Romanesque Architecture PDF

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE - Symmetrical (roman-like) (800-1100 AD) SPANDREL- triangular space in arches ARCHIVOLTS- layering of arches (band) DARK AGES COLONETTE- m...

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE - Symmetrical (roman-like) (800-1100 AD) SPANDREL- triangular space in arches ARCHIVOLTS- layering of arches (band) DARK AGES COLONETTE- multiple columns Civic government is absent, church replaces VOUSSOIR- parts of arches to construct the roman empire (powerful force in europe) arches (protractor) EARLY MIDDLE AGES TYMPANUM- half circle in arches Boom times for agriculture TRUMEU- center in doors (entry & exit) ROMANSQUE ARCHITECTURE -not centralized to single region (western europe) -coined by French medievalist and archeologists (19th century) -developed between roman & gothic styles after 1000 AD -after byzantine INFLUENCES SCULPTURES, TOWERS, ARCADES - Geographical (continuous arches) - Geological - Climate TRIGGERING FACTORS - RELIGION - Charlemagne (Aix-la Chapelle) (Charlemagne’s reign) - SOCIETY AND POLITICS - Feudalism (based on land tenure and service.) SYLES - Round arches - Vaults - Thick walls - Small windows TYPOLOGIES -CHURCH - Basilica layout to Latin cross - Facade in West (sunset) -WIth/without tower, central tower, blind west porch (no hole) (attatchwall)  - LOMBARD BAND- cornice decor TRANSVERSE- Continuous arches - BRICK- heat AMBULATORY- Circulation of movements - NARTHEX- flanked by towers BUTTRESS- support (not visible) - BLIND ARCADE- series of arches without holes - AMBULATORY- covered walk - ATRIUM- forecourt - BALDACHIN- Ornament canopy S. MICHELE, PAVIA - LABYRINTH- mazelike pattern S. ZENO MAGGIORE, VERONA - WHEEL WINDOW- circular stained window - CAMPANILE- bell tower (near but not attached to church) - BLIND ARCADES SOUTHERN ITALY& SICILY CEFALU CATHEDRAL, SICILY - POINTED ARCH- climate (to trap heat) - PAINT VIBRANT- from tree tint MONREALE CATHEDRAL, SICILY - Not symmetrical - Localize design of columns - Wooden trust FRANCE (Carolingian Architecture) - Early romanesque 751-987 CE - Frankish dynasty CENTRAL ITALY (start of Romanesque) NORTHERN FRANCE PISA CATHEDRAL - No arcades - Campanile (leaning tower of pisa) - No blind arches (bell tower) (watch guard) (marble) - No bell towers - Baptistery (special feature) - No porches - Cathedral - simple - Campo Santo (cemetery for pisan MONREALE CATHEDRAL, SICILY upperclass)(al fresco) (golgotha) MINIATO AL MONTE (painting in half of SOUTHERN FRANCE dome) ANGUOLEME CATHEDRAL - High window NORTHERN ITALY (Lombard Architecture) - Two flanking western tower S. AMBROGIO, MILAN  - Arcades divided into five bays but - OBJECTIVE- restore christian loft shafts control over the holy land (Jews) - Pointed domes and arches - EFFECT- diff. Movements CLUNY ABBEY “roman-like” decoration of buildings - ABBEY- Monastery under high priest - RELIGION- across europe 11th and and nuns 12th century - ABBOT- High priest - Monastic system (middle ages) - ABBESS- Nuns - CLIMATES AND MATERIALS - Most important monastic - Stone establishments - Brick - Double aisles and transepts, - Marble ambulatory with radiating chapels - Terracotta and barrel-vaulted nave - Ready-made columns - NORTH- large windows (maximize GERMANY (Ottonian Architecture) cold and sunrise. High pitched roofs WORMS CATHEDRAL - SOUTH- small windows (heat do not - Highest cathedral during enter). Flat roofs Romanesque architecture - CHARACTERISTICS- thick walls - COLUMNS- scallops, Cushion ENGLAND (Anglo-saxon Architecture) capital - Stone trusses - TRUNK OF COLUMN- Fluted, EARL BARTON zigzag, twisted/scallop, chevron, - Flamboyant style (stone sculpture) wreathed columns - Double columns ENGLAND (Norman Architecture) - CELESTORY- natural light and - Two tower facade ventilation (unleveled roof) - Gothic arch (pointed arch) - PIERS- support arches, Open - Geometric ornamentation space, half segments of large hollow DURHAM CATHEDRAL core - Finest - EARLY- before - Pointed transverse arches - HIGH- Transition FOUNTAINS ABBEY - PAPAL- 3 PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL - LORAIN- 2 - New style - STEPPED- stairs - Renaissance / Gothic HIGH ROMANESQUE - Baptistery centralized - Steep roofing - Anguolene SETTING- THE CRUSADES - DORMER WINDOW- Vertically “ADVENTURER” spaced window - Series of religiously sanctioned - HELM ROOF (christianity) - Military campaigns (western GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE christian europe) (king & queen) - MIDDLE AGES 1140 AD - Rebuilding of the choir of the - CROCKET- projecting benedictine church of St. Denis ornaments,decorates pinnacles, - ABBOT SUGER- Patron of gothic spires, and gables architecture - PINNACLE- slender spire - STAINED WINDOWS- narrow - GARGOYLES- demon (to protect - ALAQSA- Muslim architecture inside) (labsan ng water) - FLYING