Rizal 211 Midterm Reviewer PDF

**Week 7: FIRST HOMECOMING TO SIDE TRIP TO THE USA** **FIRST HOMECOMING TO SIDE TRIP TO THE USA** **August 1887 -** Rizal decided to return to the Philippines. Left Rome by train for Marseilles Boarded the **Djemmah** bound to Saigon. **July 30, 1888 -** arrived in Saigon, where he tran...

**Week 7: FIRST HOMECOMING TO SIDE TRIP TO THE USA** **FIRST HOMECOMING TO SIDE TRIP TO THE USA** **August 1887 -** Rizal decided to return to the Philippines. Left Rome by train for Marseilles Boarded the **Djemmah** bound to Saigon. **July 30, 1888 -** arrived in Saigon, where he transferred to the steamer **Haifong**. **August 6, 1888 -** Rizal arrived in Manila Noticed that Manila has not changed that much. **August 1888 -** he reached Calamba, where there was a dramatic meeting He turned the ground floor of their house as a medical clinic. His first patient was his mother who could hardly see. He successfully restored the eyesight of his mother which had double cataracts. The good news spread like wildfire as many sick people flock to seek medical help. His **professional fee** was very simple: - If the patient is poor, a simple "thank you" is enough. Some patients gave him vegetables, fruits, chickens, etc. - If the patient is rich, he would charge in the European way. The people called him Dr. Uleman having arrived from Germany. Rizal shared his blessings to his townmates: - He built a *gymnasium* for the youth to discourage them from engaging in different forms of gambling. - He wanted them to spend time on productive activities. But he failed to see Leonor in his six months vacation due to the conflicts of his parents and Leonor's. **NOLI ME TANGERE CONTROVERSY** Rizal received a summon from Governor-General Emilio Terrero regarding the novel which has become a hot issue. He went to Malacañang to answer any question surrounding his novel. He denied that he was a spy from Germany. He explained that he was only expressing the truth of what is going on in the society in his novel. The Governor was satisfied with his answer and asked for a copy of the novel, since he had not read the novel himself. - GOVERNOR-GENERAL EMILIO TERRERO Rizal's enemies kept doing everything to persecute him. They accused the novel to have subversive ideas against the church and the Spanish government. The kind Governor assigned a bodyguard for Rizal, to protect him from danger. His bodyguard was a young Spanish Lieutenant, **Don Jose Taviel de Andrade**. The two became true friends in no time at all because they have common interests. **THE NOLI ME TANGERE GOT BANNED** The powerful friars put the novel under strict scrutiny headed by **Manila Archbishop Msgr. Pedro Payo**. He sent a copy to the **UST Fr. Rector Gregorio Echevarria** for examination. The latter found the novel heretical, impious, and scandalous. The Governor sent the novel for further assessment to the Permanent Commission on Censorship composed of priests and laymen headed by Fr. Salvador Font, Tondo parish priest. The body found the novel with subversive ideas against the Church and the Spanish government. The Commission recommended that the book be banned and have its circulation in the islands be totally stopped. The move boomeranged because it only made the Filipinos more curious in reading the novel. Thus, the novel's price was exorbitantly priced. No arrests were made, thanks to the liberal-minded governor. **RIZAL'S ENEMIES FROM THE CHURCH** 1. Manila Archbishop *Msgr. Pedro Payo* 2. UST Rector *Fr. Domingo Echevarria* 3. *Fr. Salvador Font -* head of the Permanent Commission on Censorship 4. *Fr. Jose Rodriguez -* who published an anti-Noli pamphlet entitled "Caiingat Cayo." The pamphlet stated that "whoever reads the novel commits a mortal sin." Another attacker of the Noli was *Vicente Barrantes*, a Spanish writer who openly criticized the novel in the Spanish newspaper *La Esperanza Moderna*. **ALLIES OF DR. JOSE RIZAL** Marcelo H. Del Pilar - using the pen name Dolores Manapat, published a pamphlet entitled "Caiigat Cayo" that refuted and ridiculed Fr. Rodriguez' "Caiingat Cayo." Fr. Francisco Sanchez, Rizal's beloved Ateneo teacher **RIZAL'S SECOND TRAVEL ABROAD** **A GLANCE OF EAST ASIA** On February 3, 1888, for the second time, Rizal sailed to Hongkong as a frustrated being who wanted the utmost reform in his native land. He left