Philippine History Review Notes PDF

**Review Notes for RPH Midterm** Key Concepts in Philippine History: What is History? Primarily concerned with the examination of past events and their causes. Helps provide lessons to prevent the repetition of mistakes and develop cultural understanding. Primary sources: Firsthand accounts, e....

**Review Notes for RPH Midterm** Key Concepts in Philippine History: What is History? Primarily concerned with the examination of past events and their causes. Helps provide lessons to prevent the repetition of mistakes and develop cultural understanding. Primary sources: Firsthand accounts, e.g., government records, letters, journals. Secondary sources: Interpretations or analyses of primary sources, e.g., scholarly articles or history books. Understanding the bias in sources is crucial for historical analysis. Herodotus: Father of History, known for documenting the Greco-Persian Wars. Antonio Pigafetta: Chronicler of Magellan's expedition. Juan Luna: His painting Spoliarium symbolizes Filipino struggles against colonial oppression. Magellan's Expedition: Aimed to find a westward route to the Spice Islands, marking early Spanish interactions with the Philippines. First Catholic Mass in the Philippines: Held on March 31, 1521, at Limasawa Island. Cavite Mutiny (1872): Led to the execution of GOMBURZA, igniting Filipino nationalism. Cry of Balintawak (1896): The tearing of cedulas marked the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against Spain. Corazon Aquino's Speech (1986): Delivered to the U.S. Congress to rally support for Philippine democracy after the People Power Revolution. Debate surrounds whether Jose Rizal retracted his anti-Catholic writings before his execution. The authenticity of the retraction document remains controversial, with multiple versions existing. Juan Luna's Spoliarium: Reflects the oppression of Filipinos during Spanish rule. F ernando Amorsolo: Known for using light and color to highlight the positivity and culture of Filipino rural life during the American period. Customs of the Tagalogs: Provides insight into pre-colonial Filipino society before the Spanish influence. Catholicism in the Philippines: Introduced by the Spanish, becoming the dominant religion, marked by events such as the first mass and conversion efforts by missionaries like Fray Juan de Plasencia. History primarily concerned with the examination of past events and their causes Father of History is Herodotus, who was known for his works on the Greco-Persian Wars History is important because it provides lessons that may prevent the repetition of mistake, it also helps in understanding society by illustrating how social and political structures have developed and also help policy making body by providing insights into past successes and failures that can guide current policy making Gathering evidence from primary sources like letters and journals is th first crucial steps in analyzing historical event. The study of history is a mere reconstruction of a perished past; it is a subjective process, rather than an experimental certainty with regard to an objective reality, historical fact refers to the closeness to what actually happened as what we can learn from a critical examination of the best available sources,\ and historical method refers to the process of critically examining and analyzing records and survivals of the past. History is the MEMORY of human group experience because without history, we have no knowledge of who we are or how we came to be, like victims of collective amnesia groping in the dark for our identity. By analyzing how historical events and experiences shape cultural values and societal norms over time and historical analysis can guide policy creation Materials evidences are archaeological evidence and is one of the most important unwritten evidences. Social documents are the product of record-keeping by churches, schools, and many others. Secondary sources are sources which were produced by an author who used primary sources to produce the material. Cross-referencing it with other primary and secondary sources.is the method is most effective in analyzing the bias present in a historical document by Identify the biases, use other sources to cross-check the information and to avoid deception and come up with historical truth. To evaluate historical sources we should analyze the author\'s bias and the time period it was written. The chronicler of Magellan\'s expedition is Antonio Pigafetta The datu is highest authority in the Tagalog barangay. The Spoliarium symbolizes the Filipinos\' struggle against colonial oppression. Antonio Luna pieces reflected social issues, helping ignite the Filipino spirit of nationalism and independence. The fallen gladiators reflects the oppression and defeat of the Filipino people.it also symbolizes the suffering of Filipinos under Spanish rule. The focus of Corazon Aquino's speech to the US Joint Congress is the importance of democratic reforms and support for the Philippine struggle for democracy. It strengthened the US commitment to supporting democratic movements in the Philippines. It promotes the values of democracy, human rights, and freedom. But it ask for economic aid from the United States. The purpose of Magellan's expedition is to find a westward route to the Spice Islands. Customs of the Tagalog provides an outsider's