Research Method Midterm PDF

RESEARCH METHOD:MIDTERM - Fundamental research or pure research - Designed to increase scientific LECTURE 1: RESEARCH AND ITS understanding of phenomena, but w/o...

RESEARCH METHOD:MIDTERM - Fundamental research or pure research - Designed to increase scientific LECTURE 1: RESEARCH AND ITS understanding of phenomena, but w/out any IMPORTANCE particular goals. Applied Research SDG: Sustainable Development Goals - Focuses on finding solutions to practical 1. No Poverty problems. 2. Zero Hunger An interplay 3. Good Health and Well-being - Basic research findings often become 4. Quality Education incorporated into applied research. 5. Gender Equality - Example: basic research on language 6. Clean Water and Sanitation development in children might be used to 7. Affordable and Clean Energy develop training methods for persons with 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth language deficiencies, emotional probs, or 9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure developmental abilities. 10. Reduced Inequality - Solving practical problems requires bg of 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities knowledge. 12. Responsible Consumption and Production 13. Climate Action Purpose and Goals of Research 14. Life Below Water ➔ Discover new facts about known phenomena 15. Life on Land ➔ Find answers to problems which are only 16. Peace and Justice Strong Institution partially solved by exsiting methods and 17. Partnerships to achieve the Goal info ➔ Improve existing techniques and develop Research new instruments or products - Studious inquiry or examination ➔ Discover previously unrecognized - Investigation or experimentation aiming to substances or element discover and interpret facts ➔ Discover pathways of action of known - Purposive, systematic, and scientific process substances and elements. of gathering, analyzing, classifying, ➔ To order related, valid generalizations into presenting, and interpreting data for the systemized science solution of a problem. ➔ Provide basis for decision-making in Scientific method business, industry, education, government, - Process of inquiry and other undertakings. - Formulation of specific questions then ➔ Satisfy researcher’s curiosity. finding answers to understand nature better. ➔ Find answers to queries by means of Why do we need research? scientific methods - Get PhDs, Masters and Bachelors degree ➔ Acquire a better and deeper understanding - Provide solution to complex problem about one phenomena - Investigate law of nature ➔ Expand or verify existing knowledge - To make new discoveries ➔ Improve educational practices for raising the - Develop new products quality of school products - To save costs ➔ Promote health and prolong life - To improve our life ➔ Provide man with more of his basic needs 10 Good Qualities of Researcher ➔ Make work, travel, and communications - Research oriented faster, easier, and more comfortable, - Efficient - Scientific Function of Academic Institutions - Effective To transmit knowledge - Active To create knowledge - Resourceful To act as a Public Knowledge Resource - Creative Why Do Research in Academia? - Honest To contribute knowledge as a Societal Good - Economical To provide solutions to NAtional, Regional, - Religious and World Problems To Enrich the National Talent Pool with A CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH individuals able to compete in a WORK Knowledge-based Global Economy Basic Research  To enhance the University’s International Development of models to describe physical Reputation (and hence, the values of the systems degrees granted) Experimental investigation of physical phenomena The Research Cycle Thrust and Priorities Food Energy Environment Health and medical sciences; Material Science and Engineering; Information and Communications Technology; Manufacturing and Process Engineering; Science and Mathematics; and Research Agencies Education and Social Siences. Department of Science and Technology (DOST) CEAFA RESEARCH CLUSTERS Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) Advanced Science and Technology Institutes (ASTI) Science and Technology Information Institutes (STII) Science Education Institutes (SEI) Industrial Technology Development Institutes (ITDI) Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI) Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) National Computer Center (NCC) Metals Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC) Philippine Council for Advanced Science and Technology Research and Development (PCASTRD) Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development (PCAMRD) Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) Phases of Research Study Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Idea Generation Research and Development (PCIERD) Problem Definition Philippine Textile Research Institute (PTRI) Conceptualization Technology Application and Promotion Design of Procedures Institute (TAPI) Observation Execution Examples of Engineering Research Data analysis Development of novel methods or Documentation algorithms to solve specific problems Interpretation Design, fabrication, testing or prototype Communication General Structure of a Research Journal - Goals of Exploratory Research Abstract 1. Become familiar with the basic facts, Introduction, Literature Review, setting, and concerns. Background 2. Develop a well-grounded picture of Statement of the Problem the situation. Methodology, Work 3. Develop tentative theories, generate Results, Discussions new ideas, conjectures, or Summary, Conclusions, Extensions hypotheses. References 4. Determine the feasibility of conducting the study. LECTURE 2: NATURE AND 5. Formulate questions and refine issues CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH for more systematic inquiry. 6. Develop techniques and a sense of PURE AND APPLIED RESEARCH direction for future research. - May use dif. Sources for getting info like Characteristics of Research 1. Experience surveys Empirical - based on direct experience or 2. Secondary data analysis observation by the researcher. 