on board the steamship *Zafiro*. He registered at the Victoria Hotel. **A HONG KONG VISIT** In Hongkong, he was accompanied by Jose Maria Basa to Macau. They had a short trip to Macau, a former Portuguese colony on board the ferry *Kiu-Kiang*. The two visited Don Juan Francisco Lecaros, former Filipino delegate to the Spanish Cortes. Terrero's former secretary, *Jose Sainz de Varanda*, spied on Rizal in the said colonies. **IMPRESSIONS ABOUT HONG KONG** Noisy celebration of New Year Noisy audience in a theatre and boisterous music Marathon lauriat meal Dominican friars are the richest investors and estate owners Catholics owned the most extravagant cemeteries **UNFORGETTABLE JAPAN** After almost three weeks, on board the American steamer, Oceanic, he left Hongkong and sailed to Japan where he was invited by Secretary Juan Perez Caballero to live at the Spanish Legation. His instinct told him that it was a bait -- a way for the Spanish officials to keep track of his activities. And since it was economical to stay at the legation and he believed that he had nothing to hide, he accepted it. **FILIPINO ENTERTAINERS IN JAPAN** While strolling around at a park in Tokyo, Rizal went to listen to a group of performers playing the Western Strauss music, a rare occasion in this Oriental country. To his surprise, the musicians started to talk in Tagalog. They were Filipinos and Rizal introduced himself. **AN AFFAIR TO REMEMBER** Rizal was impressed by the scenic Japan and had keenly observed the life, customs and culture of the people. He had fallen in love not only with the view but more to its women, particularly with the 23-year old Seiko Usui or O- Sei-San. The friendship bloomed to become a romance. The relationship became so intimate that Rizal believed that it was the best affair he had so far. Rizal was tempted to settle down in Japan and stay with O-Sei-San but his love for his country was more important than self. O-Sei-San understood the feeling of Rizal, and so he let him leave her. O-Sei-San could have probably waited for Rizal, because since his departure in 1888, she only decided to marry in 1897 after she learned that Rizal had been executed in 1896. - Excerpts of Rizal's Diary: "\...O-Sei-San, Sayonara, Sayonara! I have spent a lovely golden month; I do not know if I can have another one like that in all my life. "\...Love, money, friendship, appreciation, honor\... these have not been wanting. "\...Your image lives in my memory; and that I am always thinking of you\... your name lives in the sighs of my lips, your image accompanies and animates all my thoughts\..." **A TOMODACHI** Tomodachi (友達; とも だち; or トモダチ) is a Japanese word meaning \"friend(s)\". Rizal boarded the ship **Belgic** going to the United States. He met a Japanese journalist who was sent to exile for his anti- government articles. His name was Tetcho Suehiro. They became friends, having many things in common. Suehiro wrote a book entitled "The Deaf Traveler" wherein he mentioned his travel with Rizal. His novel "Storm Over The Southern Seas" had a similar plot like the Noli. **ACROSS THE UNITED STATES** **April 28, 1888 --** the Belgic docked at San Francisco, California The passengers were not allowed to disembark. They were put under quarantine. They learned later that there were 600 potential illegal Chinese immigrants to the United States. Rizal registered himself at the Palace Hotel where he met the founder of the Stanford University, Mr. Leland Stanford. **STANFORD'S UNIVERSITY** ACROSS THE UNITED STATES **IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA** The United States have maintained its natural beauty in spite of the industrial and technological advancements. The energy and diligence of the people. America is truly a land of great opportunities. Racial discrimination between the Whites and the Blacks. **WEEK 8: STUDIES IN LONDON, PARIS EXPOSITION, AND LIFE IN BELGIUM** After visiting the United States, Rizal lived in London from May 1888 to March 1889. He chose this English city to be his new home for three reasons: 1. to improve his knowledge of the English language, 2. to study and annotate Morga\'s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a rare copy of which he heard to be available in the British Museum 3. London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny **May 24, 1888 --** Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England from a tiring trip across the Atlantic Ocean He moved to London the next day He stayed in the house of **Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor** An 1872 exile due to Cavite Mutiny and a lawyer in London Then Jose Rizal boarded at the home of the Beckett's at Primrose Hill. The Beckett family had three daughters; the eldest was *Gertrude* or *Gettie* who had an affection for Rizal. The Beckett home was conveniently located a walking distance to the *British Museum* where he intended to have some studies. He met Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the British Museum. He was a notable authority on Malayan culture. They became friends as they shared common sentiments on the Malayan race. **A LETTER FROM HOME** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Bad News** | **Good News** | +===================================+===================================+ | Persecution of Filipino farmers | **Rev. Vicente Garcia**, an | | who signed the Anti-Friar | authority of Theology from the | | Petition of 1888 led by **Doroteo | Manila Cathedral came to the | | Cortez** | defense of the Noli Me Tangere | | | against the attacks of the | | The Calamba tenants being | friars. | | persecuted by the Dominican | | | management, including the Rizal | | | family | | | | | | **Manuel Hidalgo** (Saturnina's | | | husband) was exiled to Bohol | | | | | | Laureano Viado, a UST medical | | | student and friend of Rizal was | | | jailed for having a copy of the | | | Noli | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas** Knowledge of the country's history was an essential tool needed by Rizal to effectively campaign for people's honor and pride. He engaged in extensive research about the Philippines at the British Museum. He copied and annotated the 1609 edition of **Antonio de Morga's** "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas." **ANTONIO DE MORGA** A 17th century Spanish official and historian in the Philippines. His historical accounts were considered as one of the most objective during the Spanish period. His book contained accounts of two of the earliest writings of pre-colonial Philippines. Rizal had been always wanted to write about the previous history of the Filipinos to study their culture. However, while on the British library he found the "Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas". After reading the book, Rizal have decided to just annotate its contents as he saw that Antonio De Morga's work was fair and reliable about the views on Filipino culture so he preferred using it. Not only as a reference but as a main material of his work. **HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS** **Antonio Pigafetta** **Gaspar de San Agustin** ----------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- Chronicler of Ferdinand Magellan's Expedition Served during Governor Miguel Lopez de Legaspi's Administration Their writings described the early life and industry of the Filipinos that proved the following points: 1. That the early Filipinos were engaged in trade with other Asian neighbors. 2. That the dominant religion in Manila, the Visayas and Mindanao was Islam; and 3. That there was already an organized political government in the country called barangay headed by a rajah or a datu. Rizal also noted that a Chinese chronicle of the 12ᵗʰ century mentioned that the people of Luzon were honest and hardworking. **Annotation of Morga's "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas" and others\...** Rizal wanted to write a history to disprove the allegation of the friars that our ancestors were savage and uncivilized people. He knew that such statements were a product of bigot views of a race who are proud of their heritage. He also wrote many articles for the *La Solidaridad* to counter the attacks of Fr. Rodriguez on the Noli, generally entitled *"Cuestiones de Sumo Interes."* Wrote a pamphlet entitled *"La Vision del Fray Rodriguez,"* using the penname "Dimasalang." This satire was written to ridiculed the standpoint of Fr. Rodriguez on the immorality of the Noli Me Tangere Also wrote *"To the Women of Malolos"* in which he encouraged the women to pursue their education and not merely blind followers of the friars. He contributed articles to the Trubners Record, related to Asian Studies such as the *"Two Eastern Fables,"* and *"Specimens of Tagala Folklore."