Rizal Rev PDF - Philippines 19th Century

RIZAL 1 o A Filipino reformist who advocated for peaceful reform under Spanish 1. Historical Context: rule....

RIZAL 1 o A Filipino reformist who advocated for peaceful reform under Spanish 1. Historical Context: rule. o His approach emphasized the power Pre-Colonial Philippines: of education and writing over o The Philippines was not discovered by violence. His works, particularly Magellan. Noli Me Tangere and El o Society was organized under tribal Filibusterismo, exposed the abuses leadership: of Spanish authorities. ▪ Datu (political leader) o Supported primarily by the middle ▪ Babaylan (spiritual leader) class. Spanish Colonization (16th Century): o Founded La Liga Filipina, a o The 16th century was marked by the Age peaceful reformist group that sought of Mercantilism and Exploration. the assimilation of the Philippines as o Major European powers competed for a province of Spain. control over new territories: Spain, Andres Bonifacio (1863-1897): Portugal, France, England, and the o The leader of the Katipunan and Netherlands. proponent of armed revolution to o Spain's Conquest: gain independence from Spain. ▪ The Philippines was colonized by o He believed that the sword was Spain for over 333 years (1565- necessary to win freedom. 1898). o Supported by both the middle and ▪ Motivated by the pursuit of God, lower classes. Gold, and Glory: Comparison: ▪ God: Conversion to o Rizal: Peaceful reform, belief in the Christianity and power of writing and education. suppression of indigenous o Bonifacio: Armed struggle, belief in spiritual beliefs like revolution. Babaylanism. o Aguinaldo: A military leader of the ▪ Gold: Extraction of Magdalo faction who opposed valuable resources such Bonifacio’s Magdiwang faction as gold and spices, the during the 1896 revolution. basis of wealth. ▪ Glory: The expansion of Spain’s empire through the acquisition of 3. Fun Facts About Philippine Symbols: colonies. o Pueblo de Panay (Panay, Capiz): Philippine Flag: ▪ Panay played a key role in o 8 Rays of the Sun: Represent the 8 Spain’s colonization, providing provinces placed under martial law 1,500 Panayanons to help by the Spanish during the revolution subjugate Manila in 1571 under of 1896: Manila, Bulacan, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who Pampanga, Cavite, Batangas, established Intramuros. Laguna, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija. o 3 Stars: Symbolize the three major geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Panay, and 2. Key Figures: Mindanao. o White Triangle: Represents liberty, Jose Rizal (1861-1896): equality, and fraternity. Currency Under Spanish Rule:  o Money: Referred to as “pera” Key Provisions of RA 1425: (Spanish term meaning “bitch”); this o Section 1: All educational term was coined during Queen institutions, both public and private, Isabella II's reign. must include courses on Rizal’s life, o Coins: Were called “pilak”, which works, and writings. The means silver. unexpurgated versions of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their official translations must be used as basic texts. 4. American and Japanese Occupations: o Section 2: Libraries of all schools must have sufficient copies of the American Occupation (1898-1946): unexpurgated editions of Rizal’s o The Treaty of Paris (1898) ended novels as well as his other works. Spanish rule and initiated American o Section 3: The Board of National colonial rule. Education is tasked with translating o William Howard Taft officially Rizal’s works into major Philippine declared Jose Rizal as a national languages and ensuring they are hero. available at affordable prices. Japanese Occupation (1941-1945): o Section 4: The law ensures that o During World War II, the Philippines teaching of Rizal’s works will not became part of Japan’s Greater East violate existing laws that prohibit Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. discussions of religious doctrines by o Rizal continued to be recognized, public school teachers. with his image printed on the so- o Section 5: A budget of ₱300,000 called “Mickey Mouse” money, the was allocated for the law’s currency used by Japan during their implementation, including printing occupation. and distribution of books. 5. Republic Act 1425 (Rizal Law): Date Passed: June 12, 1956. Purpose of the Law: o Nationalism and Patriotism: RA 1425 aims to rekindle the nationalistic ideals of Filipinos by mandating the study of Rizal’s life, works, and writings, specifically his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. o The law was designed to instill moral character, personal discipline, and civic conscience in the youth, particularly during their formative years. Opposition to the Law: o There was significant opposition from religious sectors, particularly the Catholic Church, due to the anti-clerical themes present in Rizal's novels.  