3. Case studies Logical - based on valid procedures and 4. Pilot studies principles. ➔ Descriptive Research Cyclical - starts with a problem and ends - Presents a picture of the specific with a problem. details of a situation, social setting, Analytical - utilize proven analytical or relationship. procedures in gathering data. - Describe characteristics of a Replicability - designs and procedures are population of phenomenon replicated to enable the researcher to arrive - Seek to determine the answers to at valid and conclusive results who, what, when, where and how Critical - exhibits careful and precise questions. judgment. - Profile or description of relevant Type of Research aspects of the phenomenon of Five dimension classifications: interest. 1. The purpose of doing research - Goals of Descriptive Research 2. How it treats time i.e. the time dimension in 1. Describe the situation in terms of its research; and characteristics i.e. provide an accurate 3. The research (data collection) techniques profile of a group. used in it. 2. Give verbal or numerical picture (%) of the 4. The intended uses of research situation 5. The source of research 3. Present background information 4. Create a set of categories or classify the Descriptive Research information - Description of the state affairs as it exists at 5. Clarify sequence, set of stages. present. 6. Focus on who, what, when, where and how - Researchers have no control over the but not why? variables and can only report what has - Use most data gathering techniques – surveys, happened or what is happening. field research and content analysis - Survey methods of all kinds, including ➔ Explanatory Research comparative and correlation methods, are - The desire to know why to explain used. - Build on exploratory and descriptive Analytical Research research and go on to identify the - Researchers have to use facts or information reasons for something that occurs. already available. - It looks for cause and reasons. - These are analyzed to make a critical eval of Goals of Explanatory Research the material. 1. Explain things, not just reporting. Why? Type of Research as to Purpose Elaborate and enrich a theory’s explanation. ➔ Exploratory/ Formulative Research 2. Determine which of several explanations is - Researcher’s goal is to formulate best. more precise questions that future 3. Determine the accuracy of the theory; test a research can answer. theory’s predictions or principle.  4. Advance knowledge about the underlying process. 5. Build and elaborate a theory, elaborate and enrich a theory’s prediction and principle 6. Extend a theory or principle to new areas, new issues, new topics. 7. Provide evidence to support or refute an explanation or predictions. 8. Test a theory’s predictions or principle. Research as Time Dimension 1. Cross-Sectional Research: a. Observe at one point in time b. Simplest and least costly alternative. c. Cannot capture the change processes. d. Can be exploratory, descriptive or explanatory and a descriptive approach to research. Type of Research as to Use 2. Longitudinal Research: Basic Research a. Examine features of people or other Applied Research units at more than one time. b. More complex and costly than Applied Research cross-sectional research - Aims at finding a solution for a problem c. More powerful, especially when facing society or an industrial/ business researchers seek answers to organization. questions about change. Fundamental Research d. Three types of longitudinal - Concerned with generalizations and with research: time series, panel, and thee formulation of a theory cohort. - Directed towards finding information thas Research (Data Collection) Techniques Used has a broad base of application A. Quantitative - Adds to the already existing organized body 1. Experiments of scientific knowledge. 2. Surveys Basic Research 3. Content analysis using existing - Advances fundamental knowledge about the statistics. human world. B. Qualitative - Focuses on refuting or supporting theories 1. Field Research that explain how world operates 2. Case study - Source of most new scientific ideas and 3. Focus group Discussion ways of thinking about the world Quantitative Research - Can be exploratory, descriptive or - Approaches summarize results numerically. explanatory research; however, explanatory - Applicable to phenomena that can be research is the most common. expressed in terms of quantity. - Generates new ideas, principles and Qualitative Research theories, which may not be immediately - Concerned with phenomena relating to or utilized. involving quality or kind. - It rarely helps practitioners directly with - Approaches involve data collection through their everyday concerns observations, interview, and document analysis and summarizing finding through Applied research narrative or verbal means. - Solve specific policy problems or help Methodology Comparison practitioners accomplish tasks. - Theory is less central to them than seeking a solution on a specific problem for a limited setting. - Frequently descriptive research, its main strength is immediate practical use. - Is conducted when a decision must be made about a specific real-life prob. - Encompasses those studies undertaken to answer questions about specific problem;  - Or to make decisions about a particular - Researchers can conduct it in many course of action or policy. ways depending on methodology chosen and the study’s goal. Type of Applied Research ❖ Action research 1. Action Research - Researcher and a client - Applied research that treats collaborate in the diagnosis of the knowledge as a form of power and problem and in the development abolishes the line between research of sol’n based on the diagnosis. and social action. - Can be divided into 3 categories: 2. Impact Assessment Research positivist, interpretive and critical - Purpose is to estimate the likely - Applied to improve specific consequences of a planned change. practices. - Such an assessment is used for - Based on action, eval and critical planning and making choices among analysis of practices based on alternative policies. collected data. 3. Evaluative Research ❖ Ethnographic - Addresses the question, “Did it - Ethnography is a study through work?” direct observation of users in their - Process of establishing value natural environment rather than in judgment based on evidence about a lab. the achievement of the goals of a - Obj: to gain insights into how program users interact with things in their Other Categories of Research (Educational natural environment. Research) - Include direct observation, diary Types of Research Methodologies studies, video rec., photography ❖ Causal- Comparative and artifact analysis such as - Ex post facto research devices that a person uses - Investigate the effect of an throughout the day. independent variable on a dependent Conceptual Research variable by comparing 2 or more - Related to some abstract idea(s) or theory groups of individuals. and it is used to develop new concepts or to - Its research design attempts reinterpret existing ones. determining relationships among Empirical Research variables; - Data-based research - Do not allow for the actual Classification of Research manipulation of these variables since Library Research it already occurred. - Done in the library where answers to - Researcher has no control over the specific questions or problems of the variable. study are available. ❖ Correlational Action Research - Doesn’t investigate the cause and - Decision-oriented research involving effect the application of the steps of the - Does Not randomly assign scientific method in response to an participants to groups given it has immediate need to improve existing only one group. practices - Does not involve group comparisons. Field Research - Studies 2 or more variables and one - Conducted in natural settings group of individuals; focuses on Laboratory Research relationships among variables. - Conducted in artificial or controlled ❖ Survey conditions by isolating the study in a - Used for collecting data from a rigorously specified and operational predefined group of respondents to area. gain info and insights into various Purpose of Laboratory Research topic of interest 1. To test hypothesis derived from the theory - Data is obtained using standardized 2. To control variance under research procedures conditions - Can have multiple purposes; 3. To discover the relations between the dependent and independent variables  Thesis Proposal Research Project LECTURE 3: THESIS Thesis Course Not a course - Academic requirement describing your requirement requirement research work that amplify your learning Done by Done by expert amateur w/ budgetary from the specialization of your program that researcher requirements is focused No budgetary To be The deeper sense in doing and writing one? Why requirements submitted to a do research? To be funding or Increase the learning on the degree of submitted to a sponsoring specialization based on your interest thesis agency Provides a solution that will have a committee Professional Once approved research significant impact on the community and the by the thesis without an society. (addressing SGDs) committee, adviser Have social relevance on the application of becomes a such technology. (based on people centered guided needs) researcher w/ Produce a sustainable technology that has an adviser economic and financial value LECTURE 4: DESIGN THINKING Challenges…It is really difficult. Design Thinking Framework and Process You need to collaborate with your team with personality differences. Innovation You need to allocate time, effort and money - Central issue in economic prosperity to accomplish things. - Creating change instead of just reacting to it A product of hard work, consultative - Doing what no one else would dare doing decision making, and knowledge. Innovation Categories Is overwhelming sometimes, but is a a. Sustaining (Evolve) fulfillment once you have done the best that - Short-Term Advantage you can do.. - Sustain product life with incremental Thesis enhancements and consumer benefits - “Thesis” from Greek Oérnç, meaning - Quickly diminish due to ease of imitation “position” - competitive advantage: 1-3 years - Refers to an intellectual proposition. b. Breakout (Expand) Dissertation - Near-Term Advantage - From latin “dissertatio” means “‘discourse” - Create new products within an existing Thesis or Dissertation product category that leverage high value - Document submitted in support of benefits for consumers candidature for a degree or professional - Rapid short-term growth qualification presenting the author’s - competitive advantage: 3-5 yrs research findings. c. Disruptive (Envision) - A typical thesis has a title page, an abstract, - Long-Term Advantage a table of contents, a body, comprising the - Innovate new to the world products that various chapters, and a bibliography or lead the creation of new markets or (more usually) a references section industries - Dissertations vary in their structure in - Long-term investment with high accord with the many different areas of potential returns study (arts, humanities, social sciences, - Competitive advantage: 5-7 yrs technology, etc.) and the great differences The Design Ladder between them. - Developed by Danish Design Centre Step No. 1: Design is an inconspicuous part of product development - By members of staff who are not design professionals - Design based on perception of functionality and aesthetics - POV of end users play very little or no part Step No. 2: Design as styling  - Perceived as a final aesthetic finish of a a. Social and Demographic product - Population Demo - By professional designs but other - Income distribution professions are involved - Social mobility Step No. 3: Design as process - Work-life balance - Design is a work method adopted very early - Urbanization in product development - Levels of education - Design solution is adapted to the task and b. Technology focused on the end-user and requires a - Government spending on RnD multidisciplinary approach - Technological discoveries Step No. 4 Design as innovation - Speed of technology transfer - By designers with owner/management - Access to IT & Internet - Design process combined with the company - Changes in mobile