view of pre-colonial Philippine society. Accordingly Philippine society had clear class divisions like the datu and maharlika. It shows the integration of indigenous and Christian beliefs when the Spaniards came in the Philippines. McCoy's political caricatures remain a critique of political corruption. It criticized both Filipino elites and American officials for corruption and mismanagement. Amorsolo focused on rural peace, while Luna highlighted historical trauma.Luna's dramatic, dark tones would contrast with Amorsolo's bright, hopeful imagery, symbolizing the journey from suffering to independence. Amorsolo\'s use of light and color in his paintings reflect his perspective on Filipino identity and culture by emphasizizing natural light to highlight hope and positivity in Filipino life. Pigafetta's narrative and Plasencia's account of Tagalog customs provides a comprehensive view of the social, religious, and political changes brought by Spanish influence. Based on R.A. 2733 the first Catholic mass happened on March 31, 1521 @ Limasawa, Southern Leyte. Which was one controversty on the location where the mass was first held. Evidences of Limasawa are the 2 native kings, Pigafetta's map and Pigafetta's testimony regarding the route The seven days in Mazaua, March 29 (Good Friday) -Pigafetta and his companion had spent the evening feasting and drinking with the native king and his son, March 31- Magellan and his men celebrated the mass with the attendance of the two rajahs, and the planting of the cross. April 2 and April 3-Work on the harvest. But the chieftain and the captain-general did not performed a blood compact as a sign of their newly established friendship. That the natives believes in Abba as their god means they believe in one metaphysical being and the plating of the cross in the hill will identified their place as a colony of Spain. The first Catholic mass in the Philippines marks the beginning of a long and complex relationship between the Philippines and Spain. If the natives were hostile during that time maybe the roman catholicism will not be the prominent religion in the country. Fr. Vicente Balaguer is the priest who allegedly persuaded Dr. Jose Rizal to retract his anti-Catholic writings and it was done in Fort Santiago. The retraction letter is a public renunciation of Dr. Jose Rizal's nationalist belief and conversion to Catholicism. But because of its multiple version It leads to confusion about which version, if any, is genuine. But the document did not tarnish the heroism of Rizal, it did not discourage the Filipinos in seeking freedom from Spanish rule and did not diminish the Filipino's respect for Rizal. The issues that include Dr. Jose Rizal's retraction involves as circumstantial evidence. Because of con flicting accounts from different historians The leads to confusion about which version, if any, is genuine. Discussion on revisionism should showcasing the need for ongoing dialogue and revision to reflect new evidence and perspectives. And can be solve by combining various accounts and interpretations to present a multifaceted view of his final decisions and their implications. The Cavite Mutiny was believed to the beginning of Filipino Nationalism. Which implicate the Filipino mestizos identified with the liberals were framed and accused of being part of the rebellion and as a result, were arrested and exiled to Guam, some Leaders and participants of the mutiny were arrested and executed by means of firing squad and the GOMBURZA were executed by means of garrote. Official Report of Governor General Izquierdo was used as a basis by the Spanish Government to implicate the three native priests (Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora) in the crime of treason and sedition. They were executed as a reminder by the Spaniards to the Filipino people that instigators of any future rebellions will also be executed There was racial discrimination, with Spaniards calling Filipinos "Native Indios" that lead to the mutiny according to Dr. Pardo de Tavera, the Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal were dissatisfied of the policies of Governor General Izquierdo and the abolition of their respective privileges and the friars wanted to justify their continued dominance because the Central Government in Madrid was planning to deprive the friars of all the powers of intervention in matters of the civil government. It fail in the end because of fiesta in the District of Sampaloc and the subsequent fireworks led to the premature attack of the Caviteños amidst their expectation of reinforcements from Manila. According to Governor General Rafael Izquierdo, the uneducated natives were seduced using superstition by the native clergy, mestizos, and lawyers into joining the mutiny by claiming that the rebellion could not fail since the head of the new government would be a priest and is God was with them. The Cry marking the Filipinos\' decisive rejection of Spanish colonial rule happened on August 26, 1986 in Balintawak marked the start of the Philippine Revolution. According to Pio Valenzuela, what phrase did the Katipuneros shout as they tore their cedulas signifying their protest against Spanish colonial rule during the Cry of Balintawak and shouted long live the Filipinos. That incorporating symbolic gestures can strengthen the ideological unity and motivation of participants.