BUTTRESS- Wing of butterfly, external arches - ROSE WINDOW- Circular stained window with tracery symmetrical at the center - TREFOIL- 3 petals of rose window - QUATREFOIL- 4 - TRACERY- 3 foliage - Barbaric non-roman - SPIRES- top of piers - POINTED ARCHES- spanish moorish architecture - NOTRE DAME- Our Lady - AL HAMBRA - ABBEY- Father - RIB VAULTING- curved ceiling/roof - ST. PATRICK CATHEDRAL made of stone/bricks (puyo) EARLY GOTHIC - FOUR STOREY BAY- earliest gothic bay NOTRE DAME IN PARIS SALISBURY CATHEDRAL - “The cradle of gothic architecture” HIGH GOTHIC BEAUVAIS CATHEDRAL, PICARDY - Three storey bay CHARTRES CATHEDRAL - Quadripartite vault WEST FRONT, YORK MINISTER - Bar tracery REIMS CATHEDRAL, MARNES - High gothic is more decorated than early gothic LATE GOTHIC/FLAMBOYANT - CURTAIN WALL- Translucent CHARACTERISTICS - SPIRES- octagonal SAN PABLO, VALLADOID - FINIAL- Small foliated ornament, - Intense ornamentation peek (for pilots) GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL - Complex vaults SANTA MARIA, REQUENA - Famous work: octagonal brick dome - OGEE ARCH- Lower concave curve of florence basilica intersecting a higher convex - Developed linear perspective - Moorish origin but feature in late LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI gothic - Theorist - Adaptation of ancient classical forms - Lanterns to modern buildings - Spatial unity - De Aedificatoria (on the art of - Perpendicular building) MICHELOZZO DI MARTOLOMEO VENETIAN GOTHIC - Under Medici family CA’ D’ORO, VENICE - Famous work: the Palazzo Medici - POLYCHROMY- Key characteristic Riccardi (1444) of venetian gothic CA’ FOSCARI, VENICE CHARACTERISTICS - ARCADES AND BALCONIES- - Simplicity and balanced proportions because of flood of classicism - Campanile - Distinguishing features of classical - Ogee arch roman architecture FRARI, VENICE - No longer dependent on technical - BRICK AND STUCCO- local red possibilities, In aesthetics (symmetry brick (common) light and more and proportion) tolerant of movement - Studies romanesque - Byzantine influence EARLY RENAISSANCE CATHEDRAL- principal church of diocese CENTRALIZED PLANS (bishop’s throne cathedra) - Square, symmetrical MONASTIC CHURCH- place for prayer FACADE (chapel/church in monastery) - Symmetrical - Cornice RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE - Repetition of openings - FLORENCE, ITALY WALLS COSIMO DE MEDICI - Rusticated masonry and rusticated - Founder of the main lines of Medici wall angles family that ruled italian renaissance - QUOINS- Used on wall surfaces and - Father of his country corners (stones) - Patron of learning arts and ARCHES architecture - Semi-circular - Used in arcades, supported on piers THREE LEADING RENAISSANCE or columns with capitals ARCHITECTS VAULT FLIPPO BRUNELLESCHI - Do not have ribs - Designer of churches - Semi-circular or segmental (square plan) DOME - TONDO- (italiaian meaning round) CEILING circular painting/sculpture - Fitted with flat/coeffered ceilings - TABERNACLE WINDOW- structural - Painted or decorated framing device that gives importance WINDOWS to its contents - Paired and set with arches CATTEDRALE DI SANTA MARIA DEL - Square lintels and triangular or FIORE semental pediments - Main church of Florence, Italy THE TEMPIETTO - II Duomo di Firenze - By donato bramante - Largest brick dome - Revival of ancient roman - Bearing masonry - Circular temple with classical entablature and with shadowy arch of the cloister RENAISSANCE ARTISTS LEONARDO DA VINCI - “Mona Lisa” ”the last supper””vitruvian man” - Artist, inventor, scientist, architect and engineer MICHELANGELO DI LODOVICO BUONARROTI - Artist, poet, architect, engineer - “David” RAFFAELLO SANZIO DA URBINO (RAPHAEL) STRUCTURAL FEATURES - Third great master artist 1. GEOMETRY- dome is eight sided - “School of athens” with circular vertical curve DONATO DI NICCOLO DI BETTO BARDI 2. CHAINS- tension rings in domes. Be (DONATELLO) stable without employment od - Sculptor internal bracing. - “St. Mark” 3. DOUBLE DOME- adds strength, 4. LIGHTWEIGHT BRICKS- brick ARCHITECTS material of dome FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI 5. HERRINGBONE BRICK PATTERN- - 1377- APRIL 17, 1446 laying of rocks without centering and - Oldest fathers of the renaissance temporary bracing architects 6. STAIRS- four sets of stairs in - First modern architect and engineer between space of the outer and - OSPEDALE DEGLI INNOCENTI inner domes. (Hospital of the innocents)  7. LIFTING MACHINES- invention of brunelleschi, cranes move upwards (lifting machine), sideways (crane) MICHELOZZO DI BARTOLOMEO MICHELOZZI - Italia architect and sculptor - Non-historians - PALAZZO MEDICI RICCARDI- located in florence, italy seat of metropolitan city - COURTYARD - Palazzo medici riccardi salone luca giordano - SAN MARCO- First and most influential architectural projects - First renaissance chairs