technology vision and future role in the value chain are c. Economic important elements - Economic growth and trends Design - Economic restructuring - Design, strategies, development and styling– - Interest rates & inflation rates everything that takes place prior to - Taxation production or implementation of products - Unemployment Example - Disposable Income Making design of a product - Globalization & Trade (1) Why→ research d. Environment and Nature Insight→ keep baby warm for 4 hours - Depletion of natural resources & Design Principles→ Local Solutions, sustainability simple, cheap - renewable energy How → Innovative Concepts - Global warming - Threats from natural causes Design Thinking - Waste & pollution management - Human-centered approach to innovation that - Infrastructure development draws from the designer’s toolkit to e. Political and Legal integrate the needs of people, the - Government stability & political party possibilities of technology, and the changes requirements for business success. (Tim - Government organization & Attitude Brown, IDEO) - Monopolies Legislation Power of Design Thinking - Taxation policies - Head. heart. Gut - Foreign Trade regulations - Design takes into consideration the impact - Employment law of intellect and the values of clients, Implications employees, and users when considering how a. Opportunities to design a solution - What do these trends mean? - Design Thinking - What new opportunities/ possibilities do - Desirability (Human) they create? - Feasibility (Technology) b. Challenges - Viability (Organization) - What challenges do these trends pose? - Innovation (at the center) c. Future of Work - Design → to solve problems - How will the trends influence the nature - Design Thinking→ Thinking out of the box of work (how people work) & type of Design Thinking Framework work? New jobs created? Jobs become obsolete Future Skills/New Competencies - What new skills/competencies are needed to meet the opportunities, challenges and new future of work? - Conceive→ Design→ Implement→ Operate - What are the requisite attitudes, mindsets, Project Intent skills and knowledge/ thinking? - Begin with an open mind See example on module page 36 - Be comfortable with ambiguity STEEP Analysis 6 Global Trends to Shape the world by 2030 TI: Changing Demographics SP’s Design Thinking Framework - Growing World Population Understand the Issues - Aging Societies - Adding SPICE - Increasing Urbanization a. Social T2: Globalization and future markets - Issues about relationships with people - Ongoing Globalization around them T3: Scarcity of Resources b. Physical - Energy - Issues on functional and practical areas - Water c. Identity - Other Commodities - Issues about how others see them T4: The Challenge of Climate Change d. Communication - Increasing CO2 - Issues related to receiving and sending - Emissions Global Warming information - Ecosystem at Risk e. Emotional T5: Dynamic Technology and Innovation - Issues about they feel - Technology Diffusion - Power of Innovation Observation and Interview - The Age of Life Sciences - POEMS→ organize elements associated T6: Global Knowledge Society with activity - Know-How Base - Explicit Needs: Direct Techniques - Gender Gap - Implicit Needs: Insights - War for Talent a. P→ people Social Innovation Project (SIP) - Individuals involved in the activity - Year-two students use design thinking b. O→ object process to develop innovative ideas for - Things people interact with while doing the social good activity - Base on their chosen theme: Active Aging, c. E→ environment Environment, Social Integration, Healthcare - Space, settings, or location where the - From a thematic brief, identity a problem or activity takes place an issue to work on d. M→ media message - Use empathy study to listen to users - Information that is being transferred during - Draw insights of unmet needs the activity - Develop ideas and concepts to meet the e. S→ space/services needs - Services by people or system which enable The Project Intent the activity a. Problem→ problem trying to solve b. Customers→ for whom? Interview c. Rationale→ why does it matter? - Understand a person’s thoughts, emotions, d. Prior Efforts→ how other solution attempts and motivations to innovate for him/her have failed? - To identify needs and design for those needs e. New Value→ what will make our solution different from others? f. Opportunity→ what are the greatest opportunities? g. Reference→ any reference or analogies? Empathy - Gaining insights - To identify hidden customer needs that How to Interview customers don’t even know they desire, or 1. Ask Why have difficulty envisioning due to lack of 2. Never say ‘usually’ when asking a questions exposure to new technologies or being 3. Encourage stories locked in the mindset of working with 4. Look for inconsistencies existing products and services. 5. Pay attention to nonverbal cues - About looking at people and seeing things 6. Don’t be afraid of silence from their viewpoints, not yours 7. Don’t suggest answers to your questions 8. Asking questions neutrally 9. Don’t ask binary questions  - Host a convo built upon stories Template for Creating Personas 10. Only ten words to a question 11. Only ask one question at a time, one person at a time 12. Make sure you’re prepared to capture - Always interview in pairs Develop Questions - Formulate questions that explore topics - Frame them as open ended questions - Encourage people to tell you their whole story Design Statement based on Persona and Needs - Avoid yes/no questions - How can we help Healthy Poly to reduce Organize Your Questions pollution of the environment on campus? - Start specific - How might we help sporty haris to have - Go board more natural surroundings as sport - Probe deep facilities? - Consider prompting thoughts with “what if Ideation scenarios” - Brainstorming to develop concept - Create a question guide that is very readable IDEO 7 Rules of Brainstorming Rule #1: Defer Judgment Persona - Don;t dismiss any idea - Data clustering, drawing insights and - Any idea is a good idea, no matter how finding needs are prior to persona crazy