RIZAL-REVIEWR-PRELIMS.pdf

Part I: Life and Works of Rizal Rizal in the Eyes of Filipinos Additional Hero Criteria (1993-1995) Greatest Hero: José Rizal is widely regarded as National Identity: Heroes contribute to the the greatest Filipino hero....

Part I: Life and Works of Rizal Rizal in the Eyes of Filipinos Additional Hero Criteria (1993-1995) Greatest Hero: José Rizal is widely regarded as National Identity: Heroes contribute to the the greatest Filipino hero. nation’s freedom, quality of life, and identity (e.g., Rizal, Bonifacio, Mabini). Multi-talented: Rizal was a poet, doctor, anthropologist, sculptor, farmer, teacher, and Influence on Future Generations: Heroes are polyglot (spoke 22 languages). evaluated by future generations, who continue to analyze and appreciate their contributions. Inspiration: He inspired the Filipino nation, and many refer to him as a martyr or even "Tagalog Public Acclamation: Heroes are not officially Christ." legislated but are recognized through popular support and admiration. Detractors: Some criticized him as an agitator and questioned his motives, but his influence on the Philippine Revolution (1896) is undeniable. Commemorating Heroes The Humanity of Heroes Rizal Day (December 30): Celebrates Rizal’s Heroes Are Human: Heroes are products of martyrdom. The first monument to him was their time and environment; they are ordinary built in 1898 by Filipino masons. people who responded extraordinarily to the Bonifacio Day (November 30): Honors Andres challenges of their era. Bonifacio, founder of the Katipunan. Frailties vs. Achievements: Though heroes may National Heroes Day (last Sunday of August): have flaws, their contributions should outweigh Honors all Filipino heroes, known and unknown. their weaknesses. Ninoy Aquino Day (August 21): Commemorates the assassination of Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Criteria for Heroes Aquino Jr., symbol of the anti-dictatorship movement. Rizal’s Hero Status No Official Declaration: Rizal was not declared a hero by law but through public acclamation and Sustaining Heroism the continued recognition of his contributions. Role of the People: Public acclamation is the Lasting Legacy: Physical tributes like ultimate test of a hero’s status. The monuments and street names show the government’s role is to preserve the memory of people’s lasting admiration for Rizal’s heroism. these heroes. National Historical Institute (NHI) Guidelines Rizal’s Lasting Impact: Over 100 years later, Rizal’s influence remains strong, proving his 50-Year Rule: A hero is confirmed if they remain status as a true Filipino hero. admired for 50 years after their death. 1965 Hero Definition: A hero must: o Lead by example, with noble causes. o Influence the spiritual and national life of the people. o Sacrifice personal interests for the nation's welfare. Introduction to the Life and Works of Jose Rizal (RIZAL) Support: There was support for the bill from certain lawmakers and individuals who believed it would foster a sense of nationalism. Background of the Rizal Law (Republic Act 1425) Opposition: The Catholic Church, particularly Context and Historical Background foreign priests, feared the bill would affect religious beliefs, especially since Rizal's works, 1956: Senator Claro M. Recto filed a measure Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, were that became the original Rizal Bill. seen as critical of the Church. Purpose: To instill heroism and patriotism Key Figures in the Debate among the youth during a time of social turmoil. Supporters: HUKBALAHAP Insurgency: The Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon was a guerrilla movement o Senator José P. Laurel: Defended the bill attempting to overthrow the Philippine in Senate deliberations. government. o Other supporters included Communism Threat: The Philippines was part of Congressmen Jacobo Z. Gonzalez, an international network aimed at containing Emilio Cortez, Mario Bengzon, Joaquin the spread of communism. This led to alliances Roxas, and Senator Domocao Alonto. like the Mutual Defense Agreement with the Opponents: US (1951) and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). o Senator Francisco Rodrigo, Senator Mariano J. Cuenco, and Senator US Influence: Decoroso Rosales were the main o The United States had significant opponents. influence over the Philippine economy o Many of the opponents had strong ties and politics. to the Catholic Church. o Laurel-Langley Agreement: Ensured o Congressmen Ramon Durano, Jose free entry of American products, which Nuguid, Marciano Lim, and others also led Filipinos to prefer American goods. opposed the bill. Political Climate: The Philippines was rife with Arguments in Support of the Bill corruption, particularly in party politics, making the 1950s a confusing period. Reflection on Filipino Identity: Rizal’s works reveal not only the strengths and virtues of Rizal Bill Proposal Filipinos but also their flaws. By understanding Patriotic Values: Senator Recto emphasized the these, Filipinos can prepare themselves for the need to return to the patriotic values of Filipino sacrifices needed to attain freedom. heroes like José Rizal. Purpose: The bill aimed to foster a deeper Mandate: The bill made it compulsory for appreciation for Rizal’s role in the fight for students in colleges and universities to study freedom against Spanish colonial rule, not to the life and works of José Rizal. undermine any religion. Arguments Against the Bill Reactions to the Rizal Bill Violation of Church Laws: The Catholic Church cited Canon Law 1399, which forbids books that Mixed Reactions attack or ridicule Catholic dogma.  