* **AN UNSOLICITED ATTENTION** While in London, Rizal resided on Primrose Hill where the Beckett Family live. Here he met Gertrude Beckett or Gettie. Rizal decided to leave London to see the Paris Universal Exposition. **THE PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION OF 1889** **The Paris Exposition of 1889** Paris was bursting with excitement in preparation for the Universal Exposition of 1889. Tourists from all parts of the world moved to the city. Rizal arrived here via train together with other passengers speaking various languages. Inns, hotels and boarding houses were all filled and fully booked for the event. Their rates grew sky high. In Paris, he continued his research at the Biblioteque Nationale to check on Morga's book. He also spent time with his friends; and visited the Boustead family at Rue de Bassins. While in the Paris, Rizal also attended the inauguration of the Eiffel tower that was headed by French President **Marie François Sadi Carnot**. The tower was built by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel and was constructed at the beginning of 1887 to 1889. **THE KIDLAT CLUB** Rizal organized a social group with his fellow Filipinos in Paris by the end of March 1889, he called it the Kidlat Club. It was a temporary society to simply unite the Filipinos here in Paris during the International Exposition. While touring the exposition, Rizal and Juan Luna attended the *American Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show*. The show featured the proud, powerful and brave Indians headed by *Sitting Bull*, a former Indian Chief. Realizing that the Indians are proud and brave, Rizal and Luna decided to rename the Kidlat Club and adapt the name "Indios Bravos" as Filipinos was also referred as "Indios" by the Spaniards. Jose Rizal, Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo joined a painting competition. Felix Hidalgo won the first prize while Luna won the second prize. **WHITE CHRISTMAS IN PARIS** **December 25, 1889** was a cold winter in Paris. Rizal and Jose Alberto planned to have a delightful Yuletide dinner. They had fried chicken, rice, and vegetables. Shortly after New Year, Rizal went to London, then back to Paris again. On January 28, he went to Brussels, Belgium on the reason that he can't stay in Paris any longer for it was too expensive.  **BETTER IN BRUSSELS** In Brussels, Belgium - Lifestyle was was more affordable - Beautiful - Architecturally impressive Rizal boarded at the Jacoby residence - Owned by Suzanne and Catherine Jacoby - They had a 17 years old niece named Suzanne Thill - They were delighted with Rizal' presence Rizal and Suzanne spent a lot of time together. Affectionate sentiments were developed between the two but Rizal didn't pursue whatever he feels towards Suzanne. While in Brussels, Rizal spent most of his time trying to finish *El Filibusterismo*, the sequel of Noli Me Tangere. He gave Valentin Ventura a sculpture "The triumph of Science over Death" (The naked woman). **EL FIBUSTERISMO** *(the reign of greed)* Noli Me Tangere, exposed the cancer present in the society by presenting the condition of the country under the Spanish oppressive rule. While the El Fili is a call for a revolution, the last resort and ultimate solution against Spanish oppression. **IN BRUSSELS, BELGIUM** Wrote several chapters of the novel El Filibusterismo Wrote articles sent to the La Solidaridad Sent letters to family and friends Spent part time working in a medical clinic Had gymnastics, target practice and fencing. **LA SOLIDRARIDAD** A fortnightly newspaper that serves as the official voice of the Propagandists, founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena. Heralded the demand of the illustrados to push for reforms in the Philippines. **AIMS OF PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT** Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes, the Spanish parliament; Secularization of the clergy; Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality; Creation of a public school system independent of the friars; Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local products to the government); Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association; Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service; Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain; Secularization of Philippine parishes; Recognition of human rights.  **RIZAL'S ARTICLES at LA SOLIDARIDAD** "**Los Agricultores Filipinos**," (The Filipino Farmers) described the deplorable farmers' conditions "**La Verdad Para Todos**," (Truth for All) - An article written to oppose insulting discussion of the Spaniards to the native Filipinos "**Una Profanacion**," (A Desecration) - attack against friars' refusal to bury Mariano Herbosa in a Catholic cemetery "**Diferencias**" (Differences) - an article countered the biased article entitled "Old Truths" which was printed in La Patria on August 14, 1889 "**Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años**" (The Philippines A Century Hence) - Rizal estimated the future of the Philippines in the span of a hundred years and foretold the catastrophic end of Spanish rule in Asia. He 'prophesied' Filipinos' revolution against Spain, winning their independence, but later the Americans would come as the new colonizer.The essay also talked about the glorious past of the Philippines, recounted the deterioration of the economy, and exposed the causes of natives' sufferings under the cruel Spanish rule. "**Sin Nombre**" (No Name) "**Ingratitudes**" (Ingratitude) - article was the hero's reply to Governor General Weyler who told the people in Calamba that they "should not allow themselves to be deceived by the vain promises of their ungrateful sons. "**Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala**" (On the New Orthography of the Tagalog Language) "**Cosas de Filipinas**" (Things About the Philippines) "**Sobre la Indolencia delos Filipinos**" (On the Indolence of the Filipinos) - an essay that rationally countered the accusations by Spaniards that Filipinos were indolent (lazy) during the Spanish reign "**A la Defensa**" (To La Defensa) - This was in response to the anti-Filipino writing by Patricio de la Escosura published by La Defensa on March 30, 1889 issue. "**Crueldad**" (Cruelty) - written to defend his friend Blumentritt from defamatory insulting attacks of the latter's enemy. **Week 9: FRUSTRATIONS IN EUROPE** **Week 10: FOUNDING OF THE LA LIGA AND DAPITAN EXILE** **FOUNDING OF THE LA LIGA FILIPINA** July 3, 1892- after his interview with Gov. Despujol, Rizal together with some patriots had a meeting at the home of Doroteo Ongjungco, a Chinese- Filipino mestizo, on Ilaya St., Tondo, Manila. Doroteo Ongjungco **ATTENDEES OF THE MEETING:** 1. **Pedro Serrano Laktaw** (**Panday Pira**) **-** a mason and a school teacher 2. **Domingo Franco** (**Felipe Real**) **-** a mason and a shoe keeper 3. **Jose A. Ramos** (**Socorro**) **-** an engraver, printer and owner of Bazar Gran Bretana 4. **Ambrosio Salvador -** Gobernadorcillo of Quiapo, a mason Here, Rizal introduced the Liga Filipina, a civic league of Filipinos. 5. **Bonifacio Arevalo** (**Harem**), a dentist and mason 6. **Deodato Arellano**, brother in law of MH Del Pilar and a civilian employee of the army 7. **Ambrosio Flores** (**Musa**), a retired lieutenant of infantry 8. **Agustin de la Rosa**, bookkeeper and mason 9. **Luis Villareal**, a tailor and mason 10. **Faustino Villaruel** (**Ilaw**), a pharmacist and mason 11. **Mariano Crisostomo**, a landlord 12. **Numeriano Adriano** (**Ipil**), a notary public and mason 13. **Estanislao Legaspi**, an artisan and mason 14. **Teodoro Plata**, a court clerk and mason 15. **Andres Bonifacio**, a warehouse employee 16. **Apolinario Mabini** (**Katabay**), a lawyer and mason 17. **Juan Zulueta**, a playwright, poet, and government employee **THE ELECTED OFFICERS:** 1\. **President:** Ambrosio Salvador 2\. **Secretary:** Deodato Arellano 3\. **Treasurer:** Bonifacio Arevalo 4\. **Fiscal:** Agustin dela Rosa **AIMS OF THE LA LIGA FILIPINA:** 1\. To unite the whole archipelago into onecompact, vigorous, and homogenous body 2\. Mutual protection in every want and necessity 3\. Defense against all violence and injustice 4\. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce 5\. Study and application of reforms **MOTTO: UNUS INSTAR OMNIUM (ONE LIKE ALL)** Governing Body of the La Liga Filipina: - **THE SUPREME COUNCIL:** the governing body which has control over the whole country. It is composed of the president, secretary, treasurer and fiscal - **PROVINCIAL COUNCIL:** formed in every province The Provincial Council shall have command of the Popular Chiefs. - **POPULAR COUNCIL:** formed in every town The Popular Council only shall have command of the members. **DUTIES OF THE LIGA MEMBERS:** 1. Pay monthly dues of ten centavos. 