conceptualiza - Nothing can kill the spirit of a brainstorm - Data clustered are based from the gathered quicker than judging ideas before they have information during empathy stage a chance to gain legs Clustering Technique Rule #2: Encourage Wild Ideas - Unique ethnography tool - Give rise to creative leaps - Adopted by designers to gather relevant user - Idea with no constraints of technology or insights in order to suggest potential design materials reco - Embrace the most out-of-the-box notions - Aim for designers to be able to translated Rule #3: Build on the Ideas of Others these insights into meaningful user - No buts, only ands experiences or needs Rule #4: Stay focused on the topic Persona - Always keep the discussion on target - Fictional person with characteristics that are - Otherwise you can diverge beyond the scope most representative of major user group of what you’re trying to design for - “Inspire to innovate” Rule #5: One conversation at a time - Purpose: to create a profile of the user which - No interrupting, no dismissing, no will serve as a reference and inspiration disrespect, no rudeness throughout the solution development - Let people have their say - Needs to capture the person's behavior, Rule #6: Be visual belief and philosophy, motivation or - Yello, red, blue markers intentions. - Post-its Scenario vs Persona - Nothing gets an idea across faster than Scenario drawing it - Short story of a target group of users Rule #7: Go for quantity - Questions, tasks, and stories that bring user - Aim for as many new ideas as possible to life - Crank the ideas out quickly - Represent the user’s Develop your concepts social/demographic/cultural info, behavior, a. Sketch belief and philosophy, pain points, b. Concept: Selection motivation or intentions and needs - Does the concept address the person's Persona need? - General profile of a target group of users - Is it a breakthrough? - Sketch or collect images to communicate the - Does the concept enhance the user’s imagined context experience?  c. Selection Criteria - 2x2 matrix - Realization - X-axis → feasibility e. Operate - Y-axis → impact - Demonstrate workability Prototype - Execute tasks - Building to think Project Process - Communicate the functional and 1. Invention Research experiential values of the proposed idea to 2. Conceptual Design various stakeholders 3. Analysis and Testing Build and communicate your prototype 4. Integration and prototype built - Paper/Physical Prototyping Conceptual Design - Video Prototyping - Function analysis - Storyboard - Morphological chart - Journey Mapping - Concept finalization - Co-creation- User feedback Analysis Testing - What do you like about it? - Evaluate the concept feasibility - What do you don’t like about it? - Build quick (and workable) prototypes for - How can it be better? testing Design and Build - Analyze using mathematical model/calculations Design Process Execution of Design and Build - Methods to materialize ideas to reality, - Student Portfolio through the systematic engineering cycles - Formation of Groups 1. Design Brief - Project Specification (Project Objectives) 2. Ideation - User Specification (Project Design) 3. Concepts - Project Schedule (Timeline) 4. Specifications - Bill of Material 5. Designs, Calculations, Selection - Tools and Equipment 6. Purchase & Fabrication - Presentation of Outputs 7. Assembly, Troubleshooting 8. Verification DESIGN PROCESS 9. Product/System Common Design Practice Multidisciplinary Integration Specification - Involve chemical engineering, mechanical - Product engineering, electrical engineering, others - Commodity CDIO Implementation - Equipment - Introduction to Engineering - System - Design & Build - Services - Capstone Project Design Process Project Stages - Purposeful method of planning practical a. Pre-Project solution to problems - From effective teams - Influenced by requirements called criteria b. Conceive and constraints - Research, design thinking or known Design Process challenges 1. Define the Problem - Create concepts - Is like conducting detective work. - Generate and share ideas - Identify and establish the need - Nature Inspired Design Field Trips - Develop a problem statement c. Design - Establish criteria for success - Translate concepts into tangible design Primary Criteria - Develop potential solutions - Low cost - Combine building blocks - Safe - Prototype ideas using simulation or other - Not detrimental to the environment means - Aesthetically pleasing d. Implement - Simple to operate w/ minimum - Fabricate parts human effort - Assemble parts - Must be disposable - Test integrated project - Should not cause undue pain and - Troubleshoot project suffering. 2. Brainstorm List of analysis that may be considered in - Involves bringing a group of people Designing Safe Product together; - Design safety directly into the - To generate many different ideas. product 3. Research - Include adequate protection for users - May require going to the library, of the product using computer databases, writing - Use a warning labels describing letters, performing experiments, and inherent dangers in the product asking questions. Product Liability Suit Information sources: - Resulting personal injury due to the - Encyclopedia and Technical operation of a particular product Handbooks Protection against product liability suit - Electronic Books and Journals - Use state-of-the-art design - Electronic Catalogs procedures - Internet - Keep records of all calculations and 4. Develop Ideas method used - Develop ideas that will solve the - Safety considerations must be problem and meet the requirements included in criteria for all design - Alternatives may all be quite diverse. solutions - Openness to new experience - Foresee other ways people could use - Willing to take risks the product - Ability to concentrate and focus on ❖ Develop a Decision Matrix (The Decision the problem until it’s solved. Process) Criteria - Rank in order of importance the - How will the solution actually work? desirable attributes or criteria for - What material should I use? design sol’n - What should the product look like so ★ Attributes