o Of the 333 pages of Noli Me Tangere, contributions to Philippine independence were only 25 were considered patriotic, while still studied. 120 were seen as anti-Catholic. Attacks on Faith: Rizal was accused of attacking Introduction to the French Revolution not only the friars but also the Catholic faith itself. The French Revolution is often seen as chaotic and bloody. Unnecessary for Nationalism: Critics argued that nationalism could be instilled in Filipinos Unlike the American Revolution, the French without attacking the Church or requiring the Revolution ended with another authoritarian reading of Rizal’s controversial works. Senator regime. Rodrigo even stated that Rizal would remain a Despite its chaos, the revolution's ideas had a hero, even without these two novels. major impact on history, arguably more significant than the American Revolution. Amendments to the Rizal Bill France Before the Revolution Changes Introduced by Senator José P. Laurel France in the 18th century was wealthy but struggled with tax collection due to the Ancien Additional Works: The bill was amended to Régime, where nobles and clergy didn't pay include other writings of Rizal (such as his taxes. poems) and works by other authors about Rizal, beyond Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. By 1789, France was in heavy debt, largely due to funding the American Revolution. Optional Reading for Lower Levels: Due to the Catholic Church's concerns, reading the King Louis XVI tried reforms but failed, and unexpurgated versions of Noli Me Tangere and France was bankrupt by the time of food El Filibusterismo was no longer compulsory for shortages, increasing public anger. elementary and secondary students. The Estates General and National Assembly Mandatory Reading at College Level: However, Louis XVI called the Estates General for the first the unexpurgated versions of the novels remained required reading at the college level. time since 1614. Additional Amendments The Third Estate (commoners) had a larger representation than the other two estates Student Exemption: Senator Primicias proposed (nobles and clergy), but voting was deadlocked. that students who objected could submit a written statement for exemption from reading The Third Estate left to form the National the novels, but they could not be exempted Assembly and swore the Tennis Court Oath, from taking the course on Rizal's life and works. vowing to create a French constitution. The Storming of the Bastille On July 14, 1789, the Bastille was stormed Key Takeaways mainly to acquire weapons, symbolizing the Rizal Law: The law aimed to promote patriotism revolution’s rising tide. by studying Rizal’s life and writings, but it faced In August 1789, the National Assembly significant opposition from the Catholic Church. abolished most of the Ancien Régime, ending Compromise: To address the concerns of the feudal privileges and unequal taxation. Church, amendments were made, allowing for exemptions and alternative materials to be Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen included in the curriculum, but ensuring Rizal’s  On August 26, 1789, the Assembly proclaimed Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in 1799, the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. declaring himself First Consul, signaling the end of the revolution. This document laid out fundamental rights such as liberty, property, and security. Conclusion on the French Revolution The Women's March and Move to Paris Although the revolution did not bring a lasting democracy, it spread Enlightenment ideals. In October 1789, rumors about Marie Antoinette hoarding grain led to the Women's The revolution's impact is debated: some argue March, where armed women stormed Versailles it spread liberty and equality, while others say it and demanded the royal family move to Paris. strengthened state power. Economic struggles, especially hunger, were Inequality and Wealth central to the revolution, not just Enlightenment The French philosopher Diderot warned about ideas. the dangers of wealth inequality. Radicalization of the Revolution The American Revolution did not address The National Assembly ordered troops to wealth polarization, unlike the French control revolutionary fervor, leading to civilian Revolution’s push for equality. deaths and a shift from being the revolutionary French Revolution Ideals voice to the ruling authority. Radical ideas about law emerged, with the Monarchies in neighboring countries, like belief that laws should be created by citizens Austria and Prussia, became nervous, issuing and apply equally to all. the Declaration of Pillnitz to restore the French monarchy. Ongoing Questions Trial and Execution of Louis XVI The effects of the French Revolution are still debated, with questions about the derivation of The