history should be based on verifiable facts derived from primary sources. They argue that historians must rely on documents, artifacts, and other tangible evidence to reconstruct the past, rather than on speculation or preconceived notions. This emphasis on primary sources has led to more rigorous and systematic approaches to historical research. However, positivism has also been criticized for its narrow focus on facts and its neglect of interpretation and context. Some argue that history is more than just a collection of facts and that historians must also consider the meaning and significance of events. **The Role of the Historian** The historian\'s role is to interpret the past based on the available evidence. This involves carefully evaluating primary sources, identifying patterns and trends, and constructing a coherent narrative. Historians must also consider the context in which events occurred and the perspectives of different actors. They must be aware of their own biases and preconceptions and strive for objectivity. Ultimately, the historian\'s task is to make sense of the past and to communicate their findings to others. This requires not only a mastery of primary sources but also strong analytical and writing skills. **Thucydides and Herodotus** Two of the earliest and most influential historians, Thucydides and Herodotus, took different approaches to historical writing. Thucydides, often considered the father of scientific history, emphasized the importance of primary sources and eyewitness accounts. He carefully evaluated the reliability of his sources and sought to present an objective account of the Peloponnesian War. Herodotus, on the other hand, took a more narrative approach, drawing on a wide range of sources, including oral traditions and legends. He was more interested in the human drama of historical events and the role of the gods in shaping the course of history. Despite their differences, both Thucydides and Herodotus made significant contributions to the development of historical writing. They established many of the conventions and methods that are still used by historians today. **Conclusion** The positivist emphasis on primary sources has been a crucial factor in the development of historical research and writing. However, historians must also consider the role of interpretation and context in understanding the past. The task of the historian is to carefully evaluate primary sources, identify patterns and trends, and construct a coherent narrative that communicates the meaning and significance of historical events. This requires not only a mastery of primary sources but also strong analytical and writing skills. Thucydides and Herodotus, two of the earliest and most influential historians, took different approaches to historical writing, but both made significant contributions to the development of the discipline. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Magellan's Voyage** Ferdinand Magellan\'s expedition, which took place from 1519 to 1522, is renowned for achieving the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Commissioned by Spain, the voyage aimed to establish a westward route to the Spice Islands, which were highly sought after for their valuable spices. Magellan set sail with five ships and approximately 270 men from Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain, on September 20, 1519. The journey was fraught with challenges, including mutinies, starvation, and hostile encounters with indigenous populations. Notably, Magellan discovered the Strait of Magellan, which allowed his fleet to navigate from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. His fleet was the first European group to enter the Pacific, which he named \"Mar Pacifico\" due to its calm waters. Tragically, he was killed in the Philippines in 1521 during the Battle of Mactan against local chieftain Lapu-Lapu. Despite his death, the expedition continued under Juan Sebastián Elcano, ultimately returning to Spain on September 6, 1522, with only one ship, the *Victoria*, and about 40 surviving crew members. This voyage significantly expanded European knowledge of global geography and trade routes, marking a pivotal moment in the Age of Discovery. It also initiated a period of Spanish colonization in the Philippines, which would have lasting effects on the archipelago\'s culture and history. **Kartilya ng Katipunan** The *Kartilya ng Katipunan* is a foundational document of the Katipunan, a revolutionary society in the Philippines founded in 1892 to fight for independence from Spanish colonial rule. Authored by Emilio Jacinto, it serves as a guide for members, outlining the principles of patriotism, equality, and the importance of education and moral integrity. The *Kartilya* emphasizes the need for unity among Filipinos and the rejection of oppressive practices. It encourages members to uphold justice, promote the welfare of the nation, and strive for a society free from tyranny. The document is notable for its direct appeal to the Filipino people\'s sense of national identity and duty, urging them to rise against colonial oppression. Its teachings encouraged members to embrace self-sacrifice for the greater good and to foster a spirit of camaraderie among fellow revolutionaries. The *Kartilya* played a crucial role in shaping the ideology of the Philippine Revolution, inspiring Filipinos to pursue freedom and national identity. Its influence can still be felt today in discussions of nationalism and civic responsibility in the Philippines. **Proclamation of Philippine Independence** The Proclamation of Philippine Independence was declared on June 12, 1898, by Emilio Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite. This event marked the culmination of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule and was celebrated with a flag-raising ceremony and the playing of the national anthem, \"Lupang Hinirang.