that people will buy it? - Safety, Constraints - Manufacturing considerations, - Will it be completed by the deadline? - The ease of fabrication and - What size should it be? assembly, Specify the Requirements - Cost, - Available standards - Portability - Product Specifications - Compliance with government - Material Safety Data Sheets regulations - Commercially available specification 6. Model or Prototype 5. Choose Best Ideas - Model building - used to gather List the Strength and weakness of each additional info and test design ideas alternative. - Models of design solutions must be - Optimization - making tested and important questions must improvements to the design idea for be answered during evaluation. better performance or increased 7. Test and Evaluate safety - Final phase of design process - Trade-off - giving up one desirable implementation trait for another ➔ Testing Analyze and Select Solution ➔ Construction - Analysis of Design Solutions ➔ Manufacturing - The Decision Process - Methods of Implementation List of analysis that may be considered in ➔ Prototyping Analysis of Design Solutions ➔ Concurrent engineering - - Functional analysis ability to implement parallel - Industrial dsign/ Ergonomics design and analysis in which - Mechanical/ Strength analysis safety, manufacturability, - Electrical/ Electromagnetic serviceability, marketability - Manufacturability/ Testability and compliance issues are - Product safety and liability considered early on and during - Economic and market analysis the process. - Regulatory and Compliance ➔ Documentation ➔ Applying for Patents  ➔ Testing and Verification ➔ Data are available and accessible ➔ Data must meet the standards of 8. Improve Design accuracy, objectivity and verifiability - After studying all test data and ➔ Answers to specific questions evaluating design solutions, you may (sub-problems) can be found need to make changes ➔ Hypothesis formulated are testable 9. Communicate Result ➔ Equipment and instruments or - Share your ideas w/ others to prove research are available and can give the design is worthy of valid reliable results. manufacturing - Must contribute to the national development goals for the improvement of quality human THESIS PROPOSAL PAPER life Research Process - Must not undermine the moral and spirit values of the people - Must not advocate any change in the present order of things by means of violence but by peaceful means - There must be a return of some kind to the researcher - There must be a consideration of the hazards involved, either physical, social or legal Create a Research Question Research question - Implies that an investigation, inquiry or study is to be conducted, or that the problem Concept Paper Development is ready for investigation, inquiry or study. - Interesting - Relevant to the needs of the people - Innovative - Cost effective - Measurable and time bound CHARACTERISTICS: ★ Specific ★ Measurable ★ Achievable ★ Realistic ★ Time -Bound Define the Topic - Select topic based on personal interest Gap Analysis for Research Problem Formulation - Assume a considerable amount of - Gap analysis, or need analysis, need investment in time and effort will be assessment, or need-gap analysis can be expended on your study used in formulating a research problem. - Work will be more tenable for a topic about - An examination and assessment of the which one is truly enthusiastic and curious current scenario, situation or performance; about - To identify the difference between the Narrow the Topic current state and the desired conditions - How manageable is a study on the topic? - Consider time and resources (manpower, financial, logistical, physical, expertise) limitations. - Consider the scope of the study - General topic - Limited topic - Specific focus Guidelines in the Selection of Topic - Must be within your specialization - Must be within the ability of the researcher to finance - Researchable and manageable Do a Background Research - Must be broad enough to include all the - Consider information sources aspect of the subject matter studied or to be - Do preliminary search of materials studied - Identify experts you can consult with. Start taking notes Avoid using terms - Start figuring out what you know about the - “An Analysis of…” topic then fill any gaps you may have the - “A study of…” basics by looking at more general sources. - “An Investigation of…” - Do general Google and encyclopedia Must be written like inverted pyramid searches ALL WORDS IN CAPITAL LETTERS - Start investigating basic info for potential searches. Chapter 1 Create a Working Research Statement The Problem and Its Background Objective of the Study Introduction - Research statement - a single sentence that ➔ Problem and situation (SDGs target) identifies the topic and show the direction of ➔ Existence of unsatisfactory the study; condition, a felt problem ➔ while simultaneously allowing the ➔ Rationale, reason why it is necessary reader to glean the writer’s stance on to conduct the study the topic ➔ Background of the study (check - All of the research questions should support existing studies) the attainment of the main objective of the ➔ Your study that you like to dwell on study ➔ A link between the introduction and the statement of the problem. Find and Evaluate Sources Statement of the Problem/Objectives ➔ How many sources will you need? ➔ There should be the general ➔ How long should your study be? statement of the whole problem; ➔ Will you need primary or secondary ➔ Followed by the specific questions or sources? subproblems into which the general ➔ Where will you find the best information? problem is broken up Create a Bibliography ➔ Clear and unequivocal, it has one ➔ List down your sources as you write your meaning paper with citation ➔ Answers can be found even without ➔ Make sure you are using credible and considering the other questions, relevant source interpreted apart from the answers to Write your Paper other specific questions - Write your research based on your own ➔ Summing up the answers will give a writing complete development of the entire - Properly cite your sources study. - Can