THE PHILIPPINES IN 19TH CENTURY AS o Had also the power of RIZAL’S CONTEXT Gobernadorcillo to engage into trading. Political Structure of the Philippines: CABEZA DE BARANGAY o Head of a smaller unit of town called SPANIARDS barangay. CONSEJO DE INDIAS King of Spain: The de jure executor, o The power of legislation in the judiciary, and legislator. Council of Indies. Council of the Indies: Held legislative ROYAL AUDENCIA power over Spanish colonies, including the o The highest court in the country. Philippines. Governor General: The de facto ruler, with The Political Situation in Spain: executive, judicial, and legislative power over the Philippines. Early 1800s: Spain experienced political Encomendero (later Alcalde Mayor): instability, particularly due to the Peninsular Managed municipalities, later evolving into War against Napoleon, leading to economic a more formal political role with limited hardships. power at the provincial level. 1812 Cadiz Constitution: Shifted from absolute to constitutional monarchy, INDIOS introducing a parliamentary system and reforms, although it faced resistance. Gobernadorcillo: Led towns (pueblos) with Reign of Ferdinand VII: Marked by limited authority. political instability and economic crises. Cabeza de Barangay: Managed barangays, 1833: Queen Isabel II's ascension brought a smaller administrative unit within towns. liberal reforms, though her reign was also challenged by traditionalists. The System of Government in the Philippines 1835: Church property confiscation led to tensions and migrations to colonies like the GOVERNOR GENERAL Philippines. o the chief executive of the whole Late 1800s: Spanish liberal movements and archipelago and the head of the political instability influenced Filipino military. intellectuals and reformists, including Rizal. VISITADOR o Visited the country to check the Political Situation in the Philippines: administration of the Governor General. 1834-1862: Spain adopted multiple RESIDENCIA constitutions and experienced frequent o Who lived in the Philippines to changes in leadership, leading to instability. observe the Governor General. 1835-1897: The Philippines saw 50 different ALCALDE MAYOR governor-generals. o Head of the political unit; had the 1820: Opening of the Philippines to global power and responsibilities like the trade. Governor General but its power was 1855: Sual, Iloilo, and Zamboanga became limited in the province. international trading ports. GOBERNADORCILLO 1865: Cebu also became an open port. o Head of a smaller political unit; power and responsibilities was limited to pueblo or towns only. INDULTO DE COMERCIO Social Stratification: o His liberal approach ended with his replacement by the conservative Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain, Rafael Izquierdo, sparking negative occupying the highest societal and reactions. governmental positions. 2. The Issue of Secularization: Insulares: Spaniards born in the Philippines, o Filipino priests’ appointments were enjoying similar privileges but considered supported by Governor General socially inferior to Peninsulares. Anda but opposed by regular priests. Creoles: Mixed Spanish and native descent, o The secularization movement, led by including prominent figures like Rizal and Father Pedro Pelaez, advocated for the Gomburza priests. Filipino leadership in the church. Indios: The native population, often 3. The Cavite Mutiny: landowners or part of the Principalia, yet o A revolt in 1872 by Filipino soldiers facing significant discrimination. and workers, protesting the removal of benefits. Economic Development: o Used by Spanish authorities to suppress Filipino leaders, leading to Agricultural Business: Thrived due to the the execution of Gomburza (Fathers opening of the Suez Canal and increased Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and international trade. Jacinto Zamora). Francisco Mercado: Rizal's father, an inquilino (tenant farmer), faced financial Unjust Policies and Social Issues: difficulties due to increased land rents by the Dominican friars, affecting the family's Polo y Servicios: Forced labor imposed on income. Filipino males. Encomienda System: Exploited native The Rise of Nationalism: labor and resources. Friar-Owned Haciendas: Large estates Definition: Nationalism in the Philippines owned by Spanish friars, contributing to was characterized by deep loyalty and land disputes and economic hardships for devotion to the country, culture, and Filipino tenants. aspirations, uniting the people towards Bandala: Mandatory sale of goods to the national advancement. government at fixed prices, often below Contributing Factors: market value. o Opening of the Philippines to Tributo: Heavy taxation imposed on World Trade: Led to economic Filipinos. progress and a more educated Maladministration of Justice: The Spanish population, pushing for political colonial justice system was biased and often reforms. denied due process, especially to Filipinos. o Influence of Liberal Ideas: Inspired Racial Discrimination: The social by political changes in Spain, hierarchy created by the Spanish colonizers Filipino intellectuals like Rizal led to widespread discrimination against advocated for reform. Creoles and Indios. Lack of Filipino Representation in the Key Events Influencing Nationalism: Spanish Cortes: Rizal advocated for Filipino representation in the Cortes to 1. Carlos Maria De la Torre’s ensure laws that protected Filipino interests. Administration: The lack of representation fueled discontent o Promoted Filipino participation in and rebellion against the Spanish colonial government, fostering political government. awareness and reform aspirations.  