Assembly suspended the monarchy and rights and whether government should be of held new elections. the people. Louis XVI was put on trial, found guilty, and executed by guillotine. The Terror Under Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety, the Reign of Terror began, executing thousands including Marie Antoinette. Revolutionary zeal led to extreme changes, such as renaming months and altering time measurement. Napoleon's Rise After the Terror, power shifted back to the wealthy, but France continued its wars with Austria and Britain. LESSON 2 : Conditions in the Philippines in the 19th Manila, but Spanish colonizers were saved by century native reinforcements. Liberal Influences and Revolts in the Philippines Disunity Among Filipinos Early Revolts Inspired by Liberal Ideas The defeats of these revolts highlighted a lack of national identity and unity among Filipinos. Liberal stirrings from Europe reached the Philippines, influencing Filipino leaders and the The Spanish colonizers exploited this disunity to populace. maintain control through a strategy of divide and rule. In Ilocos, influential citizens known as Kailanes revolted after learning about the Cadiz Demographics of Spanish Rule Constitution (a liberal document in Spain). They The Spaniards were a minority in the refused to believe that it had been abolished by Philippines, with most being peninsulares King Ferdinand, sparking a rebellion. (Spaniards born in Spain) and insulares The revolt was crushed by forces from other (Spaniards born in the Philippines). provinces, showing the fragmentation of Filipino Peninsulares were few in number, mostly resistance. consisting of the governor-general, high-ranking Novales Mutiny (1826) officials, and priests. In 1826, Lt. Andres Novales, leading Mexican In larger towns, the only Spaniards were often soldiers, mutinied in response to discrimination the parish priest and the head of local police. and unfair treatment from peninsular (Spanish- The colonial order was largely maintained by born) officials. native officials such as the gobernadorcillos, The mutiny was partly inspired by Mexico’s own councilmen, and members of the principalia. independence from Spain, and the mutineers Even the local Spanish army and civil guards sought Filipino support to fight for the were mostly composed of natives, with only independence of the Philippines. higher-ranking positions (like sergeants) held by Despite their efforts, the mutiny was defeated, Spaniards. and the rebels were executed. Control Through Native Leaders Apolinario de la Cruz and the Cofradía de San José The Spaniards retained the loyalty of native (1841-1842) officials by granting them privileges and Apolinario de la Cruz, a native who aspired to positions of power that separated them from become a priest, was rejected by the Catholic the general population. Church because of his race. Gobernadorcillos (local chiefs) were given titles He founded the religious organization, Cofradía like capitan municipal, teniente, and cabeza, de San José, which gained widespread which elevated their status in society. popularity among common people, but was These officials were exempt from taxes and seen as a threat by the church. community labor (prestación personal), and De la Cruz was eventually captured and they received a portion of the taxes they executed, and the Cofradía was suppressed. collected from the people. His death led to a mutiny by members of the Many principales (local elites) descended from Tayabas Regiment, who were his province- the loyal datus (tribal leaders) who had pledged mates. They nearly succeeded in taking over their allegiance to the Spanish.  The Spanish colonizers allowed former officials to be re-elected, creating a system where native elites remained in power, ensuring the loyalty of these local leaders over generations. 19th-Century Changes and Economic Growth Major changes occurred in the 19th century, significantly affecting the Philippines. Previously, Spain enforced a mercantilist policy that forbade the Philippines from trading with other countries, but many colonial officials ignored this. By 1834, this policy was officially scrapped, and Manila was opened to world trade. Other ports like Iloilo, Cebu, Sual (Pangasinan), and Zamboanga followed suit. Philippine products such as sugar, coffee, abaca, tobacco, dyestuff, and rice became in high demand on the international market. Rise of the Middle Class The opening of trade created new economic opportunities, allowing some mestizo families (of Spanish and Chinese descent) to accumulate wealth. These mestizo families often intermarried with native farmers, who then became traders, forming a new middle class. This rising middle class gained wealth and sent their children to schools and universities for higher education. This education allowed them to gain degrees, which gave them a sense of equality with the Spaniards, fostering discontent with issues such as inequality and secularization. Influence on Rizal By the time of José Rizal’s youth, the quest for equality and fair treatment had become the dominant cry of the period. These societal changes deeply influenced Rizal, shaping his views and lifelong quest for equality and justice for Filipinos.