use some AI tools in writing like ➔ SMART ChatGPT but do not depend so much Assumptions and Hypotheses (when the need arise) CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS ➔ Assumption is a self-evident truth BACKGROUND based to known fact or phenomenon ➔ Every specific question is implicitly Title based upon an assumption - Formulated before the start of the research ➔ If there’s no assumption, expressed work or implicit, there can be no specific - Must contain the subject matter of the study; question - Locale of the study; Guideline in the Use of Basic Assumptions - The population involved; and 1. You cannot assume the value of your study. - The period when the data were gathered or Such an argument should have been made will be gathered under the section, significance of the study. - Must be brief and concise, researchable, 2. You cannot assume the reliability of the possibilities for further research can be instruments you propose to use in your found and the time for completing the study research. Such a rationale and defense is possible. should be made under methodology.  3. You cannot assume the validity of the basic Starts first from the national level to data. Validity is established under the researcher himself and to the methodology. target beneficiaries 4. You cannot assume that your population is typical. This point is to be made under Scope and Limitations of the Study methodology. ➔ Coverage of the study area 5. An assumption is not tested, neither is it ➔ The subjects (materials, equipment, defended nor argued. process) ➔ Hypothesis ➔ The research instruments - Tentative conclusion or answer to ➔ The research issues and concerns specific questions at the beginning. ➔ The duration of the study - An educated guess about the answer ➔ The constraints that have direct to specific question bearing on the results of the study. - Should be reasonable Guidelines in Writing the Scope and Limitations - Should be testable 1. A brief statement of the general purpose of - Should follow the finding of the study. previous studies. 2. The subject matter and topics studied and Guidelines in the Formulation of Explicit discussed. Hypothesis 3. The locale of the study. Where the data were 1. In experimental investigations, comparative gathered or the entity to which the data and correlational studies, hypotheses have to belongs be explicit. 4. The population or universe from which the 2. In descriptive and historical investigations, respondents were selected. This must be hypotheses are seldom expressed if not large enough to make generalizations entirely absent. significant. 3. Usually stated in the null form because 5. The period of the study. This is the time, testing is easier than a hypothesis in the either months or years, during which the operational form. data were gathered. 4. Formulated from the specific questions upon which they are based. Conceptual or Theoretical Framework Types of Hypothesis Theoretical Framework 1. Null Hypothesis - Shapes the justification of the ★ Denial of an existence of an attribute research problems/research ★ Relationship or a difference of an objectives in order to provide the effect legal basis for defining its ★ Is always stated in negative form parameters. 2. Alternative Hypothesis - Symbolic construction which uses ★ Affirmation of the existence of an abstract concepts, facts or laws, observed phenomenon variables and their relations that ★ Is always stated in positive form explains and predicts how an observed phenomenon exists and Significance of the Study operates. 1. Solving the problem and need Conceptual Framework 2. Bridging a knowledge gap - Presents specific and well-defined 3. Improving social, economic and concepts called constructs. health conditions - Consists of the investigator’s own 4. Enriching research instruments and position on a problem after his methods exposure to various theories that 5. Supporting government thrusts have bearing on the problem. A. Inductive Perspective - Serve as the guide in conducting the Researcher moves from particular to investigation. the general and presents the - Paradigm: diagrammatic importance of the study from the presentation of a conceptual target beneficiaries to the researcher framework. (Ex: Inputs, Process, himself, to the people in the Outputs) community. Definition of terms B. Deductive Perspective ➔ Only term, words or phases that have General to particular special or unique meanings in the study are defined  ➔ Terms should be defined Purpose operationally based on how they are - Serves as a function of the proposed study used in the study - Guide the researcher for or selecting a better ➔ Researchers may develop his own research problem or topic definition from the characteristics of - Help the investigator understanding his topic the term for research better ➔ Definitions may be taken from - Ensure there will be no duplication of other encyclopedias, books, magazines, studies and newspaper articles, dictionaries, - Help and guide researcher in locating more and other publications but the sources of related information researchers must acknowledge his - Help and guide the researcher in making his sources. research design ➔ Definitions taken from published - Help and guide research in making materials are called conceptual or comparison between his findings of other theoretical definitions. researchers ➔ Definitions should be as brief , clear and unequivocal Background of the Study ➔ Acronyms should always be spelled ➔ General info about your topic out fully especially if it is not ➔ Context of your topic commonly known or if it is used for ➔ Rationale / Justification of your topic the first time. ➔ Present results on the Conceive Stage of the Design Thinking TWO WAYS TO DEFINE THE KEY TERMS Framework 1. Conceptual Definition or Constitutive Based on concept of hypothetical Conceptual Literature one; ➔ Existing technologies Are usually taken from the ➔ Material involved dictionary. ➔ Process involved Usually meanings understood by ➔ Standards considered many people 2. Operational Definition or Functional Based on observable characteristics and how it is