Review Notes: Readings in Philippine History PDF

### **Review Notes: Readings in Philippine History** **Father of Land Reform in the Philippines**: **Diosdado Macapagal** is credited with this title for introducing reforms like the Agricultural Land Reform Code.\ **Native Filipino Land Ownership During the Spanish Era**: Native Filipinos were mer...

### **Review Notes: Readings in Philippine History** **Father of Land Reform in the Philippines**: **Diosdado Macapagal** is credited with this title for introducing reforms like the Agricultural Land Reform Code.\ **Native Filipino Land Ownership During the Spanish Era**: Native Filipinos were mere landholders, not owners, under the encomienda system.\ **Philippine Bill of 1902**: Allowed private individuals to own 16 hectares and corporations 1,024 hectares, including rights for Americans to own agricultural lands.\ **Reaction to Agrarian Laws During the American Era**:\ Peasant uprisings (e.g., Colorum and Sakdalista movements) arose due to worsened land ownership situations.\ **System to Address Land Registration Issues**: The Torrens System was introduced to simplify and secure land registration.\ **Impact of World War II on Land Reform Under Manuel Quezon**: Interrupted programs like the Rice Share Tenancy Act due to the war.\ **\"Land to the Landless\" Program**: Initiated by **Ramon Magsaysay**, improving land tenure and distribution through NARRA.\ **Father of Agrarian Reform**: **Diosdado Macapagal** enacted RA 3844, abolishing share tenancy to promote equity and land ownership.\ **Challenges in CARL Implementation**: The greatest negative impact was inadequate post-distribution support services.\ **Delays in Land Redistribution Under CARP**: Landowners used legal and political tactics to block or delay transfers.\ **Primary Purpose of the Consti**: Promotes democratic governance, human rights, and social justice.\ **Sovereignty Resides in the People**: Reflects the concept of **democracy**.\ **Definition of Democracy**: It signifies that the voice of the people reigns supreme.\ **Civilian Authority Over the Military**: Demonstrated when the President orders the AFP to suppress lawlessness.\ **Equal Protection and Due Process**: Seen when someone is released due to insufficient evidence proving guilt.\ **Right Against Imprisonment for Debt**: Mr. E can invoke his right against imprisonment for non-payment of debt.\ **Main Revenue Source for the Government**: **Income tax** provides the bulk of revenue.\ **2018 Tax Reform**: Focused on personal income tax reduction.\ **Japanese Occupation Tax**: Introduced the **war tax** to fund wartime efforts.\ **Spanish Colonial Tax**: Implemented the **poll tax** on Filipino citizens.\ **Non-VAT Exempt Items Under R.A. 10963**: **Fast food services** remain subject to VAT.\ **Traditional Indigenous Governance**: Indigenous political structures enabled self-governance.\ **IPRA Legislation**: Recognizes and protects Indigenous Peoples\' rights under R.A. 8371.\ **National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP)**: Established under R.A. 8371 to promote IP rights.\ **Displacement Rights**: Indigenous groups have rights to return to their lands after natural catastrophes.\ **Difference Between MILF and CPP-NDF**:The **MILF** sought a separate government for Mindanao, while the **CPP-NDF** aimed to establish Marxist governance.\ **Function of the New People's Army (NPA)**:The NPA does **not provide assistance to those in need**, as its primary role is revolutionary.\ **Principles of Cultural Studies**:Cultural identity is not only about difference; it involves shared practices and processes.\ **Cultural Studies Focus**: Cultural studies do not view practices and processes as **fixed and unchanging**.\ **Importance of Cultural Studies**:It emphasizes how societies create and share meaning.\ **Meaning of Higaonon**: Refers to \"people of the living mountains.\"\ **Islamic Missionary**: **Sharif Mohammed Kabungsuwan** spread Islam in Pulangi.\ **Christian Missionaries in Cagayan**:**Fray Juan de San Nicolas** and **Father Francisco de la Madre de Dios** taught Christianity.**Leader of Cagaiang Village**: **Datu Salangsang** was the village leader.\ **Cagayan de Oro as a City**: Constituted as a city in **1950**.\ **Hero in the Battle of Agusan**: **Vicente Roa** died heroically in the battle.\ F**irst Mayor of Cagayan de Oro**:**Max Suniel** served as the first mayor.\ **Club for Resistance Against Americans**: **Club Popular** was the meeting place for prominent figures.\ **Capistrano Street** is named after the local hero but gained notoriety over time.\ **Encomienda System**: A grant of land and its inhabitants to a Spanish colonizer.\ **\"De Oro\" in Cagayan\'s Name**: Reflects the city's rich gold reserves.\ **Purpose of Preserving Cultural Heritage**: To maintain identity and appreciate traditions.\ **Impact of the Quirino-Recto Colonization Bill**:Led to population growth in Mindanao and cultural integration.\ **Defensive Strategies by Club Popular**: Resolutions included forming armed forces and acquiring weapons.\ **Relocation of the Village**: **Fr. Agustin de San Pedro** transferred the village to present-day Gaston Park for strategic defense.\ **Mediator for Missionary Activities**: **Dona Magdalena Bacuya** allowed missionaries to preach freely.\ **Population Growth in Cagayan (Late 1800s)**: Driven by internal migration and increased Christian conversions.\ **Role of the Gobernadorcillo**: Handled civil cases, public works, and tribute collection, among other duties.\ **Addressing Luzon-Centric History**: Include contributions from local historians in historical narratives.\ **Inclusion of Mindanao in the Philippines**: Influenced by the **Treaty of Paris**.\ **Prehistoric Site in Cagayan de Oro**:Known as **Himologan**.\ **Fastest Way to Learn Local History**: Conduct research on local history.\ **Lack of Resistance to Spanish Rule in Cagayan**: Acceptable conduct of Spanish missionaries led to cooperation.\ **Ease of American Arrival in Cagayan de Oro**: Resulted from superior American weaponry.\ **Gen. Capistrano\'s Leadership in Resistance**: Selected for his military background and vigor.\ **Meaning of Kalambagohan (Old Name of Cagayan)**: Reflects that early settlers were riverine people.\ **Defeat of Cagayan Forces in Bukidnon**: Due to American spies tracking Gen. Capistrano.\ **Factors in the Battle of Agusan**: Poor coordination among local groups contributed to defeat.\ **Population Growth in Early Cagayan**: Attributed to migration and increased converts.\ **Improving Interest in Local History**: Connect development to historical events and promote it actively.\ **Himologan Villagers and Sultan Kudarat**: Villagers were vassals, paying tribute annually.\ **Reason for Relocating Himologan**: Himologan's small size made it vulnerable to sieges.\ **Missionaries' Role in Spanish Expansion**: Promised protection from Moro raids to convince villagers to join Spanish rule.\ **Reasons for Making Cagayan Capital of Misamis**: Its central location, population of Christians, and agricultural resources contributed, but tourism did not play a major role.\ **Influence of Parish Priest**: Held loyalty of the local principalia and represented Spanish authority.\ **Qualifications for Cabeza de Barangay**: Knowledge of English was not required.\ **Criteria for Local Officials During Spanish Rule**: Chosen based on social standing and conduct.\ **Population Growth in 1892**: Caused by internal migration and increased converts.\ **Reasons for Not Joining the 1896 Revolution**: Missionaries provided protection and aid, creating local loyalty to Spain.\ **Legend of Cagayan's Origin**: Bukidnon natives fell in love with local princesses, shaping cultural identity.\ **Expansion of Misamis Territory**: Missionaries retained encomienda practices, delaying town creation.\ **Economic Activity in Cagayan**: Farming was the primary livelihood of the population.