2. Obey blindly and promptly every order emanating from the Council or the Chief. 3. Inform the Council of whatever they note or hear that has reference to the Liga Filipina. 4. Preserve the most absolute secrecy in regard to the decisions of the Council. 5. Help another member in the case of need or danger 6. Each member shall adopt a new name of his own choice 7. Help recruit new members. 8. Treat everyone with respect. **RIZAL'S ARREST AND BANISHMENT** **July 6, 1892 -** when Rizal went to Malacañang to resume his interviews with the Gov. Despujol, the latter showed him several printed leaflets allegedly discovered under the pillow of his sister Lucia. These were entitled "*Pobres Frailes*" (Poor Friars) which bore the name of the author P. Jacinto. A satire exposing the fabulous wealth of the friars contrary to the vows of poverty. **REASONS FOR RIZAL'S DEPORTATION** Rizal published books and articles abroad which showed disloyalty to Spain which were anti-Catholic and anti-friar Found bundles of incriminatory leaflets which satirized the friars Published and dedicated his novel El Filibusterismo to the three martyred "traitors" Between **July 14 and 15, 1892 -** under heavy guard, Rizal was brought to the steamer CEBU to be brought to Dapitan. The Captain of the ship was Capt. Delgras, who upon arrival in Dapitan on July 17, turned him over to Captain Ricardo Carnicero, the Dapitan Commandant. Rizal would stay here until July 31, 1896, a period of four years. **THE DAPITAN EXILE (1892-1896)** Rizal lived as exile in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte, under the aegis of the Jesuits. He was abundantly fruitful with varied achievements: - Practiced medicine - Pursued scientific studies - Kept his literary works - Enhanced linguistic acumen Dapitan Achievements: (Cont.) - Established a school for boys - Promoted community development projects - Invented a brick-making machine - Engaged in farming and commerce Conditions for him to stay at the Parish Convent: - Publicly retract errors committed vs. the Church and the government - Perform church rites and make general confessions - Conduct himself as a model Christian and man **FRIENDSHIP WITH CAPT. CARNICERO** Rizal refused to abide with the conditions set by the Jesuit Society. He preferred to stay at the Casa Real, the official residence of the commandant, **Capt. Ricardo Carnicero**, his warden. A new friendship developed between them. The relations between Carnicero (the warden) and Rizal (the prisoner) were warm and friendly. Carnicero realized that Rizal was not a common felon, nor a filibuster. He gave good reports on his prisoner to **Gov. Despujol**. He gave him complete freedom to go anywhere, reporting only once a week at his office. Rizal on his part, admired the kind, and generous Spanish Captain. He wrote a poem, entitled "A Don Ricardo Carnicero," On August 26, 1892 on the occasion of the captain\'s birthday. They even shared in buying a Lottery Ticket No. 9736 that won second prize worth P20,000 which was divided between the 3 of them: Capt. Carnicero, Jose Rizal and Francisco Equilor. They divided the prize and got P6,200 each. Rizal gave P2,000 to Jose Ma. Basa in Hongkong, the rest was used to buy farm lands in Talisay, Dapitan. **BIRTH OF THE KATIPUNAN** Right after Rizal was deported to Dapitan, the Liga members had a meeting to discuss the future of the organization. The group of patriots was divided into **two factions:** 1. **The Los Compromisarios -** those who are conservative members of the La Liga Filipina and still willing to demand reforms and compromise with the Spanish government. 