These economic structures favored Spanish interests and contributed to the growing discontent among Social Stratification Filipinos 1010. The Spanish colonization established a clear Political Environment social hierarchy in the Philippines: The political landscape was marked by: 1. Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain, occupying the highest social and 1. Lack of Representation: Filipinos were governmental positions. denied representation in the Spanish Cortes, 2. Insulares: Spaniards born in the leading to laws that disregarded their Philippines, enjoying significant privileges. interests. 3. Creoles: Individuals of mixed Spanish and 2. Judicial Inequality: The Royal Audiencia native ancestry, including reformists like served as the highest court, but justice was Jose Rizal. skewed in favor of Spaniards. 4. Ilustrados: Educated Filipinos advocating 3. Polo y Servicios: A forced labor system for reforms, often from wealthy families. imposed on males aged 16-60, further 5. Principalia: Landowners within native exploiting the native population. communities. 4. Political Reforms Advocated by Rizal: 6. Indios: The lowest class, primarily Rizal sought reforms such as Filipino consisting of native Filipinos, often representation in the Cortes to ensure laws subjected to discrimination and exploitation. considered the cultural context of Filipinos. The social stratification led to widespread racial The political instability in Spain during this period discrimination, particularly against Creoles and influenced the demand for reform in the Philippines, Indios, impacting their opportunities in education with Rizal and other reformists advocating for and governance 611. change 5113. Economic Development Cultural Context The 19th century saw notable economic changes: Cultural changes during the 19th century included: 1. International Trade: Wealthy Filipino families engaged actively in trade, catalyzed 1. Rise of Education: The emergence of by the opening of the Suez Canal. educated Filipinos (Ilustrados) who sought 2. Agricultural Development: Economic reforms through knowledge and political activities were primarily agriculture-based, engagement. yet land ownership was largely controlled by 2. Influence of Liberal Ideas: Liberal friars, limiting native farmers' benefits. movements in Spain affected Filipino 3. Hacienda System: The transition from the intellectuals, contributing to calls for encomienda system to haciendas, where societal reforms. friars owned large estates, further 3. Impact of the Gomburza Executions: The entrenched social inequalities. execution of three Filipino priests 4. Bandala System: Compulsory sale of goods galvanized reformist sentiments among produced by natives to Spaniards, affecting educated Filipinos, influencing Rizal's local economies. writings. 5. Tributo: Tax obligations imposed on natives, often in cash or kind, exacerbating Important Names poverty among the lower classes. 1. José Rizal - A prominent Filipino nationalist and reformist, known for his writings that inspired the Philippine  revolution against Spanish colonization, 6. Maladministration of Justice - The lack of including "Noli Me Tangere" and "El due process in the judicial system, where Filibusterismo". many Filipinos faced unjust trials. 2. Gomburza - Refers to the three Filipino 7. Lack of Representation in the Spanish priests: Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Cortes - Rizal advocated for Filipino Jacinto Zamora, who were executed in 1872, representation to have laws that protected an event that significantly influenced Rizal Filipino interests and rights. and the reform movement. 8. Economic Development - The rise of 3. Paciano Mercado - Rizal's brother, who international trade and agriculture in the was closely tied to the Gomburza and 19th century, significantly influenced by the influenced Rizal’s political views. opening of the Suez Canal. 4. Peninsulares - Spaniards born in Spain who 9. Racial Discrimination - Social disparities occupied the highest social class in the that arose from colonial rule, affecting Philippines during colonial times. Filipinos' access to education, government 5. Insulares - Spaniards born in the positions, and legal rights. Philippines, who were the second tier in the social hierarchy. 6. Creoles - Individuals of mixed Spanish and native ancestry, including notable reformists like Rizal. 7. Ilustrados - The educated Filipino elite who advocated for reforms and social justice during the Spanish colonial period. 8. Progresistas - A group of reformists, many of whom were freemasons, advocating for political and social change. 9. Hacienderos - Wealthy landowners, often associated with the friars, who controlled extensive agricultural lands. Key Concepts and Events 1. Social Stratification - The hierarchy established during Spanish colonization, which included Peninsulares at the top, followed by Insulares, Creoles, and then the native Indios. 2. Encomienda System - A labor system where Spanish colonizers were granted the right to extract labor from the natives, leading to abuses and exploitation. 