Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings PDF

LEARNING OUTCOMES ❖Trace the Filipino concept of hero/bayani through times. ❖Differentiate the historical Rizal from the symbolic Rizal. ❖Assess the heroism of Rizal using the definitions and criteria of heroes. CONTEMPLATE What Share your thoughts makes a or opin...

LEARNING OUTCOMES ❖Trace the Filipino concept of hero/bayani through times. ❖Differentiate the historical Rizal from the symbolic Rizal. ❖Assess the heroism of Rizal using the definitions and criteria of heroes. CONTEMPLATE What Share your thoughts makes a or opinions. HERO? CONCEPT OF HERO IN FILIPINO CULTURE AND HISTORY ❖ Filipino concept of hero could be bayani, bagani, magani, or wani in various Filipino ethno-linguistic groups. ❖ A hero in early Philippine societies was just a normal warrior in the community. The simple tasks of such hero were based on the daily needs of the village. e.g. Pangangayaw or raiding into unallied territory.  According to William Henry Scott, pangangayaw was done because of four reasons: 1. to secure resources (goods, bounty to human slaves); 2. to avenge a personal affront or family honor; 3. to fulfil mourning requirements to which the life of enemies must be sacrifice; 4. for personal prominence or mercenary reward. CONCEPT OF HERO IN FILIPINO CULTURE AND HISTORY ❖ It is important to point out that a Bayani does not work alone; he or she exerts effort together with his/her comrades in the community. Bayani Bayan (community/town/nation)  putong (head gear) red garments kris/kampilan (weapons) tattoos (used as protection of kaluluwa or soul) CONCEPT OF HERO IN FILIPINO CULTURE AND HISTORY ❖ The ultimate goal of hero is to maintain peace and order. bayanihan (cooperation) ipabayani (free labor offered to/by someone) CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY FILIPINO HEROES ❖ The Boxer Codex (1590) bayani as a person with high status and dignity ❖ Pedro Serrano Laktaw walang-takot matapang matibay mapangahas tahimik mahinahon CONCEPT OF HERO IN FILIPINO CULTURE AND HISTORY ❖The concept of a Filipino Hero in early Philippine societies, therefore, is not a posthumous award given to dead people, but rather an honorific role and title in society. CONCEPT OF HERO IN FILIPINO CULTURE AND HISTORY ❖ Spaniards had introduced the image of obedience of saints and disciples whom the Filipinos had to imitate in order to become good colonials. ❖ Vida Sancti, or the lives of the saints became the foundation of good qualities of life. ❖ Doctrina Christiana or prayer and doctrine books became a textbook of faith. CONCEPT OF HERO IN FILIPINO CULTURE AND HISTORY ❖ During the American colonization, Jose Rizal became the leading national hero. Mabini, Luna, and Del Pilar also became household names. ❖ The problem to the new approach was that it coincides with the thrust of the Americans to instill to the minds of Filipinos the American culture. CONCEPT OF HERO IN FILIPINO CULTURE AND HISTORY ❖ A modern-day concept of the indigenous Bayani still exists today. The Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW) are considered Bagong Bayani. Their work abroad is said to be a continuation of culture of pangangayaw. ❖ The word namayani, meaning prevail or triumph, has become well-known. CRITERIA FOR RECOGNIZING HEROES ❖ A hero is a social construct. The nature of the process in recognizing heroes is always subjective. To bridge the gap, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) released some of the criteria for recognizing the heroes, through their Project Saysay. CRITERIA FOR RECOGNIZING HEROES ❖ the extent of a person’s sacrifice for the welfare of the country ❖ the motive and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal ❖ the moral character of the person is concerned ❖ the influence of the person concern on his/her age and the succeeding age ❖ those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation’s freedom CRITERIA FOR RECOGNIZING HEROES ❖ those who define and contribute to a system of life of freedom and order for a nation ❖ those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation ❖ a part of people’s expression ❖ person who thinks of the future, especially the future generations ❖ The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or events in history, but of the entire process that made this particular person a hero RIZAL AS A FILIPINO HERO ❖ Jose Rizal as a Filipino hero is state- sponsored through the Republic Act 1425, however, is not a post-WW II phenomenon. ❖ Two years after his death, the first commemoration was held on December 30, 1898 when the then president of the First Philippine Republic, Emilio Aguinaldo, declared in Malolos, Bulacan, a day of National Mourning. RIZAL AS A FILIPINO HERO ❖ The Americans seized the opportunity and made Rizal the “national” hero of the Philippines. ❖ The three criteria were used in the selection: 1. A hero who is not violent or militant, and if possible, preferred peaceful means like education. 2. A hero who had no qualms on American imperialism. 3. A hero who is already dead. RIZAL AS A FILIPINO HERO ❖ There was no actual law during the American regime that explicitly declared Rizal as the official hero of the country. ❖ Instead, the American regime promote his heroism through: creation of Rizal province, erection of the Rizal monument, and declaration of Rizal Day on December 30 as a public holiday. RIZAL AS A FILIPINO HERO ❖ In 1995, the National Heroes Committee created by President Fidel V. Ramos released a list of recommended national heroes: 1. Jose Rizal 2. Andres Bonifacio 3. Emilio Aguinaldo 4. Apolinario Mabini 5. Marcelo H. del Pilar 6. Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat 7. Juan Luna 8. Melchora Aquino 9. Gabriela Silang RIZAL AS A FILIPINO HERO ❖ Today, there are four major national celebrations with Rizal: 1. June 12 – Independence Day 2. June 19 – Birth Anniversary 3. Last week of August – National Heroes Week 4. December 30 – Rizal Day THE HISTORIC RIZAL ❖ The Rizal who lived and died in the 19th century Philippines. ❖ The Rizal born and raised in Calamba, Laguna, who studied at the Ateneo Municipal. ❖ The Rizal who travelled and studied abroad. ❖ The Rizal who published Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. ❖ The Rizal who founded the La Liga Filipina ❖ The Martyr of Bagumbayan 1896 THE SYMBOLIC RIZAL ❖ The Rizal in Luneta. ❖ The Rizal in one peso coin. ❖ The Rizal in postage stamps. ❖ The Rizal as Tagalog Christ. ❖ The Rizal as an icon of Rock and in t-shirts. RIZAL AS TEXT, SIGNS, AND SYMBOLS ❖ Text is anything that can be read, interpreted and analyzed. SIGN SYMBOL ❖ Kind of text ❖ Conveys meaning not which represents only about itself about fixed reality cultural processes and ❖ Closed text relationships ❖ Open text