2. **The Separatists -** patriots who wanted to launch an armed rebellion to achieve independence from the colonizers. On July 7, 1891, the Katipunan was founded on Azcarraga St. (C.M. Recto) in the house of Deodato Arellano. Founders of KKK were: a. Andres Bonifacio b. Teodoro Plata c. Ladislao Diwa **RIZAL-PASTELLS RELIGIOUS DEBATES** **Fr. Pablo Pastells** sent Rizal a book **Sarda** advising the latter to refrain from being proud and too judgmental. Rizal's letters revealed his anti- Catholic ideas caused by the abuses committed against his family and people He criticized the friars for using their religious authority to oppress and abuse other people. He said that individual judgment is a gift from God and everyone should use it to light his way; that self-esteem if used moderately, saves man from unworthy acts. He further argued that pursuit of truth has different paths, thus, religions may vary, but they all lead to the light. Fr. Pastells tried to win back Rizal to the fold of Catholicism. He admonished Rizal that divine faith supersedes everything: reason, self-esteem and individual judgment. No matter how intelligent a man is, his intelligence is limited; he still needs God's guidance. He failed to convince Rizal. **AN ABORTED DUEL** **Juan Lardet**, a French businessman who was a personal acquaintance of Rizal had a quarrel that almost ended up in a duel. Reasons: a. Lardet bought logs from Rizal b. Found some of the logs to be of poor quality c. Accused Rizal as a cheater Lardet wrote a letter to Antonio Miranda, a Dapitan merchant expressing disgust over the business deal he had with Rizal Miranda sent the letter to Rizal Rizal confronted Lardet and challenged him to a duel The Frenchman asked for an apology **JESUIT MISSION: "WIN RIZAL BACK"** Fr. Pastells instructed two Jesuit fathers to proceed to Mindanao on a mission "Win Rizal Back to the Catholic fold" - **Fr. Obach, Dapitan** parish priest - **Fr. Jose Vilaclara**, Dipolog parish priest **Fr. Francisco Sanchez** was also assigned to proceed to Dapitan. Fr. Sanchez was chosen by the Jesuit superiors being a well-liked professor of Rizal. He wasn't able to persuade Rizal. He respected whatever Rizal believed in. Rizal gave Fr. Sanchez a manuscript "Estudios Sobre la Lengua Tagala" on the latter's birthday. **DAPITAN MEDICAL PRACTICE** Dr. Jose Rizal treated both the rich and the poor patients coming from everywhere. He treated the poor free of charge while the rich are asked payments for consultation and medicine. His name became famous here and abroad. **RIZAL'S COMMUNITY PROJECTS** 1. Developed the Dapitan Municipal Park a. Clean and green b. Beautification c. A Relief Map 2. Equipped the town with a lighting system using coconut oil 3. Constructed the first water system using bamboo pipelines **RELIEF MAP OF MINDANAO** Rizal believed in the power of education in the human transformation. In 1893, he established a school for boys for free. He also engaged in scientific researches: collecting various species of plant and animal life which he sent to his friends abroad. The **Draco rizali**, a small lizard popularly known as a flying dragon; **Apogonia rizali**, a rare kind of beetle; and the Rhacophorus rizali, a peculiar frog species. **RIZAL, THE INVENTOR AND SCULPTOR** As an inventor, Rizal made a lighter that ignites through stones; and a brick maker machine. A lighter called \"**sulpakan**\" which he gave to a friend as a birthday gift As an artist, he carved **a number of sculptures:** a. "The Mother's Revenge" a tribute to his dog Syria, whose child was killed by a crocodile b. "The Dapitan Girl" c. Josephine's Image d. Busts of Fr. Guerrico and St. Paul **PERIOD OF PAIN** Unhappy Days in Dapitan: a. He missed his family; until his mother, three sisters and nephews arrived and stayed with him b. He was sad because of the plight of his family, the country and the people c. He had no opportunity to see Leonor when she died in August 1893 **A BEAUTIFUL STRANGER** In his darkest moments in Dapitan, an 18-year old Irish girl arrived in Dapitan. She's Josephine Bracken, whose mother died in childbirth. She is adopted by Mr. George Taufer, who later became blind. The two came to the Philippines to have Mr. Taufer's eyes be cured. **DAPITAN WRITINGS** "**Himno a Talisay**" (**Hymn to the Talisay Tree**) **--** a hymn/poem written in tribute to a tree to which a town was named after; where Rizal often stayed. Rizal and his students have always used the talisay tree as a meeting place. In gratitude, the students would always sing the hymn. "**Mi Retiro**" (**My Retreat**) **--** depicts Rizal's life as an exile in Dapitan "**Canto del Viajero**" (**Song of the Traveler**) **--** a poem celebrating his renewed opportunity to travel abroad and end of his exile in Dapitan **Week 11: 1896 REVOLUTION, END OF EXILE IN DAPITAN TO ARREST, TRIAL and MARTYRDOM** -nothing follows-