3. Polo y Servicios - A forced labor policy requiring Filipino males to work for the colonial government for a specified number of days annually. 4. Hacienda System - A system where lands confiscated from natives were managed by friars or wealthy landowners, leading to economic exploitation. 5. Tributo - A tax obligation imposed on the natives, either in cash or kind, which added to their economic burdens.  affluent families during that era. This personalized education likely enhanced his RIZAL’S LIFE, FAMILY, CHILDHOOD AND academic capabilities. EARLY EDUCATION 2. Social Environment: Growing up in a well- off family during a period of economic Family Background growth due to international trade, Rizal was influenced by the social dynamics and the 1. Wealth and Education: Jose Rizal was intellectual climate of his surroundings. born into a wealthy family in Calamba, 3. Cultural Heritage: His childhood was also Laguna. His family owned a carriage and enriched by stories from local folklore told horses, symbols of wealth at the time. His by his aya, which shaped his understanding parents ensured that all ten of their children of Filipino culture and values. received education in Manila, which was a significant privilege. Key Events and Their Impact 2. Father's Profession: His father, Francisco Rizal, was a landowner who rented large 1. Early Literacy and Curiosity: Rizal's early tracts of land from the Dominican Friars, exposure to books and stories nurtured his indicating the family's economic stability. curiosity and desire for knowledge, setting 3. Caring Environment: Rizal's childhood the stage for his future as a writer and was characterized by love and care from his reformist. family. A nursemaid, or aya, was employed 2. Moral Lessons from Family: The lessons to look after him, further highlighting the learned from the stories told by his mother family's resources and concern for his well- instilled in him a sense of morality and being. caution, influencing his later works that often-addressed social issues. Childhood Experiences. Early Learning: Rizal exhibited remarkable intelligence, learning to read and write by the age of Early Life and Family Background three with the assistance of his aya. 1. Birth: Jose Rizal was born in Calamba, 1. Literary Influence: His mother played a Laguna, Philippines. crucial role in his education, teaching him to 2. Parents: He was the son of Francisco read from an old Spanish reader titled “The Mercado and Teodora Alonzo, who Children’s Friend”. This foundation in belonged to the principalia class, providing a literature fostered his love for reading and comfortable life for their family. writing. 3. Siblings: Jose had ten siblings, and his 2. Storytelling: His mother often narrated family was among the wealthiest in stories, including fables that imparted moral Calamba, owning property and resources lessons. One such story about a moth and a that allowed them to send all their children flame deeply affected him, teaching him to prestigious schools. about obedience and the dangers of temptation. Education and Influences 3. First Experience of Loss: At the age of four, he faced his first sorrow with the death 1. First Education: At the age of three, Jose of his little sister, Concha, which introduced learned to read and write, primarily through him to profound emotions of love and grief. the efforts of his mother, Teodora Alonzo, who also hired private tutors. Educational Influences 2. Tutors: Early tutors included Maestro Celestino, Maestro Lucas Padua, and Leon 1. Private Tutor: The family hired a private Monroy, who taught him Spanish and Latin. tutor for Rizal, which was common among  3. Primary Education: At age eight, in June 1869, he moved to Biñan to continue his studies, where he stayed with his aunt Isabel. 4. First Day at School: Jose attended the school of Maestro Justiniano Cruz, and on his first day, he was scolded for his limited knowledge of Latin and Spanish. Childhood Experiences 1. Health and Care: Due to health issues, his family employed a nursemaid (aya) who took care of him and told him stories about local folklore. 2. First Sorrow: At four years old, Jose experienced grief from the death of his sister, Concha, which was his first encounter with loss. 3. Bullying Incident: Jose faced bullying from a classmate named Pedro but gained respect after defeating him in an arm-wrestling match, which helped him develop resilience. Literary Contributions and Metaphors 1. The Moth and the Flame: This story served as a metaphor for Rizal's life, symbolizing the dangers of ambition and the tragic fate associated with pursuing one's ideals, mirroring his own fate as a martyr for reform. 2. Personal Monument: As a child, Jose crafted a small monument of himself, predicting that one day he would have a real monument, which eventually came true with monuments erected in his honor across the Philippines and abroad. Significance of Rizal's Education 1. Intellectual Development: His early education and experiences shaped him into a prominent figure who advocated for reform in the Philippines. 2. Cultural Influence: The rich educational background and cultural heritage of his family significantly influenced his future views and writings, leading him to enlighten others about their rights and the need for reform.