\" The declaration was made in the presence of revolutionary leaders and foreign dignitaries, symbolizing the Filipinos\' aspiration for self-governance and national sovereignty. The proclamation was significant as it not only asserted independence from Spain but also laid the groundwork for the establishment of the First Philippine Republic. Despite the initial euphoria, the subsequent American colonization led to the Philippine-American War (1899-1902), which complicated the realization of true independence for the nation. The proclamation is now commemorated annually on June 12 as Independence Day, serving as a reminder of the Filipino people\'s struggle for freedom and their ongoing journey toward self-determination. **Philippines under America** The period of American colonization in the Philippines began after the Spanish-American War in 1898 and lasted until 1946. The United States established a military government, which later transitioned to a civilian administration. This era was marked by significant changes, including the introduction of public education, infrastructure development, and the establishment of a democratic government structure. The American colonial government implemented various reforms, such as the establishment of a public school system, which aimed to educate the Filipino population and promote American values. However, the American rule was also characterized by resistance from Filipino nationalists, leading to the Philippine-American War (1899-1902). The conflict resulted in significant loss of life and destruction, as well as a deep-seated resentment toward American rule. The U.S. implemented policies aimed at assimilating the Philippines into American culture, which included the promotion of the English language and American values. The relationship between the two nations evolved, culminating in the Philippines gaining independence on July 4, 1946, after World War II. The legacy of American colonization remains a complex and contentious topic in Philippine history, influencing contemporary discussions on identity, governance, and foreign relations. **The Termination of the 1972 Martial Law** Martial Law in the Philippines was declared by President Ferdinand Marcos on September 21, 1972, ostensibly to suppress communist insurgency and restore order. It allowed Marcos to rule by decree, curtail civil liberties, and suppress dissent. The regime was marked by human rights abuses, political repression, and corruption. During this period, thousands of political opponents were arrested, tortured, or disappeared, leading to widespread fear and unrest among the populace. The declaration was lifted on January 17, 1981, but the effects of Martial Law lingered, leading to widespread discontent and calls for reform. The eventual ousting of Marcos in 1986 during the People Power Revolution was a direct response to the oppressive conditions established during Martial Law, highlighting the Filipino people\'s desire for democracy and accountability in governance. The legacy of Martial Law continues to shape political discourse in the Philippines, with ongoing debates about human rights, governance, and the importance of historical memory in preventing the repetition of past abuses. **Cory Aquino's Speech before the US Congress** Cory Aquino, the first female president of the Philippines, addressed a joint session of the U.S. Congress on September 18, 1986, shortly after her ascension to power following the People Power Revolution. In her speech, she emphasized the importance of democracy, human rights, and the need for U.S. support in the Philippines\' transition from dictatorship to democracy. Aquino articulated the struggles faced by her people under the Marcos regime, describing the sacrifices made by ordinary Filipinos in their quest for freedom. She called for international solidarity in promoting democratic governance, urging the U.S. to support her government as it sought to rebuild the nation and strengthen democratic institutions. Her address was significant in reaffirming the Philippines\' commitment to democracy and the rule of law and aimed to strengthen ties with the United States during a critical period in Philippine history. Aquino\'s speech resonated with many Americans and served as a powerful reminder of the global struggle for democracy and human rights, reinforcing the notion that the fight for freedom transcends borders. *I suggest that in addition to this reviewer, you still review your own notes, research, and other reading materials which are perhaps you are more familiar with in terms of some key words or patterns when studying the topics.* *Good luck everyone! Just relax, stay focused, analyze the questions well and present your answers in a brief and concise manner. Believe in yourself and always remember that you all have what it takes to ace this exam. It's just a matter of preparation and focus.* *I know you can do it!!!* *As always, I believe in you!* *-Sir Gab*