used in the study. Preferable in defining technical terms. CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 1. Background of the Study 2. Conceptual Literature Related Literature 3. Related Literature ➔ 10 years back publication 1. Foreign Literature ➔ Minimum of 10 literatures 2. Local Literature ➔ Presentation of data and not just facts 4. Synthesis and their analysis results Sources of Related Literature Synthesis ➔ Comparison of your study to existing studies ➔ Establishes reason why you choose the concepts included in your research study ➔ Established the novelty of your study ➔ Number depends on the literatures presented in the research literature CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Summary 2. Findings 3. Conclusions 4. Recommendations Bibliography (functions) ➔ Give readers scope of the research ➔ Determine if a particular work has been used ➔ To provide reader foundation for further research ➔ Allow reader to find out easily the full bibliographic info for materials referred to in parenthetical notes where only the name of the author and year are given ➔ Gives necessary descriptive details for the source material as a whole in order original statements can be located and consulted by the reader. Appendix ➔ Questionnaire ➔ Letter of Transmittal ➔ Verbatim Comments of the Respondents ➔ Original Data ➔ Summary ➔ Tabulations and Computations of Data ➔ Computer print-outs Curriculum Vitae CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, ANALYSIS, AND 1. Personal informations INTERPRETATION OF DATA 2. Educational Qualifications (EXPERIMENTAL) 3. Civil Service Eligibilities 4. Experiences 1. Topic based on the SOP 5. Honor / Award Received 2. Presentation of data in tables and charts 6. Scholarships / Grants Received 3. Presentation of highlights on the data 7. Researches Conducted indicated in the tables and charts. 8. Publication 4. Comparison of data with the results of 9. Membership in Professional and Scientific existing studies Organizations 5. Analysis or implication of results to the 10. Seminars / Training/ Workshops Attended objectives of the study 6. Summary paragraph at the end that will provide analysis or implications of all the LECTURE 5: ENGINEERING DESIGN results based on specific objectives to the PROCESS main obj of the study. Engineering Design Process 1. Final Design - Series of steps that engineers use to guide 2. Operational Design them as they solve problems 3. Materials Specifications - Cyclical at any steps, or move back and 4. Bill of Materials forth between steps 5. Testing and Performance Results (based on Invention Problem Statement) - Device or process originated after study and 6. Final Operational Procedure experiment Innovation - New improvement to an existing device or process Empirical Principles of Engineering Design - Are factual statements derived from experience, that characterize the guidelines,  requirements, and procedures, that are Recognizing the fact that while a design necessary for technical success of the problem has no unique answers, designers engineering design process. has to consider and reconcile the possibly 1. The material nature of the object conflicting interests and value judgements of of engineering design. 1) The consumer, ➔ Object of design is material 2) Producer, good or service which is 3) Distributor and physically realizable 4) Himself ➔ Means engineering design 1. Human needs, Engineering design, and has authentic purpose not Technology factors hypothetical ➔ Engineering design must be a ➔ Objects are not metaphysical response to individual or social 2. The iterative nature of the design needs; process ➔ Which can be satisfied by the ➔ Design is an iterative technological factors of culture problem-solving process; ➔ Technological factors of culture are ➔ Which the list and timetable the library of production techniques of activities identified as available from human history, philosophy of design; including those science has yet to ➔ Are applied repeatedly, until explain. a satisfactory solution is 2. Planning or design process has a cost to obtained. be controlled 3. The decision-making nature of the ➔ Info and its processing has a cost; design process ➔ Which must be balanced by the ➔ Design is a progression from worth of the evidence bearing on the the abstract to the concrete; success or failure of the design ➔ Starting with probably 3. Avoidance of premature decisions abstract ideas about need, and 4. The need for economic viability thereafter elaborating detailed ➔ The good or service, described by a specifications of the object design, must have utility to the that would satisfy the need consumer that equals or exceeds the identified sum of the proper costs incurred in 4. Structure of design problem at the making it available to him, the test of apex of a hierarchy of economic viability; sub-problems 5. The need for final viability 5. Information processing feature of ➔ The operations of designing, producing the design process and distributing the good must be ➔ Design is a processing of financially supportable, the test of information that results in a financial viability; transition from uncertainty to 6. The need for optimal choices certainty, regarding the ➔ The choice of a design concept must success or failure of the be optimal among the available design; alternatives; 6. When to terminate a design 7. Criteria of optimality to be agreed with project stake-holders ➔ Design project or sub-project ➔ Optimality must be established is terminated whenever relative to a design criterion (such as confidence in its failure is quantity, quality, cost, etc.), which sufficient to warrant its represents the designer’s abandonment compromise among possibly 7. Design solution in available modes conflicting value judgements that of communication include those of: ➔ Design is a description of an 1. the consumer, object and a prescription for 2. the producer, its production or construction 3. the distributor and Ethical Principles of Engineering Design 4. the designer. Are statements or guidelines that respond to ethical issues of the designer’s responsibility to society,